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World's First True Blue Rose, Thanks to Biotech

FiReaNGeL writes "Researchers from CSRIO achieved the holy grail of rose breeders since 1840 - breeding a blue rose. Using RNAi technology, they knocked down the red pigment gene and introduced a blue pigment producing one. The result is the world's first true blue rose - no word about whether it'll be commercially available or not. A factsheet describing the technique and a detailed summary are available."

81 comments

  1. Well... by Short+Circuit · · Score: 1, Redundant

    That's neat.

    Hope they sell some at an affordable price. My grandmother would get a real kick out of it.

    1. Re:Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      there isn't much i get a bigger kick out of than seeing the first post being modded as redundant

    2. Re:Well... by Short+Circuit · · Score: 1, Funny

      there isn't much i get a bigger kick out of than seeing the first post being modded as redundant

      Comments are frequently modded "redundant" if what they point out is common knowledge. Like my grandmother's rose garden.

      I better warn her that she's being watched, though. She has no idea she's such a celebrity.

  2. A rose by any other genetic code... by crow · · Score: 2, Insightful

    If they've genetically modified it, is it still a rose?

    1. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by gl4ss · · Score: 1

      yes.

      it looks like a rose, it would belong to the same family of flowers, it is a rose. if they had breeded it by regular means.. would it have been a rose?

      --
      world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
    2. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by hey! · · Score: 4, Informative

      The way of talking about this that is in current vogue among biologists seems to be "cladistic analysis". All life forms are classified in a tree structure representing evolutionary pedigree. This is probably a gross simplification, but every genetic innovation creates a new branch (or clades). Some would argue that traditional taxonomic categories like genera and species are meaningless.

      If you replace the red gene with a blue gene, you have developed a new clades. It is still substantially a rose, whether or not it smell sweet. Of course your mom might not call this thing a rose if it smelled like a skunk, so YMMV.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    3. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by biglig2 · · Score: 1
      I seem to be quoting the bard a lot on slashdot today, so let's get it over with:

      'Tis but thy name that is my enemy.
      Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.
      What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,
      Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part
      Belonging to a man. O, be some other name!
      What's in a name? That which we call a rose
      By any other name would smell as sweet.

      So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,
      Retain that dear perfection which he owes
      Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name;
      And for that name, which is no part of thee,
      Take all myself.


      but seriously, isn't this cheating? I mean, the fun in trying to grow a blue rose is that it is so hard as to probably be impossible.
      --
      ~~~~~ BigLig2? You mean there's another one of me?
    4. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by MindStalker · · Score: 1

      Yea, but where do you classify it if you take two flowers from different branches and merge their genes. Where does the new plant go?

    5. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      When you bombard organisms with ionizing solar radiation, naturally-occuring chemical mutagens, or natural retroviruses to cause a random mutation, and then hybridize the results to conserve the mutation, nobody complains the result isn't the same species.

      In fact, if you used artificial radiation sources or synthetic mutagens to create the mutation, not only does nobody complain that it isn't really the same species, nobody considers it any different than the "natural" random mutations. For example, almost all varieties of wheat grown in the European Union, or sold as "organic", have artificially-induced mutations that have never been tested for saftey.

      But use restriction enzymes and artificial retroviruses to create a planned effect, instead of blindly causing and propagating mutations, and suddenly people ask all sorts of questions, or howl about unnaturality, or demand long and expensive saftey tests.

      Sometimes it makes you despair of the intelligence of humanity.

    6. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by jericho4.0 · · Score: 1
      From another article

      "It is now clear that the conventional hybridization could not have produced a blue rose, because roses are genetically incapable of producing delphinidin."

      --
      "A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing" - Alan Perlis
    7. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A Real Live Biologist Sez:

      Um, actually clades generally refer to things larger than genus or species classifications. The traditional taxonomic classifications are still very much alive for nomenclature reasons, although most biologists realize that the concept of a "species" is very difficult to define. If hard pressed, I'd say that clades can be applied at any level but in common usage they are generally referring to the family level or higher.

      Usually clades are defined primarily by "meaningless" sections of DNA, where random mutations can build up over time without seriously affecting the organism. The more similar two groups of plants are in their mutations on a specific section of DNA, the closer the branches on their tree are.

      Changing one gene doesn't really make it a different species, because it's only trait and one gene out of thousands. I suppose the most appropriate thing to call it would be a new cultivar or variety...like broccoli and cauliflower and cabbage are all different cultivars of a certain species of Brassica. At the moment there doesn't seem to be a uniform way of naming geneng plants aside from denoting any altered genes in italics after the name. Not exactly user-friendly for non-biologists, so the confusion is understandable.
    8. Re:A rose by any other genetic code... by Yanray · · Score: 1

      What's in a name? That which we call a rose; By any other genetic strucure would smell as sweet.

      --
      --"Sorry for the inconvience." Gods Last Words to his Creation
      DNA, So Long and Thanks for all the Fish
  3. Well, where is it? by acidblue · · Score: 1

    I could draw an image of it too... You would think that with the technology of the Internet and all, and since they are talking about some tangible item that supposedly exists, couldn't we have a picture? Even a forgery would do.

  4. oh really? by St.+Arbirix · · Score: 2, Funny

    I guess that puts us just that much closer to authentic blue hair.

    --
    Direct away from face when opening.
  5. I need them now! by L.+VeGas · · Score: 2, Funny

    I want some blue roses for a red lady.

    1. Re:I need them now! by nacturation · · Score: 1

      I want some blue roses for a red lady.

      If it were the other way around, I'd think you were buying flowers for Terri Schiavo.

      --
      Want to improve your Karma? Instead of "Post Anonymously", try the "Post Humously" option.
    2. Re:I need them now! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That wouldn't be funny even if it wasn't in bad taste, and "Humously" is not a word.

    3. Re:I need them now! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      you clearly didn't read my journal. nothing to do with funny.

      mod parent -1, "didn't get it"

  6. So not really the "Holy Grail" by Holi · · Score: 1

    They did not "breed" a blue rose, they messed with the genes to make a blue rose, I am sure most breeders would consider this cheating.

    --
    Sorry, teleporters just kill you and then make a copy. A perfect, soul-less copy.
    1. Re:So not really the "Holy Grail" by gl4ss · · Score: 3, Insightful

      and marathon runners would consider using a car cheating.

      yet, if you're not doing it just for the sport(breeders aren't) then whatever gets the job done is the smart choice.

      --
      world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
  7. How I long for the Blues... by Dark+Coder · · Score: 3, Funny

    Where's the picture? Is this a Vaporware Gene?

    1. Re:How I long for the Blues... by HavokDevNull · · Score: 4, Informative

      picture here Florigene LTD

      --
      Sig
    2. Re:How I long for the Blues... by El · · Score: 1

      Looks to me like they just PhotoShopped a picture of a red rose...

      --

      "Freedom means freedom for everybody" -- Dick Cheney

    3. Re:How I long for the Blues... by Psiolent · · Score: 1

      That's nothing. I found tons and tons of pictures of these "blue roses". This is obviously old news.

    4. Re:How I long for the Blues... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It is old news.

      In fact, if I'm viewing the pictures correctly, this isn't really a "blue" rose, it's a purple rose.

      I've been following this for some time. While I'm not a botanist, my understanding is that one recurring issue in the quest for a blue rose is that from time to time, people will release a "blue" rose that's actually purple. That is, part of the mystery about the search for blue roses is that there is a trail of "blue" roses that are in fact shades of purple.

      This seems more like an advertisement in the form of a press release.

  8. Roses are red... by joelparker · · Score: 5, Funny

    Violets are blue Now thanks to biotech Roses are too

    1. Re:Roses are red... by Farmer+Tim · · Score: 1

      Perhaps they'll create a red violet to compensate?

      --
      Blank until /. makes another boneheaded UI decision.
  9. Here! by PhilHibbs · · Score: 4, Informative
    1. Re:Here! by acidblue · · Score: 1

      Doh! I suppose I could have done a search for it, but.. well... I am a bit lazy.

    2. Re:Here! by PhilHibbs · · Score: 2, Informative

      Probably a fake, though, considering this says copyright 2003

    3. Re:Here! by xutopia · · Score: 1

      that picture looks colorized after it was taken. I believe the current breed of blue roses aren't yet as bright in color as the red ones are. This picture is to be taken with a grain of salt.

    4. Re:Here! by meanfriend · · Score: 1

      From the article that you linked:

      "The new rose is an attractive shade of mauve, similar to the current generation of mauve-lilac roses like 'Blue Moon' and 'Vol de Nuit' ... the new rose, with further 'tweaking', has the genetic potential to be truly blue. "

      The picture there, while it looks amazing, has almost certainly been color-enhanced and is probably not at all what this rose actually looks like.

      If you look closely, it appears even the *leaves* are blue... It's likely just a photoshopped stock photo.

  10. Not really a rose... by bcmm · · Score: 1

    It seems kind of like cheating.
    The gene for the blue pigment is presumably from another organism; they could equally make them some other colour, or make them glow in the dark (bioluminescence has been "ported" to organisms such as mice before :-).

    This would be more impressive if it was done by selective breeding...

    Still, could be the first really mass-produced "novelty" GM organisms (anyone buy one of those fish? Thought not).

    --
    # cat /dev/mem | strings | grep -i llama
    Damn, my RAM is full of llamas.
    1. Re:Not really a rose... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      As a geek with a girlfriend (begin the flames, scoffing and jealousy), I would pay big bucks for a true glow-in-the-dark rose...

    2. Re:Not really a rose... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      *As a geek with a girlfriend (begin the flames, scoffing and jealousy), I would pay big bucks for a true glow-in-the-dark rose...*

      wah? she wont let you keep you the lights on while doing the horizontal mambo?

    3. Re:Not really a rose... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't know where you're from but I try to keep plant life as far away as possible during "the horizontal mambo." We use the green laser pointers ;-)

    4. Re:Not really a rose... by sagekoala06 · · Score: 2, Funny

      as someone who actually works in a fish store ... let me assure you if one more person asks for the fish that "glows in the dark" I'm going to explode into a zillion little bitty pieces. AFAIK The reason you never actually see them is that the company who made them only released one sex of them and then only 500,000 were sold to the public. Its amazing how someone can take the cheapest fish we sell (zebra danio, $0.79) and charge all the way up to $15 for it. I don't even think they intended to sell them, it just just to work on the technology ... but suprise there was a demand so they thought they would get some of their investment back. I digress, you're right ... this thing will probably be big ... for a while until the novelty wears off, then it will just be another color of rose.

    5. Re:Not really a rose... by gstoddart · · Score: 1
      It seems kind of like cheating.

      The gene for the blue pigment is presumably from another organism

      Dude, they have bred goats which produce spider silk in their milk and pigs which produce cells useful in some cellular research in their sperm, not to mention 'corn' which is so modified and invasiveas to be a huge problem for neighboring farmers. (Sorry, no links handy)

      You'll be hearing more about this stuff, and who knows what we'll call 'em.
      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
  11. Sorry sorry, had to :_( by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Roses are blue
    violets are green
    in Soviet Russia
    ..oh I give up someone finish this one off for me

    1. Re:Sorry sorry, had to :_( by Xiver · · Score: 2, Funny

      Roses are blue
      violets are green
      in Soviet Russia
      ..oh I give up someone finish this one off for me

      1. poems are incomplete?
      2. peasants are lean?
      3. poems finish you?
      4. poets are mean?
      5. chernobyl flowers smell you?
      6. Genetics inherit you?
      7. Profit?

      --
      10: PRINT "Everything old is new again."
      20: GOTO 10
    2. Re:Sorry sorry, had to :_( by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Roses are blue
      violets are green
      in Soviet Russia
      ???
      Profit!

    3. Re:Sorry sorry, had to :_( by Famanoran · · Score: 1

      Roses are blue,
      Violets are green,
      In Soviet Russia,
      Roses genetically engineer YOU!

  12. Poster hasn't RTFA by SCull · · Score: 3, Informative

    no word about whether it'll be commercially available or not.

    Go back and RTFA:

    Commercial availability

    Florigene has already successfully created blue carnations using gene technology and these have been available in Australia since 1996.

    It will be at least 3 years before blue roses will be commercially available in Australia, pending approval from the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator for their commercial release.

  13. I'll pass. by jd · · Score: 1

    I am waiting until they can manage day-glo colors.

    --
    It's a small world and it smells funny; I'd buy another if it wasn't for the money; Take back what I paid (SoM)
  14. Here's an idea by alta · · Score: 1

    How about a picture of THE STINKING ROSE!! PROVE IT! Illustrations don't cut the mustard...

    Oh, this is /. How about a screenshot of a blue rose.

    --
    Do not meddle in the affairs of sysadmins, for they are subtle, and quick to anger.
  15. So, what does a blue rose symbolize anyway? by acidblue · · Score: 4, Funny

    I think we should have a vote on this one. How about: 1) "Have a bad day" 2) "I'm breaking up with you" 3) "This rose cost a sh** load of cash, you better like it" 4) "I still don't want to marry you, so instead of a ring..." 5) "I am red/blue colorblind and I still don't care about roses"

    1. Re:So, what does a blue rose symbolize anyway? by acidblue · · Score: 2, Funny
      (I reformatted it, sorry about that) I think we should have a vote on this one.

      How about:

      1. "Have a bad day"
      2. "I'm breaking up with you"
      3. "This rose cost a sh** load of cash, you better like it"
      4. "I still don't want to marry you, so instead of a ring..."
      5. "I am red/blue colorblind and I still don't care about roses"
    2. Re:So, what does a blue rose symbolize anyway? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's okay, it wasn't that funny to begin with.

    3. Re:So, what does a blue rose symbolize anyway? by Mastoid · · Score: 2, Funny

      "I read too damn much David Eddings."

      --
      I had an argument...with the person here at the university that teaches OS design. I wonder when I'll learn --Linus
    4. Re:So, what does a blue rose symbolize anyway? by Famanoran · · Score: 1

      "Blue Rose, obey me!"

      *starts muttering in a combination of Trollish and Arhaeic Elenic*

      Hey - where'd Aphrael go anyway? :)

    5. Re:So, what does a blue rose symbolize anyway? by Valdrax · · Score: 1

      I know I shouldn't demonstrate knowledge in this, especially when it's present as a joke, but...

      In the Victorian language of flowers (which is seeing a small modern revival), the rose is almost always a symbol of love and beauty with a handful of exceptions. Red roses signify passionate loves. Yellow roses signify friendship (or love that lessens into friendship). Pink roses signify grace and beauty. White roses usually signify platonic love (though withered white roses signify the death of love). Specific varieties of rose can signify things from voluptuousness to shyness to feminine youth to capricious beauty.

      Jung named the blue rose as a symbol of the impossible. Since the blue rose has long been the unattainable and has been arrived at through contrived means, I suggest any of the following:

      1) Impossible / unattainable love
      2) Love that overcomes or achieves the impossible
      3) Unnatural / unconventional love

      --
      If it's for-profit but free, you're not the customer -- you're the product (e.g., the Slashdot Beta's "audience").
  16. Just what the world needs . . . by harley_frog · · Score: 1

    a Frankenflower.

    --
    It's all fun and games until someone loses the key to the handcuffs.
    1. Re:Just what the world needs . . . by Farmer+Tim · · Score: 1

      Why not? The musical was quite successful...

      --
      Blank until /. makes another boneheaded UI decision.
  17. not real by boarder · · Score: 2, Informative
    That pic is probably not real, as TFA specifically says:

    "although the prototype is pale mauve, it is the first rose in the world with the genetic potential to produce 'true blue' roses, spanning the spectrum from palest blue to Mediterranean blue, or even navy blue."

    and this:

    "The new rose is an attractive shade of mauve, similar to the current generation of mauve-lilac roses like 'Blue Moon' and 'Vol de Nuit'. But where these cultivars express cyanidin, and are thus incapable of yielding blue flowers, the new rose, with further 'tweaking', has the genetic potential to be truly blue.

    Blue shades should be achievable if Florigene and Suntory researchers can make the rose's petals less acidic. Rose petals are moderately acidic, with a pH around 4.5, while carnation petals are less so, with a pH of 5.5."

    So unless this story is old and that picture is really new, I'm guessing it is fake or just an "artist's conception."

    --
    IANAL, but I play one on /.
  18. RTFA by boarder · · Score: 1

    Here is the post I made to an earlier request for photos:
    my post

    Basically, they now have the chance to produce blue roses but haven't actually done it yet. The new roses are mauve.

    --
    IANAL, but I play one on /.
  19. Worst case scenario: by El · · Score: 1
    ... this new species gets released into the wild, cross-breeds with existing roses, then suddenly purple roses start showing up all over the place!

    --

    "Freedom means freedom for everybody" -- Dick Cheney

  20. this kicks ass... by jessecurry · · Score: 1

    ...too bad they couldn't do it by breeding alone.

    --
    Those who know, do not speak. Those who speak, do not know. ~Lao Tzu
  21. The perfect gift by NarcolepticTerrorPoo · · Score: 4, Funny
    ...for you girlfriend with breast implants.

    This blue rose reminds me of you,
    Beautiful and artificial.

  22. The modifications are NOT permenent! by clonan · · Score: 2, Interesting

    They use siRNA to turn off the color genes.

    SiRNA is a RNA that is maintained by the host completly seperate from the genome. It happens to compliment the RNA of the target gene and therefore inhibits expression.

    SiRNA is not stable long term. THese roses will slowly revert to the original levels of Red/Orange with blue tossed in as well.

    To make this permenent you will need to deactivate the color genes on the genome level rather than the cytoplasmic/transcription level.

    1. Re:The modifications are NOT permenent! by FiReaNGeL · · Score: 2, Informative

      It depends. If you transfect a stable, integrated form of siRNA, you get permanent effects. Its easy to do; all you need is a "gene" coding for an hairpin corresponding to both siRNA strands.

      Oh and I added a picture of the roses, for all those who wanted to see it.

    2. Re:The modifications are NOT permenent! by clonan · · Score: 2, Informative

      siRNA is straight forward competitive inhibition.

      It works because it is cheap and fast to do.

      I did not intend to say that the siRNA sequence will no longer become functional, rather the blue rose will not breed true.

      Since the original colors genes are still intact AND stil expressed, once the siRNA is removed (say through breeding) the colors will once again appear.

      The ONLY way to make this line breed true (and therefore become a strain) is to either knock out the colors or prevent expression....it looks like knocking out the "Rose DFR gene" would do it.

    3. Re:The modifications are NOT permenent! by YU+Nicks+NE+Way · · Score: 1

      Well, yes and no. It's true that it would have been better for the folks who created this rose to work from a naturally occurring knock out rose -- you know, like any white variety?

      The problem is that breeding truely is nither important nor even desirable for a rose breeder. Roses are almost universally reproduced asexually by budding; most modern roses grow very poorly, if at all, on their own roots, and are patented only as single varieties. Commercially, then, a proparatable blue rose would be of negligible interest.

      In this case, this is a double flower, and that they're more difficult to breed at the best of times. It's clear that this variety was created with the intention of being difficult to propagate.

    4. Re:The modifications are NOT permenent! by Fadeproof69 · · Score: 1

      Even if a cell line has stable RNA interference of a certain gene, it is still not as stable as you would think.

      Introducing a plasmid containing a gene which codes for small hairpin RNA (shRNA) will lead to stable knockdown, but only if you continually select for the cells which are exhibiting this feature. Otherwise, for reasons as yet unknown, the cell will silence the shRNA producing gene that you introduced because it will somehow be recognized as foreign. So in a relatively blue rose, you will see a blue/red mosaic pattern forming over time.
  23. Wait till... by FroMan · · Score: 1

    Wait till they get the black rose perfected. Then the goth's will all love biotech. Can you imagine going into a lab with folks who look like they've been smacked in the face with a tackle box, wearing black finger nail polish, and trech coats genetically engineering so they can turn every flower black?

    --
    Norris/Palin 2012
    Fact: We deserve leaders who can kick your ass and field dress your carcass.
    1. Re:Wait till... by DigiShaman · · Score: 1

      I'm not sure if this is true, but I remember hearing that you can take white roses and put them into a vase of full of squid ink. After while the rose sokes it up and thus turns dark grey to black.

      --
      Life is not for the lazy.
  24. First Thoughts by Psiolent · · Score: 1

    When I first saw the picture of the roses in TFA I immediately imagined some ostentatious pre-teen rose walking around a chocolate factory eating things she wasn't supposed to.

  25. Red Rose, Blue Rose by Anti_Climax · · Score: 1

    If I'm not mistaken, there was no pure red rose. The roses of the time were crossbred with a red asian flower to get the red hue available today. If anything this modified version is closer to the rose it was created from than a red rose itself.

    --
    Even people that believe in pre-destiny look both ways before crossing the street.
  26. RNAi ? by straybullets · · Score: 1
    Using RNAi technology,

    Now, i don't know where the marketing droids in these bio tech come from but they obviously are not up to date with the modern tech naming conventions. It should obviously be i-RNA

    --
    With that aggravating beauty, Lulu Walls.
  27. Cough up! by Leibel · · Score: 1

    A truly blue rose has been the Holy Grail of rose breeders since 1840, when the horticultural societies of Britain and Belgium offered a prize of 500,000 francs to the first person to produce a blue rose.

    I guess the horticultural societies of Britain and Belgium owe the CSIRO 500,000 francs.

    1. Re:Cough up! by vertinox · · Score: 1

      I guess the horticultural societies of Britain and Belgium owe the CSIRO 500,000 francs.

      Wow. I think they can buy a pack of cigarrettes for that much these days.

      --
      "I am the king of the Romans, and am superior to rules of grammar!"
      -Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368-1437)
  28. Commercial Availability by estitabarnak · · Score: 1

    The result is the world's first true blue rose - no word about whether it'll be commercially available or not. "Commercial availability Florigene has already successfully created blue carnations using gene technology and these have been available in Australia since 1996. It will be at least 3 years before blue roses will be commercially available in Australia, pending approval from the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator for their commercial release." From the bottom of the first site. :-)

    1. Re:Commercial Availability by Old+Wolf · · Score: 1

      I read how to make blue carnations in a book 20 years ago, it is much simpler than gene therapy. You put a white carnation in a glass of blue ink, and wait.

  29. seen it before by Valen1260 · · Score: 1

    Smurfette managed this 20 years ago.

  30. That's nice, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    How long until they make a black lotus? And would this be considered copyright infringement?

  31. detailed summary by majid_aldo · · Score: 2, Funny

    the technique and a detailed summary are available."

    a summary with detail huh?

    --
    --- widget evolution: enhanced, plus, super, ultra, extreme, exxxtreme, ultra-extreme, ..etc.
  32. No. by axolotl_farmer · · Score: 1

    Im a systematic biologist and do research using cladistics. Cladistics is about finding the phylogenetic tree (or pedigree) that requires the minimum amount of evoultionary events.

    Obligatory Wikipedia article

    A rose with a gene replaced would still be a rose, as it continues to share so many charcteristics of the unmanipulated rose such as flower morphology, chromosome number, leaf symmetry etc.

  33. A systematics geek ? Excellent! by hey! · · Score: 1
    Thanks for the reference, but it still is not very clear.

    Is horse a differet clades than a donkey? I'm guessing probably so. Is a Red Wolf a different clades than a Coyote? Hard to say -- they hybridize after all to produce fertile offspring. Is the Eastern Yellow Bellied Sapsucker a different clades than a Western? Probably not.

    Clades seem to me to be as much as social convention as species, only with a somewhat more sound theoretical basis for selecting features to consider. My impression is that genotypes exist in a kind of gene space in which contiguous volumes of that space are conventionally grouped into taxonomic categories for purposes of interpreting published papers.

    I'd be interested in hearing if there are more precise criteria for deciding on what constitues a clades. The layman's articles I've read don't make this clear, including the wiki you linked. For example, it says,

    Each clade should be set off by a series of characteristics that appear in its members but not in the other forms it diverged from.


    At first blush, this seems perfectly clear. Except that it ignores the fact that there are a distribution of features in a population of animals of the same species. Almost if you were to look at a node in the cladogram with a microsocope, you'd see countless tiny brances on the tree that merge and split.
    --
    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  34. Bioluminescence? by phorm · · Score: 1

    OK, I might not pay that much more for a blue rose, but a blue rose that glows in the dark... now that sounds like an interesting idea to try...