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The Year In Ideas

matthewg writes: "This week's New York Times Magazine (free registration required) consists primarily of a special feature, The Year In Ideas. Subtitled 'An encyclopedia of innovations, conceptual leaps, harebrained schemes, cultural tremors, & hindsight reckonings that made a difference in 2001,' the feature describes 80 different "notions, inventions, conceptual swerves and philosophical leaps that mattered this year and may well continue to matter in years to come" in between a couple of paragraphs and half a page. Complete with illustrations which range from informative to whimsical, it covers a lot of interesting ideas, many of which will probably be new to you. The article's subjects include such Slashdot-fodder as software as speech, steganography Goes Digital, and collaborative composition, as well as a plethora of intriguing new ideas, such as new ideas in basic rights and global warming lawsuits. And, of course, the solution to every Slashdotter's woes."

85 comments

  1. Speed 2- cruise control by Sem_D_D · · Score: 0

    hmm, that stuff with speed dating, imagine sth else getting done in 7 minutes? ;-B
    wonder,how many women/men, would crave/hate it happen? ;-P

    --
    Now, Make Your WISE Move...
  2. Speed Dating? by cperciva · · Score: 3, Funny

    I think a better term would be "Eating Dinner in Hall". People walk into Hall, sit down randomly, spend five minutes talking to the person opposite while waiting for the food to arrive, and then leave immediately after they finish eating. (Believe me, the food isn't worth lingering over.)

    1. Re:Speed Dating? by cperciva · · Score: 1

      Err, for the non-Oxonians, I guess I should clarify that the Hall mentioned is a College Hall.

    2. Re:Speed Dating? by sketerpot · · Score: 1

      But with this method There isn't the unanimously declared intent of getting a date; people just do, sometimes. Everyone trying improves chances. Very interesting idea...

    3. Re:Speed Dating? by Technician · · Score: 2

      This would not solve my problems. My wife when jealous is an even bigger problem!

      --
      The truth shall set you free!
  3. The *full* list of ideas... by cygnusx · · Score: 5, Informative
    1. Re:The *full* list of ideas... by smunt · · Score: 1

      No registration required for this one.

    2. Re:The *full* list of ideas... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      For the article though, here's a NYT login you can use: Subscriber ID: slashdot2002 Password: slashdot2002

    3. Re:The *full* list of ideas... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      2*b || !(2*b) is a tautology

      "To be or not to be" is a question, not a statement, you dolt.

    4. Re:The *full* list of ideas... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Dumbass. In plain Boolean logic, 2*b||!(2*b) must always evaluate to true. "To be or not to be" is a sentence fragment, which is indicative of a question.

    5. Re:The *full* list of ideas... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Thank you, I thought something was wrong with the first link

  4. Re:Registration bah by igorwawrzyniak · · Score: 0, Troll

    > refuse to register for something they're offering free

    Like, for example, Slashdot?

  5. The speed-dating thing sounds fun.. by CoolVibe · · Score: 2, Funny
    ..if you want to meet lots of people in a very short time frame.

    "What did you do tonight?"
    "Oh, I just had 375 dates in one evening, nothing special."

    Wow...

    1. Re:The speed-dating thing sounds fun.. by kaiidth · · Score: 1
      "Oh, I just had 375 dates in one evening, nothing special."

      375 dates in one evening, at a conservative three minutes a date, would need 18.75 hours...

      Maybe on Pluto... but it's a bit cold there to get romantic... ;-)

    2. Re:The speed-dating thing sounds fun.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "What did you do tonight?"
      "Oh, I just had 375 dates in one evening, nothing special."

      Wow...


      ...you must be sore!

      Sounds like a crack whore's average evening, tho.

  6. Gross mischaracterisation by rde · · Score: 5, Funny

    So a speed date is the answer to all my woes, is it? Pah. Shows what you think of your readers. We're not all socially inept nerds, you know.

    The real solution to all my woes is a linux-powered tricorder that scans for single women who like Lego.

    1. Re:Gross mischaracterisation by sketerpot · · Score: 1
      If you're not a socially inept nerd, good for you. A sizable bunch of people on /. are, however.

      This still doesn't seem like a good answer. I'd turn off most girls in seven minutes easily.

    2. Re:Gross mischaracterisation by The+Cookie+Monster · · Score: 1
      If you're not a socially inept nerd, good for you. A sizable bunch of people on /. are, however.
      Still, a legion of socially inept nerds armed with linux-powered tricorders that scan for single women who like Lego is probably a good start
      (unless of course you are a single woman and you like lego).

      This still doesn't seem like a good answer.
      You're right, it really should be a mindstorm powered tricorder built from lego and developed on linux.
  7. The Right not to be born by alen · · Score: 5, Insightful

    This was my favorite. You can read about it here . Apparently in France you now have a right not to exist and can sue for damages. What are those crazy Europeans going to make up next?

    1. Re:The Right not to be born by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Troll

      I know I wouldn't want to be born French, either!

    2. Re:The Right not to be born by exceed · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I agree, this is rather odd. How can an unborn child, not having any knowledge of his/her rights or even know what rights -are- have the right to be unborn? This is just a nicer way (and kind of a loophole) to say "The Mother's right to have an abortion."

      --

      void women (int money, time_t time);
    3. Re:The Right not to be born by rde · · Score: 2, Funny

      But if you win your case, the by being awarded damages the state is acknowledging that you exist, which is a breach of your human rights.
      The only correct course for the french government is to say "Who said that?".

    4. Re:The Right not to be born by GodSpiral · · Score: 1

      This was an outrageous lawsuit.

      The defense of an honest mistake would seem most appropriate.

      The mother had no way of accurately predicting that the birth would result in net misery instead of net happiness. She may have also been uncertain about her legal obligations to protect potential misery.

      If you want to create a law that forces mothers to consider potential misery when deciding to keep their baby or not, and then holds them responsible if some threshold of hapiness is not created... well thats one thing. Going after the fact, making up laws and civil responsibilities one could not reasonably be aware they had at the time, is wrong.

      I think there has to be some malicious self-interest or negligeance involved. Im upset when people sue their rescuers for their mistakes too.

    5. Re:The Right not to be born by GospelHead821 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      As I understand it, this concerns only the right of the "wronged" (read: born) individual to sue the state for not having made abortion a viable option to his or her mother. Why this concerns me is because if they support this, it is conceivable that they will support the right of a "wronged" person to sue his or her parents for not choosing an abortion, given the quality of that person's life. This sort of mindset is grossly injust. It leads to the feeling that you haven't got the right to bring a child into this world unless its life shall be entirely devoid of suffering.

      --
      Virtue finds and chooses the mean.
      Aristotle, Ethica Nichomachea
    6. Re:The Right not to be born by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Damages? If he really wishes he hadn't been born, why doesn't he just kill himself? Or the government can take care of it for him. Schedule the execution a month in advance, so he has time to make sure he REALLY wants to go through with it, but whether he does or not, he can't sue again on his right not to have been born.

    7. Re:The Right not to be born by parazite · · Score: 1

      Killing yourself has been made as hard as possible by the goverment, denying access to euthanasia and assisted suicide. I see grounds for another lawsuit. And free Jack Kevorkian!

  8. Re:Registration bah by smunt · · Score: 1

    It doesn't work anymore

  9. Here's an idea the New York Times can explore... by corebreech · · Score: 4, Insightful

    It's called telling the truth.

    One of the novel concepts of the last year, the truth was recently proposed as a way of more accurately conveying information.

    Some naysayers point out that telling the truth necessarily means not being able to tell lies, as has been the custom, but defenders of the truth counter that the lies were never all that attractive in the first place.

    Moreover, lies make inefficient use of bandwidth, leading some to suggest that the truth is perhaps the most effective form of data compression available.

    Cryptographers have also expressed interest in this new concept, suggesting that since so many people are unaccustomed to hearing the truth they wouldn't be able to understand a message if it were true.

    However, leaders on Capitol Hill expressed alarm that the people should have access to such technology. The fear is that were the truth to be used by hostile forces we would be put in a position where we might be forced to respond with the truth. The ramifications of such a exchange are simply too horrible to contemplate.

  10. (free registration required) by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

    who cares anymore? So the NYT know I'm a mid-40s Afghan woman earning $500,000/yr. big deal.

  11. Re:Let me get this straight... by exceed · · Score: 1

    That may be true, but this website does not try to focus on daily world events. It doesn't report on every single Taliban stronghold to be acquired by the N.A./U.S., it doesn't report on the casualty numbers. If you're looking for that kind of information, there's always MSNBC.com, CNN.com, etc. etc.

    Slashdot doesn't want to dwell on all the bad things going on in our world, and obviously the NY Times didn't either.

    --

    void women (int money, time_t time);
  12. The solution to every Slashdotters woes? by darkov · · Score: 4, Funny

    I thought it was was pr0n! This notion of speaking to the opposite sex is outrageous.

    1. Re:The solution to every Slashdotters woes? by nizo · · Score: 1
      I thought it was was pr0n! This notion of speaking to the opposite sex is outrageous.


      Typing to them is ok however, i.e. Can you do that again, this time a little closer to the camera and with the sheep?

  13. The Dance Dance Revolution Comes! by DelyApple · · Score: 2, Funny

    Ah, the idea that every person, regardless of creed, color, nation, toaster and porpoise can make total fools of themselves on DDR machines. That one makes my list!

  14. Re:Registration bah by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yeah you just change www. into archive and it works fine. I just tried it.

  15. What about suicide? by alen · · Score: 1, Flamebait

    Since you have a right not to exist, I guess Dr. Kevorkian will have a field day in France.

    1. Re:What about suicide? by Legion303 · · Score: 1, Flamebait
      "Flamebait"?! Who's the mouth-breather who moderated this one?

      -Legion

  16. The Year In Ideas = The Millennium in AI by Mentifex · · Score: 2, Troll

    Oh, Stanley? Oh, HAL? Aren't we supposed to be in the year of 2001: A Space Odyssey? The newspaper of record may not be savvy to the undercurrents of Technological Singularity, but futurists and prophets know that Kubrickian Artificial Intelligence has arrived right on time to meet the dawn of the age of intelligent machines.

    In only a short while, Ray, we will see artificial intelligence for robots go through the JavaScript Tutorial Implementation and beyond the Visual Basic Mind.VB and Mind.JAVA manifestation into a pre-Cambrian explosion of artificially intelligent life forms.

    SlashDot is a far better barometer of revolutionary new ideas than an adverttisement-driven media mag -- even the grand Old Lady of New York.

    1. Re:The Year In Ideas = The Millennium in AI by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah, thank you, I read it last time and the time before that and you know what? It's not like you're just linking to absolute drivel but quite frankly the more often I come across these links the more obvious it becomes that you just don't have that much to show. Thank you. Now shut up.

      Kevin Warwick is significantly more convincing.

  17. steganography goes digital by neight9 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Does anyone have any personal favorite website that deals with digital steganography or image watermarking in any greater depth than the Times article did? I'm interested in finding out some more of the mathematics behind it.

    --
    ceci n'est pas une sig.
  18. I like the one about the Afghani guys E-mail by sam_handelman · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Pardon me while I ramble.

    One E-Mail Message Can Change the World struck me as a particular interesting case-in-point (which I hadn't yet heard about because I don't watch opera and live in the cultural backwater that is Manhattan.) Obviously, the code is speech one is more near and dear to all of our slashdotting hearts, but the NYT doesn't have much to say (other than, yes, we've made our case to that reporter's satisfaction) that we haven't heard yet. The one about the afghani guys e-mail raises what really are the interesting questions - since it seems that "commerce" isn't going to choke our medium of culture and communication to shallow and materialistic braindeath - what sorts of things can all our internetworked computers accomplish, and how do they really change things, from the standpoint of culture and communication.

    Incidentally, The Lie Detector That Scans Your Brain is utter hogwash. Pseudoscience quackery phrenology revisited crap crap crap. I don't even know where to start. Okay, we're tuning this thing, and we have this guy (under no particular stress) alternately tell the truth and lie. Then, we have this guy, and if he's caught lying his life is destroyed - he spends 15 years in the can - and we compare the activity in the entire brains of these two subjects when they talk, to try and figure out when the really stressed guy is lying. Okay, I'm a bio grad student, but is the problem not obvious? The intense stress alters neurology in the entirety of the brain. The airport security mounted brainscanners are an endearingly dystopic proposition, but are unfortunately totally impractical. You're going to pull people into security based on brain scans taken from them without a background? You're going to train special techs, and then pay them, to stand there and look at the brainscan of every person who enters the airport? You're going to trust a computer to do it? Please.

    The reporter who wrote transcending equations obviously has no background in math. I think he read some of the other new york times articles on the proposals of solid state physicists and got confused. Ah well.

    --
    The good and new comes from no quarter where it is looked for, and is always something different from what is expected.
    1. Re:I like the one about the Afghani guys E-mail by Jeremi · · Score: 3, Funny
      Okay, I'm a bio grad student, but is the problem not obvious? The intense stress alters neurology in the entirety of the brain.


      Not to worry, they thought of that. That's why they when they calibrated the machine, they had all their subjects wear a cage of starving rats on their face.

      --


      I don't care if it's 90,000 hectares. That lake was not my doing.
    2. Re:I like the one about the Afghani guys E-mail by sam_handelman · · Score: 1

      Not to worry, they thought of that. That's why they when they calibrated the machine, they had all their subjects wear a cage of starving rats on their face

      That is the first genuinely clever and funny thing I've ever read on slashdot. Mod him up!

      I dunno, maybe I just never read other people's posts closely enough to catch jokes that refer to more than one thing. I hope the moderators got it.

      --
      The good and new comes from no quarter where it is looked for, and is always something different from what is expected.
  19. The Year In Ideas by Penrod+Pooch · · Score: 1, Funny

    Does this mean that there will be no more new ideas this year? I guess i'll just take a vacation then.

    1. Re:The Year In Ideas by RedWolves2 · · Score: 1

      I that case I have been on vacation all year!!!!

  20. "the OPEN SOURCE celebrity" by Sem_D_D · · Score: 0

    does this arrogant mindless imaginative half-a page constitute relations with anything of an open source nature? naah, hardly, except the woe of churning out virus-like freemindedness ;)

    --
    Now, Make Your WISE Move...
  21. Re:Registration bah by Ben+Hutchings · · Score: 2

    Log in as "cypherpunks3" with password "cypherpunks".

  22. Re:Registration bah by sketerpot · · Score: 1

    With slashdot you don't have to register, you can read and post anonymously.

  23. Speed Dating = Job Fair? by Alien54 · · Score: 3, Interesting
    t's all about as romantic as a job fair

    now that is a bothersome image. - Socializing with all the romance of a job fair.

    But if nothing else is working for your, then why not?

    I can see this sort of working out if the atmosphere is right. Otherwise it would be a prime target for satire on SNL.

    --
    "It is a greater offense to steal men's labor, than their clothes"
    1. Re:Speed Dating = Job Fair? by Tackhead · · Score: 2
      > > all about as romantic as a job fair
      > now that is a bothersome image. - Socializing with all the romance of a job fair.

      Makes sense if you have things you want to cross off the list Right Away, though.

      Me: "Do you want kids someday?"
      She: "Of course, doesn't everyo..."
      Me: "NEXT!"
      She: "You mean you don't want kids?"
      Me: "When I imagine my future, it never involves waking up to screaming at 0300h and being up to my armpits in babyshi..."
      She: "NEXT!"

      I could go through 20 non-starters in an hour, which could save years off the search for a mate the conventional way.

  24. Hate by T1girl · · Score: 3, Insightful

    If you're in that big a hurry, why bother? And who wants to self-select for sober realists, pragmatists, etc. I'd prefer the "giddy happenstance" option and whatever leads from there. The timeframe could extend very happily to the rest of your life under the right circumstances.

    1. Re:Hate by _Mycroft_VII · · Score: 1

      And now we know why so many women wind up with abusive looses. "giddy happenstance" that leads to a worthwile relationship occures about as often as winning the lottery. though speed dating goes to far the other way. I get so frustrated hearing women go on about the kind of man they say thier looking for, nice, caring, etc. only to see them chase after mr. thrills who's an arrogant selfish jerk. and give just friend's speaches to the nice guys who'd treat them right. Like someone said on the radio, women say they want allen alda but chase john wayne and then don't understand why thier not happy.
      you have to have some degree of rationality and reason involved. to honestly think about the kind of person your looking for and how to spot them. and to take the time to find out about someone and NOT expect instant chemistry and love. all those dime romance novels and movies etc. are fantasies. that sort of thing happens about as often as winning the lottery twice in a row.

      Mycroft

  25. Considering the typical Slashdot reader... by Rone · · Score: 2

    I'm surprised the "Hygiene is a Hazard" article didn't get higher billing...

    (C'mon. You know you laughed...)

  26. Passenger jets as bombs by deafgreatdane · · Score: 4, Interesting

    When I think of the last year and ideas that are "conceptual swerves ... that mattered this year and may well continue to matter in years to come", I think of the idea of taking passenger jets, and viewing them as big bombs. They have navigation systems, a destructive payload (mass and jet fuel), and very few places in the world have defences against them.

    It sure changed the perspectives of millions of people, lot the least of which includes the thousands in the direct application of the idea.

    We shouldn't limit the list of ideas to humanitarian advances.

    -benJ

    1. Re:Passenger jets as bombs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That was elsewhere in the NYT Magazine, in a column by Andrew Sullivan. He says we thought it was diabolically clever on Sept. 11, but in hindsight it's not all that clever.

      "High Impact"

      http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/magazine/09WWL N. html

  27. Dance Dance Revolution and the next Big Thing? by Rone · · Score: 2
    Considering the robust success of DDR, I'm a little surprised that none of the arcade game manufacturers have taken the "use your hands and feet" concept and created a fighting game using the same technology.

    While the last thing American arcades need is yet another Street Fighter clone, this combination of concepts would almost certainly be different enough to draw in the most jaded fighter fan.

  28. Open Source Celebrities by bumperson · · Score: 3, Interesting
    This idea is interesting: The Open-Source Celebrity. According to the article:
    • There you have it: celebrities, as we know them, are fictional characters. Sure, yes, there's a real person named Michael Stipe, who says actual things and goes to real restaurants and eats food and does other actual stuff. But there's also a character named ''Michael Stipe'' who exists as a kind of collectively agreed-upon fictive construct. Of course, this character is loosely based on the real-life Michael Stipe. For example, they look quite similar. But according to the Junod Doctrine, ''Michael Stipe'' - the character - is more real than Michael Stipe the person. Further, he exists in the public domain, like the Linux operating system. Everyone is free to tinker at will; we can ascribe actions, ambitions, desires and quotes to him as we see fit. He belongs to all of us. All celebrities do. And not in an obtuse, metaphorical, ''Princess Diana belonged to all of us'' kind of way, but in a direct, hands-on, dance-puppet-dance kind of way.
  29. Not hate, but a different sort of love by Spunk · · Score: 1

    And who wants to self-select for sober realists, pragmatists, etc

    Well, sober realists and pragmatists, of course :)

    But seriously, dating as currently defined is geared toward romantics. While wonderful for romantics, there are some (or many, in some groups) who don't feel the need for that extra baggage.

    For those non-romantics, the whole process becomes an obligation, a burden even. Love should be about doing things for the other because you want to, not following the script given by someone else's definition of romance. Of course, if you ARE a romantic, keep doing what you're doing. You're right, speed dating will do nothing for you.

    The timeframe could extend very happily to the rest of your life under the right circumstances.

    Absolutely. Even if you only meet them for 7 minutes initially. Giddy happenstance is fine, but why not look for compatible people in the meantime?

  30. Menitfex in AI by StrawberryFrog · · Score: 0, Offtopic
    Hey mentifex, you need to spend less time posting and more time coding. You're like a stuck record already.

    AI in VB? *Chuckle*

    --

    My Karma: ran over your Dogma
    StrawberryFrog

    1. Re:Menitfex in AI by StrawberryFrog · · Score: 1

      To the morons who moded up Mentifex's repetitive drivel and modded down my post. I can spare the karma, but you need to distinguish style from substance, cranks who post obsessively from AI researchers who code quietly, and maybe follow some of the links.

      --

      My Karma: ran over your Dogma
      StrawberryFrog

  31. DDR vs. DDR vs. DDR by yerricde · · Score: 2

    Ah, the idea that every person, regardless of creed, color, nation, toaster and porpoise can make total fools of themselves on DDR machines

    • DDR, as in Deutsche "Democratic" Republic (that is, East Germany), is dead.
    • DDR, as in double-data-rate SDRAM, may soon be eclipsed by 1T-SRAM, a type of DRAM that very effectively hides refresh.
    • DDR, as in Dance Dance Revolution, is just a clone of Nintendo's Dance Aerobics.
    --
    Will I retire or break 10K?
  32. Tried, and failed. by yerricde · · Score: 2

    I'm a little surprised that none of the arcade game manufacturers have taken the "use your hands and feet" concept and created a fighting game using the same technology.

    This was tried on the Sega Genesis, and it failed.

    --
    Will I retire or break 10K?
  33. it's been done by Preposterous+Coward · · Score: 2
    A friend and I stopped in at the GameWorks in Seattle a year or two ago just to see what's going on in the games world (we're both in our 30s now, so arcade visits are no longer a regular part of our lives). Anyway, the one thing that really captivated us was a combat game that detected the motion of your limbs and used it to control the on-screen characters. Naturally we hopped aboard -- I wish we'd had a tape, because I'm sure we looked like total idiots! (I know I *felt* like a total idiot!)

    Unfortunately I don't remember the name of this device...

    --

    "Biped! Good cranial development. Evidently considerable human ancestry."
  34. COOL iMac PROTOTYPES (Photos) by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Wanna see some REALLY COOL KIT? Prototypes, mostly.

    Go to http://www.acorncreative.tv/imac2.html



    Comments? I personally like #3, but all three have me drooling...

  35. about this speed dating thing by Lord+Omlette · · Score: 1

    Where do I go to sign up?

    --
    [o]_O
  36. Praying for pregnancy by Eigenray · · Score: 1
    Prayer Works
    This year, researchers at Columbia University announced their rather startling finding that women in a fertility clinic were almost twice as likely to get pregnant when, unknown to them, total strangers were praying for their success.

    Has anybody heard about this study? I find this one rather hard to believe.

  37. The Right to be Clone by danila · · Score: 1

    Exactly! You don't have the right to create a life whenever you wish. You must consider what you are doing and what good will be the life to the newly created being. It is irresponsible to be a parent, if you have bad genetic inheritance, bad physical conditions, bad habits, no parental skills, no resources to raise a child.

    And so:

    When you conceive a child, you must think what life will it have.
    When you create a clone, you must think what life will it have.
    When you program an AI, you must think what life will it have.

    Noone has the right to mess with the life, with the spirit and with the intellegence. The creator must be reponsible for his actions.

    --
    Future Wiki -- If you don't think about the future, you cannot have one.
    1. Re:The Right to be Clone by GospelHead821 · · Score: 1
      I can't agree with a single thing you claimed.

      That people with poor genetics should not breed is claiming that it is our responsibility to obey natural selection, even if it doesn't weed us out...well...naturally.


      That people in poor physical condition should not breed is saying much the same - that if a person with a disability is not weeded out naturally, it is their responsibility to not mate anyhow.


      That somebody with bad habits should not breed is ridiculous. By whose standards would you judge? I think that smacking one's lips when one eats is a "bad habit." You may say that habits of the cablibre of smoking merit this prohibition. It is arbitrary and thus inadmissable.


      That people with no parental skills should not breed means that nobody should ever have a first child, since nobody is born with parental skills. Like any other important skill, they are developed.


      That people without resources should not breed...This I can half agree with. If somebody is unprepared to support a child, it is irresponsible of them to breed. But to claim that somebody who is prepared to sacrifice, despite having little, should not breed is to say that only the wealthy should have the right of procreation.


      You cannot make this case. A life fraught with burden is still a life worth having. There are situations in which is would be irresponsible to have a child, but your criteria are laughable.

      --
      Virtue finds and chooses the mean.
      Aristotle, Ethica Nichomachea
  38. hardly offtopic! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    bad moderation!

  39. laughed? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    if we don't stop spraying some of this anitbacterial crap around, we're going to end up with real teenage mutant ninja turtles