3D Microscopy of Fossils Embedded in Solid Rock

whitehatlurker writes "UCLA is reporting that a process involving Raman spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy has enabled researchers to take three dimensional images of fossils that have been embedded in solid stone for over 650 million years. It also permits characterization of the chemical structures of the fossil. As the process is non-destructive and can image microscopic fossils (such as bacteria) with (formerly) soft tissues, there is speculation that this could be used on a mission to Mars to examine sediments there for evidence of life."

Comments

Martian meteorites

[RobotWisdom]

Wouldn't it be quicker to try it on the Martian meteorites that purportedly showed fossils of cells?

Re:Martian meteorites

[Tsar]

The UCLA paleobiologist in question, Dr. J. William Schopf, has already dealt directly with the ALH84001 Mars meteorite controversy:

In "Cradle of Life," Schopf recounts his involvement in evaluating the evidence for life on Mars, and the events that led to the life on Mars NASA press conference. NASA administrators asked him in January 1995 to assess what geologists at the Johnson Spacecraft Center (JSC) in Houston believed might be microfossils in a chunk of a meteorite thought to have come from Mars. The focus was on tiny, orange pancake-shaped globules of carbonate material. The scientists thought these globules might be Martian "protozoans," but Schopf's analysis showed that their guess was wrong.

"Many of the objects merged one into another in a totally nonbiologic way," Schopf says. "Their overall size range also did not fit biology, and they lacked any of the telltale features—pores, tubules, wall layers, spines, chambers, internal structures—that earmark tiny protozoan shells. In addition, the 'lifelike' traits they did possess could be explained by ordinary inorganic processes.

"I raised these points with the JSC scientists. They seemed to agree. I thought the matter was closed. But more than a year later, at the August 1996 news conference, the same little pancakes were again proffered as evidence of Martian life, this time of bacteria rather than protozoans. Evidently the scientists' minds were set—the facts hadn't changed, only the meaning attached to them."

Several weeks before the press conference, NASA again asked Schopf to evaluate the findings. He studied the evidence three times, and was not impressed.

"Crucial questions had not been asked," he writes. "Articles published earlier and critically relevant to the authors' contentions had been ignored. More plausible ways to explain the findings were given short shrift. The claim of 'evidence for primitive life on early Mars' seemed overblown, ill-conceived."

At the press conference, the JSC scientists presented their findings with the aid of "high-tech cartoon videos," says Schopf, who spoke after them.

"I was wearing my best suit—the one I got married in—looking at hundreds of reporters who wanted me to say there was life on Mars," he says. "I had no doubt my words would prove unwelcome. On a scale of one to 10, I gave each piece of their evidence a score. Some, such as the suggested Mars source of the meteorite, I ranked high. But the evidence for life was weak; I gave it a two. A number of scientists later called me to task for being too generous. One Nobel laureate said I should have ranked the evidence zero!

"This attempt failed to find life at Mars. That does not mean Mars contained no life—just that these scientists didn't find any."

How do respected scientists, from Scheuchzer and Beringer to the JSC team, Make such blunders? One answer, Schopf says, is that scientists have the same "strengths, fears and foibles as everyone" and are not so different from our neighbors. They have great successes and, sometimes, great failures. Mostly, "Cradle of Life" addresses one of science's great successes.

Perhaps Dr. Schopf's newer techniques will also be applied to ALH84001 and th

Re:Martian meteorites

[pkphilip]

To see the wild suppositions highly respected scientists make, please see the program Extraterrestrial on National Geographic.

I still cannot believe that Natgeo actually allowed that joke of a program to be broadcasted.

Jurassic Park?

[brian0918]

This is news?? Didn't they have this technology in Jurassic Park back in 1993?? Clearly this is once again the fault of the Slashdot editors, for Hollywood has never deceived me before.

Re:Jurassic Park?

[Anonymous Coward]

No, Dr. Grant said "A couple more years and we won't even have to dig anymore." I think its been a couple years, plus Grant didn't like computers so fuck him.

Nice

[GreatDrok]

It is amazing what is preserved in fossils. Back in 1988 I did serial sectioning of a fossilised brachiopod (Gryphea) and using software I wrote on my BBC micro I digitised the layers and reconstructed them on the computer. Using blue and red filters I was able to show the internal support structures in 3D which was amazing and showed detail previously unknown from traditional serial sectioning. It should never be underestimated what 3D graphics can show that might be otherwise hidden. Of course, traditional serial sectioning is destructive unlike this new technique.

Re:Nice

[praedictus]

The additional fine structure and soft tissue information will probably give us a lot more insight on a lot of the details of evolution. It will be interesting to see this method applied to PreCambrian and early Cambrian (eg Burgess Shale) microfossils. No doubt there will be applications in biostratigraphy as well, such as a finer grained division on index fossils due to differences in the soft tissues not previously apparent.

650 million years??!!

[Anonymous Coward]

. . .that have been embedded in solid stone for over 650 million years.

How can that be when we all know that the Earth is only 6000 years old? ;-)

Re: 650 million years??!!

[Black Parrot]

> How can that be when we all know that the Earth is only 6000 years old?

The higher numbers are virtual years, allowing us to determine the fake dates on all the fossils God created.

Re:650 million years??!!

[Conanymous Award]

Clearly, the intelligent designers of this 3D microscope have been touched by His Noodly Appendage.

non-destructive

[joe 155]

It's good to see them looking into non-destructive ways of doing this, traditionally if you wanted a 3D image of a fosil you'd have to take out a hammer and try and get it out that way, whilst this isn't too much of a problem in most circumstances; it can be in some. This will help on earth when we have a chance of a rare fosil that we can't risk damaging, enabling us to get a good look before we try anything dangerous, or on mars where fosils might be increasingly fragile or hard to detect.

Re:non-destructive

[Anonymous Coward]

This is NOT non-destructive. For CLSM to work you need a sample thin enough to transmit light through it. That means making your sample into a thin section (ie - grinding away EVERYTHING except a few hundred micron thick slice).

Re:non-destructive

[the packrat]

Further to the other poster, the non-destructiveness of this sort of scanning is a little overplayed. Most of these sorts of systems, particularly the high resolution ones, dump a lot of energy into their sample which causes bleaching and other destructive effects.

question!

[thelost]

can they see gods fingerprints on the fossils? Maybe they better take the images down to the crime labs to run them through the database!

What?

[Anonymous Coward]

3D Microscopy of Fossils Embedded in Solid Rock
How did the 3D Microscopy of Fossils get embedded in Solid Rock? I guess this proves that 3D Microscopy was around thousands of years ago. Take that, ID fanatics / Evolution fanatics! I'm sure this has grave implications for both sides of the debate...

Re:What?

[AndroidCat]

"Both sides"? It's Raman spectroscopy, so I'm sure that the Noodly One wants a word too.

Re:What?

[uradu]

Not to mention Arthur C. Clarke.

Re:What?

[AndroidCat]

Yeah, since Ramens do everything in (at least) threes.

"a process involving Raman spectroscopy "

[Anonymous Coward]

They are truly doing amazing things with noodles these days. I mean I was blown away by the picante beef flavor, but now this...this is something.

Re:"a process involving Raman spectroscopy "

[shreevatsa]

LOL, nice. It says Raman Spectroscopy, but the Ramen Spectroscopy you speak of is quite interesting too :)

(BTW, Raman Spectroscopy is named after Sir C V Raman, who won the Physics Nobel in 1930. One story about him that the Wikipedia article doesn't (yet?) mention is that he had booked his tickets to Stockholm several months before the Nobel prizes were announced! Another that it does mention is that when he was offered a toast, he replied, being a teetotaller, "Sir, you have seen the Raman effect on alcohol; please do not try to see the alcohol effect on Raman." ;)

Re:"a process involving Raman spectroscopy "

[Anonymous Coward]

I was thinking Ramen Spectroscopy had something to do with the Flying Spaghetti Monster.

Re:"a process involving Raman spectroscopy "

[radarvectors]

Advantages of Ramen Spectroscopy:

- Fast and convenient to prepare.
- Great taste and convenience.
- Versatile.
- Consistent high quality, providing excellent value.

Re:"a process involving Raman spectroscopy "

[Dr.Dubious DDQ]

Jeez, science-types.

Can't they just call it "checking to make sure your noodles aren't a funny color" like everyone else?

Is this new?

[rice0067]

If they are just trying these techniques now, then paleontologists need to start visiting with other departments. The sciences have evolved so much over they last 20 years that in order to do any real work you have to associate with people outside your discipline.

Confocal:

LSCM has been used for ages outside of biology in quality control for chip manufactures.
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy improves your Z resolution by eliminating light from above and below the plane of focus. This helps in thick biological samples. Usually you can only image up to 300 microns into a sample (sometimes up to 700 depending on objective and wavelength).
Now, with fossils, I assume that you can only see the very top layer, because light wont penetrate rock that far.

Raman.
The Raman effect was described in 1928. However, robust applications in conjunction with microscopy are somewhat new so I would say that this group is not coming on board to late in the game. Raman with microscopy is pretty cool because you can make chemical maps that correlate to images you have taken. See this paper .

Anyway , I'm glad to see that they are using some advanced techniques.

Re:Is this new?

[Anonymous Coward]

"If they are just trying these techniques now, then paleontologists need to start visiting with other departments. The sciences have evolved so much over they last 20 years that in order to do any real work you have to associate with people outside your discipline."

I could make a joke about paleontologists and geologists moving very slowly, but it wouldn't really apply here.

Actually, this is far from the first work using confocal microscopy on fossils. The article carefully points out that this is the first time it has been applied to fossils this old (i.e. this deep in the Precambrian), which is probably right, but paleontologists have been using confocal microscopy on younger microfossils for years now, though it isn't as commonly applied as it probably could be (e.g., see this article on fossil dinoflagellates and this catalogue of re-imaged type specimens). They've also used serial sectioning techniques for decades, and having access to something 3D is much more versitile than the old way (which was to make a scaled physical model from the information in the slices). Various types of CT scanning techniques are used if the object is big enough. The Raman spectroscopy application is fairly new, but usually ordinary optical mineralogy thin sections provide compositional information. It is only when you want to do a non-destructive technique that it would become important.

"Now, with fossils, I assume that you can only see the very top layer, because light wont penetrate rock that far."

Actually, most of the common minerals involved in fossilization are variably transparent at that scale (quartz, calcite, etc.), sometimes almost crystal clear (no pun intended). Geologists of all types (not only paleontologists) regularly make "thin sections" of rock that are a standard 30 microns thick or so. Also, many organic-walled microfossils are entirely extracted from the rock (like the dinoflagellates mentioned above, or fossil pollen and spores), so you can immerse them in whatever media you like, including standard biological mounting media. Being derived from biological cells, they fall in the same sort of size ranges and are tens to hundreds of microns in size anyway.

Bottom line, confocal microscopy works great for many of them, and as these imaging techniques have progressed, paleontologists have been applying them. I'm sure there are a great many discoveries left to be made as the use of such techniques slowly becomes more pervasive.

Re:Is this new?

[RockDoctor]

If they are just trying these techniques now, then paleontologists need to start visiting with other departments. The sciences have evolved so much over they last 20 years that in order to do any real work you have to associate with people outside your discipline.
        You're missing the point that most fossils are almost opaque.

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy improves your Z resolution by eliminating light from above and below the plane of focus. This helps in thick biological samples. Usually you can only image up to 300 microns into a sample (sometimes up to 700 depending on objective and wavelength).
        A standard geological thin section is 30 microns thick. Also, standard optical microscopy (for geological purposes) rarely goes much above 500 diameters. On the rare occasions that you need to go down to finer structures, you might as well go for SEM or ion microprobes (to combine microscopy with chemical data), which are totally different preparation techniques.

There's a big difference between inspection of an engineered material to verify that it's as-designed and the study of a natural material whose composition, history and structure you don't know yet. One of the requirements of optical geological microscopy that the biological microscopist doesn't have to contend with is that their materials are of more-or-less uniform composition (dirty dishwater) and optical properties (isotropic), while a lot of the composition and structure of a geological sample can be read or interpreted under plane-polarised light, with more details of the composition coming from crossed-polars and convergent polarised light.
Geology students (mostly) hate the compulsory several hundred hours of optics theory and microscopy practice, because it's hard work.

Rocks from mars...

[Anonymous Coward]

The article says that they'd like to try this out on rocks from mars, and will have to wait for a future mission to retreive said rocks.
But, what about meteorites?, and all the fuss a few years back about locating bacteria in meteorites from mars?

Quick Primers

[twitter]

Confocal Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy. Both have been around for a while and are easy enough to grasp. It's nice to see them used.

Oblig. Jurassic Park quote

[vdammer]

This new technology's incredible. A few more years development and we won't even have to dig anymore.
Where's the fun in that?
Postmortem contraction of the posterior neck ligaments. Velociraptor?
Yes, good shape too.

Mars keeps calling Wolf

[Tablizer]

It has proven multiple times difficult to distinquish life-like features from soil chemistry, crystals, etc., on Mars or meteorites from Mars. The only convincing evidence will probably be direct observations of living tissues moving around or detailed electron microscope images and with Earth-bound contamination ruled out. Indirect evidence has called "wolf" too many times. The seasonally changing patterns on Mars seen in telescopes used to often be attributed to plant life. It turned out to be seasonal wind storms that shifted dark and light dust around on a large scale.

Conspiracy of the karma trolls!

[Anonymous Coward]

Suddenly this post dropped 3 mod points in the past 10 minutes.

Who invented confocal microscopy?

[sdfad1]

I was quite amazed when I first stumbled upon this page. Imagine that, Marvin Minsky himself invented this microscope. He invented this microscope, (co-)founded AI, a whole lot more, and had so many students - including Gerald Sussman himself. We live with some really brilliant people today.

Sometimes when you wished "I wish I was there when da Vinci did this", or when someone else did that, well, it's happening here today, at faster rates than ever, and we don't even realise it sometimes. We live in interesting times.

God is a God of Science

[rinkjustice]

Both numbers could be right. Who is to say God didn't implement a "beta" period 650 million years ago when prehistoric animals and neanderthal man roamed the earth - before Adam and Eve were created. Who says God didn't use both the mechanism of evolution and Dawinsism as well as divine intervention as described in the Bible.

I do know that God would never break a law of the universe to enact change. Everything has a scientific basis (which is why we have science to begin with, to explain how God did it).

Re:God is a God of Science

[Anonymous Coward]

Also something more complicated. That can't be disproved. Or proved. There are things that we know don't for sure. Then something else, not related, but I was told about it by someone in authority, when I was small. No one lies to children.

Re:God is a God of Science

[Anonymous Coward]

I do know that God would never break a law of the universe to enact change.

know? how? tell you did he?

without proving that the bible is the word of god, and demonstrating that there is only one possible interpretion of everything it says, it's impossible to "know" anything about god, all you can do is believe what you choose.

If he's a god of science why hasn't he given us any verifiable scientific evidence that he exists? If the loyalty of mankind is so crucial to this cosmic pastime of his, why not tell us all unambigously in person what we are supposed to do?

It's about as convincing as astrology.

I take it they found...

[alfrin]

Prehistoric meatballs.

What next?

[Anonymous Coward]

First they got little cars patroling Mars with Mossberg shotguns, now they're making stethyscopes out of Raimen noodles, just so they can find little green men?

Re: Stop bearning false witness

[turkeyfish]

Stop violating the commandment that thou shall not bear false witness, lest your suffer eternal damnation.