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Military Appoints General To Direct Cyber Warfare

An anonymous reader writes news from The Guardian, excerpting: "The US military has appointed its first senior general to direct cyber warfare – despite fears that the move marks another stage in the militarisation of cyberspace. The newly promoted four-star general, Keith Alexander, takes charge of the Pentagon's ambitious and controversial new Cyber Command, designed to conduct virtual combat across the world's computer networks. He was appointed on Friday afternoon in a low-key ceremony at Fort Meade, in Maryland."

132 comments

  1. Qualifications by dward90 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    TFA doesn't seem to have any information on how General Alexander might be qualified for this position, and what his command will involve.

    Here's hoping the guy actually knows something about cyber security, and isn't simply the management figure for actual security experts, or he could easily f*ck this up hard.

    --
    My other sig is clever.
    1. Re:Qualifications by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 5, Informative

      The guy's got a Wikipedia article if you want to know more. Short version is, he's director of the NSA and it looks like he's spent most of his career in intelligence. He does have Master's degrees in physics and electronic warfare, and well, from his picture he looks like a slightly older version of the typical Slashdotter. ;) So he's probably about the best choice available in the senior ranks; hopefully he's smart enough to listen to the junior personnel under his command who are more likely to know what's actually going on in the hacking world.

      --
      The correlation between ignorance of statistics and using "correlation is not causation" as an argument is close to 1.
    2. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

      You said,

      He does have Master's degrees in physics and electronic warfare, and well, from his picture he looks like a slightly older version of the typical Slashdotter. ;)

      I sure hope this "Cyber Warfare" General knows something about computers, because consultants, and especially computer consultants are very high priced (around half a million dollars a year over-priced).

      Richard Feynman seems to portray the definitive experience such a consultant can have with the military:

      After the war, physicists were often asked to go to Washington and give
      advice to various sections of the government, especially the military. What
      happened, I suppose, is that since the scientists had made these bombs that
      were so important, the military felt we were useful for something.
      Once I was asked to serve on a committee which was to evaluate various
      weapons for the army, and I wrote a letter back which explained that I was
      only a theoretical physicist, and I didn't know anything about weapons for
      the army.
      The army responded that they had found in their experience that
      theoretical physicists were very useful to them in making decisions, so
      would I please reconsider?
      I wrote back again and said I didn't really know anything, and doubted
      I could help them.
      Finally I got a letter from the Secretary of the Army, which proposed a
      compromise: I would come to the first meeting, where I could listen and see
      whether I could make a contribution or not. Then I could decide whether I
      should continue.
      I said I would, of course. What else could I do?
      I went down to Washington and the first thing that I went to was a
      cocktail party to meet everybody. There were generals and other important
      characters from the army, and everybody talked. It was pleasant enough.
      One guy in a uniform came to me and told me that the army was glad that
      physicists were advising the military because it had a lot of problems. One
      of the problems was that tanks use up their fuel very quickly and thus can't
      go very far. So the question was how to refuel them as they're going along.
      Now this guy had the idea that, since the physicists can get energy out of
      uranium, could I work out a way in which we could use silicon dioxide --
      sand, dirt -- as a fuel? If that were possible, then all this tank would
      have to do would be to have a little scoop underneath, and as it goes along,
      it would pick up the dirt and use it for fuel! He thought that was a great
      idea, and that all I had to do was to work out the details. That was the
      kind of problem I thought we would be talking about in the meeting the next
      day.
      I went to the meeting and noticed that some guy who had introduced me
      to all the people at the cocktail party was sitting next to me. He was
      apparently some flunky assigned to be at my side at all times. On my other
      side was some super general I had heard of before.
      At the first session of the meeting they talked about some technical
      matters, and I made a few comments. But later on, near the end of the
      meeting, they began to discuss some problem of logistics, about which I knew
      nothing. It had to do with figuring out how much stuff you should have at
      different places at different times. And although I tried to keep my trap
      shut, when you get into a situation like that, where you're sitting around a
      table with all these "important people" discussing

    3. Re:Qualifications by tuomoks · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Yes, he's qualified! Now - typical government (not just military) "US air force disclosed that some 30,000 of its troops had been re-assigned from technical support "to the frontlines of cyber warfare"" and ".. Pentagon has been more explicit, stating on Friday that Cyber Command will "direct the operations and defence of specified Department of Defense information networks [involving some 90,000 military personnel] and .."". Wow - maybe double the manpower, then the baby will be born in half the time!

      Anyhow, assuming that General Alexander get's enough authority, doubtful!, network security, etc could / might get better. The question is not just "Cyber Warfare", that's a nice sounding term but doesn't really mean much. Often military research has benefitted everyone - we can only hope that it's same in this case!

    4. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I sure hope this "Cyber Warfare" General knows something about computers, because consultants, and especially computer consultants are very high priced.

      I don't imagine, even if the good General "knows something about computers" that he's going to be spending time running around and making sure everyone's printer working fine.

      I sure how he knows how to organize an outfit.

    5. Re:Qualifications by MacGyver2210 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Just curious... ...where does one obtain a Masters degree in Electronic Warfare? Can it be obtained with, say, a BS in Computer Science as a foundation?

      --
      If the only way you can accept an assertion is by faith, then you are conceding that it can't be taken on its own merits
    6. Re:Qualifications by Sulphur · · Score: 5, Funny

      Am I the only one who read **** general as a regular expression?

    7. Re:Qualifications by cslax · · Score: 5, Informative

      GWU

    8. Re:Qualifications by martin-boundary · · Score: 5, Funny

      ...where does one obtain a Masters degree in Electronic Warfare?

      You get one when you beat the high score on Global Thermonuclear War. Would you like to play a nice game of chess?

    9. Re:Qualifications by identity0 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Why should he? It's not like we expect generals to fight in the trenches and shoot the enemy, why should a gerneral be expected to work exploits and hack code? Isn't a general's job by definition managing others who are experts in the field?

      A serious question, can someone provide examples in industry of good leaders who were so because they knew the details, or who were bad because they didn't?

    10. Re:Qualifications by sumdumass · · Score: 1

      Interesting jump there. To date, the military hasn't instituted anything regarding what the citizens can and can't do unless they were in the military or going in their bases. But that's nothing new, it's been going on in America since before the country was even a country.

    11. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      Just curious... ...where does one obtain a Masters degree in Electronic Warfare?

      He obtained his from the Naval Postgraduate School

    12. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's not so much knowing the details, but rather having a pretty good idea of what the people you lead are supposed to do. That way you can determine whether the people under you are doing what they're supposed to do, rather than telling them to accomplish something that simply can't be done.

    13. Re:Qualifications by interkin3tic · · Score: 2, Funny

      Just curious... ...where does one obtain a Masters degree in Electronic Warfare?

      I think if you convince the army you have a masters in electronic warfare, that's a masters in electronic warfare.

    14. Re:Qualifications by Stargoat · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I don't know that this could get f*cked up. It's operating out of Fort Meade, so it's basically operating in NSA territory. It's mandate is already being filled by the NSA, assuming that the CyberCommand cannot operate on US territory. (That should be assured, as the fellow is a general. But it no longer is; probably never was.)

      What I don't get is - how is this not the NSA?

      --
      Hoist Number One and Number Six.
    15. Re:Qualifications by couchslug · · Score: 1

      ""US air force disclosed that some 30,000 of its troops had been re-assigned from technical support "to the frontlines of cyber warfare"

      Many USAF "computer" weenies are essentially paper-pushers who also do very basic tech support. Career field consolidation and all that.,,

      Waving a magic wand (the same thing as referring to every troop as a "warrior", as if doing your fucking job was somehow unworthy!) and changing a job description is mostly a gesture.

      No insult intended to the folks who do tech support. They deal with the same silly shit and demanding lusers as do their civilian counterparts.

      --
      "This post is an artistic work of fiction and falsehood. Only a fool would take anything posted here as fact."
    16. Re:Qualifications by DrugCheese · · Score: 2, Funny

      What from his picture makes him look like a slashdotter? His hair is trimmed, his face is shaven and his smile seems to suggest he's been laid within 25 years.

      --
      *DrugCheese rants*
    17. Re:Qualifications by GrumblyStuff · · Score: 1

      This might be an odd or even newb question: What gaggle of troops will this general lead? How much personnel do you actually need assuming you have USA's defense budget backing you up?

    18. Re:Qualifications by somersault · · Score: 1

      Let's see if Santa Claus has any advice. He says "ho ho ho". I like the stories where he gives me presents for being a good boy.

      --
      which is totally what she said
    19. Re:Qualifications by Glonoinha · · Score: 5, Insightful

      At that level you are assigned high level goals (like making sure Google doesn' t get hacked by the Chinese.)
      Your job is to put good level middle level managers in place to hit a chunk of those individual goals.
      The job of those managers is to put good low level managers in place to manage the implementation of the details of one of those goals singly.
      The job of the low level managers is to hire you and I to actually do the work, to keep us motivated to deliver that single goal.
      The job of you and I : actually care about the details and get it done.

      Actual domain knowledge about the minutiae doesn't hurt, but it doesn't really help either.
      That said, I think they'd be a lot better off with Thresh - he has a proven record of just pwning on the cyberwarrior field.

      --
      Glonoinha the MebiByte Slayer
    20. Re:Qualifications by Glonoinha · · Score: 1

      The guy has been the Director of the NSA for half a decade and now he is running this new program - and you are asking how this is not the NSA?
      It's too early for me to be snarky, but ... ummm ... yea.

      --
      Glonoinha the MebiByte Slayer
    21. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Wow, you kiddies should read the classics a bit more. Anyone that hasn't read the sprawl trilogy should promptly hand in their geek card.

    22. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hacking is continually moving the posts and unless you are at the front line, you just don't know what's going on. I guess you can always look and analyse traffic but personally I hope he knows what a secure password is. I understand that the history of goverment computer security has been quite shaky...

      I guess the dudes at the Pentagon should have employed Gary McInnon? They could have got his consultancy for free too, under the condition that the extradition request is dropped. I think Gary would be happy to give his advise for the price of freedom. I know I would. I bet that would save 100K a year straight away.

      Gary reported that a lot of people were hacking into the american goverment from all over the world and I don't see why the UK or US would be much different. I wonder how it effects other countries? I also understand this is due to the trust model of univerities being 'trusted'? Anyway that all seems like an issue to me.

      The only securiy is for us, the people to understand that the admin credentials are secured and also that any account is not compromised (login restrictions ect). I mean seriously a network admin for the average school would probably know more about hackers that this guy.

      Disable Javascript and Flash, keep every driver and piece of software upto date, make people take responsibility for their logins (check the last time and make sure this is what you expect).

    23. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      I don't imagine, even if the good General "knows something about computers" that he's going to be spending time running around and making sure everyone's printer working fine.

      I sure how he knows how to organize an outfit.

      It's obvious that I'm going to have to explain something. I NEVER said ANYTHING about a general doing front line tech support. That is such an ignorant and Trollish statement that I never bothered to comment on it until you got modded plus 5!

    24. Re:Qualifications by RMH101 · · Score: 1

      I am picturing a bomb droppiong towards its target, with "PC LOAD LETTER" chalked on the side of it

    25. Re:Qualifications by Fr33thot · · Score: 1

      1. Much has changed since your last experience including a new career field and tech school. 2. Referring to folks in the military as warriors reflects a major change in how everyone is thought of/used. There is now greater focus on in field readiness. 3. No insult taken, but you should temper your cynicism with some good old up-to-date information every now and then.

    26. Re:Qualifications by Killall+-9+Bash · · Score: 1

      I'd rather play a few hundred thousand games of tic-tac-toe.

      --
      "Prediction: within 10 years, Windows will be a Linux distribution." Me, 7-6-2016
    27. Re:Qualifications by Bakkster · · Score: 1

      I do not think that Electronic Warfare means what you think it means:

      Electronic warfare (EW) refers to any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum. The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of, and ensure friendly unimpeded access to, the EM spectrum.

      In other words, radar jamming, at its simplest. It's the analog version of the digital Cyber Warfare that he's now heading up.

      Why appoint him? Probably because nobody has specifically trained for cyber war, at least not in the military. Think of the early days of computer programming: you went for the people with math and physics degrees (Alan Turing, anyone?), because there were few people with Computer Science degrees, since it was brand new. This guy is obviously well trained and involved in controlling communication channels, now he's just going to be overseeing it over IP instead of EM. The guy clearly knows his fundamentals, and how to run an organization such that he need not know every minute technical detail in order to be effective.

      --
      Write your representatives! Repeal the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics!
    28. Re:Qualifications by owlstead · · Score: 1

      I do think that organizing skills are important too - and probably the most important. But if you don't know anything about your business, you're not fit to make business decisions. I can't imagine how you could prioritize anything if you don't know anything about the subject. I'm very glad our CEO came from within company (after spending some time leading another smaller business in the same market.

    29. Re:Qualifications by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Good leaders who know details: S Wozniak
      Bad leader with a litte detail: GWB

    30. Re:Qualifications by Tetsujin · · Score: 2, Funny

      TFA doesn't seem to have any information on how General Alexander might be qualified for this position

      He's very experienced and diligent in issuing "A/S/L?" queries.

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
    31. Re:Qualifications by Stregano · · Score: 1

      In other news, General Keith Alexander gets his facebook, myspace, personal homepage, paypal account, ebay account, and bank account hacked and then decides to put up a sexy ad for himself on his local Craigslist.

      --
      The world is how you make it
    32. Re:Qualifications by NonSenseAgency · · Score: 1

      Actually, there are several dozens of colleges offering Masters of Science in Electronic Warfare and Masters of System Engineering in Electronic Warfare degrees, starting with the Naval Postgraduate School. I might point out that the actual coursework is often at places like Caltech and MIT but under a different (more prosaic) name.

    33. Re:Qualifications by ikedasquid · · Score: 1

      So, to get much past O-3/O-4 in the military you need a masters in something. It doesn't matter what. Luckily, the various services offer correspondence courses so you don't ever have to enter a classroom....

  2. Hmm, by Ethanol-fueled · · Score: 1, Troll

    The creation of America's most senior cyber warrior comes just days after the US air force disclosed that some 30,000 of its troops had been re-assigned from technical support "to the frontlines of cyber warfare".

    Whoa, boy. You'd better be skeered. Most of the comm squad monkeys I knew never even touched computers before tech school.

    The complex issues facing Cyber Command were thrown into relief earlier this year when the Washington Post revealed details of a so-called "dot-mil" operation by Fort Meade's cyber warfare unit, backed by Alexander, to shut down a "honeytrap website" set up by the Saudis and the CIA to target Islamist extremists planning attacks in Saudi Arabia.

    Right arm, meet left arm. Hey, no...stop punching each other! Stop that....quit it!

    Finally, if your AFSC dosen't begin with "2A", you are a weenie. Bonus points for 2A0XX, 2A3XX, and 2A5XX.

    1. Re:Hmm, by couchslug · · Score: 1

      Damn. I'm out of mod points.

      Quite right:

      "Finally, if your AFSC doesn't begin with "2A", you are a weenie. Bonus points for 2A0XX, 2A3XX, and 2A5XX."

      --
      "This post is an artistic work of fiction and falsehood. Only a fool would take anything posted here as fact."
  3. meep by chibiace · · Score: 0

    perhaps this guy will get major kudos for hacking the national debt clock back to zero.

    --
    he who controls the spice controls the universe
    1. Re:meep by chill · · Score: 4, Funny

      But, the real question is, could you tell it was a hack or if it just rolled over?

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
  4. "militarisation of cyberspace"? by Vinegar+Joe · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I guess someone has never heard of DARPA.

    http://www.darpa.mil/

    --
    "The average reporter we talk to is 27 years old......They literally know nothing." - Ben Rhodes
    1. Re:"militarisation of cyberspace"? by thestudio_bob · · Score: 2, Funny

      or cybernet

      --
      The real Sig captains the Northwestern. This one captains /.
    2. Re:"militarisation of cyberspace"? by caladine · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Besides DARPA, the very idea of "despite fears that the move marks another stage in the militarisation of cyberspace" assumes that other countries haven't already taken this step, just not quite as publicly. In my mind, it just means that the US government is actually taking a serious threat... seriously.

    3. Re:"militarisation of cyberspace"? by Bakkster · · Score: 1

      To be fair, publicly appointing a general in charge of it IS a milestone, even though other nations have almost certainly made similar appointments. Similarly, the Trinity explosion was still a large milestone in the nuclear age, even though we had been researching and developing such a weapon (in secret) for years.

      --
      Write your representatives! Repeal the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics!
  5. Remember you are .mil and to .mil you shall return by optikos · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What goes around comes around. The ARPAnet was military. Now perhaps it may become so once again. (With apologies to Ash Wednesday in the Catholic Church for the subject line.)

  6. I knew that name seemed familiar... by Yvan256 · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Reverse the first and last name and you get this instead.

  7. Dear Slashdot question: by CrazyJim1 · · Score: 1

    If the military used the Internet initially to store all their private information, but are getting cyberattacks now that the internet is public, why doesn't the military make Internet 2.0 where public citizens cannot get on. If they were in an Internet 2.0 that was impossible to get on from China, wouldn't that mean most hacks would stop?

    1. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Troll

      Because this is all a bunch of bullshit posturing, a PR stunt.

      You can rest assured that America's so-called "cyberwarriors" will be spending most of their time monitoring p2p networks for copyright infringement and lolicon downloads. What else would they do? Be separated from the military and flood the already fucked American job market while spending all of their G.I. bills?

      Might as well stick guns in their hands and send 'em to the front lines.

    2. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by dov_0 · · Score: 1

      The general public mostly interacts with the www only. The www is only a part of the internet.

      --
      sudo mount --milk --sugar /cup/tea /mouth /etc/init.d/relax start
    3. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by masterwit · · Score: 1

      It is far more complicated than a simple who is allowed and who isn't.

      Looking simply at network structure, there is much data that cannot be accessed out of what we call a "closed network" system. Furthermore the Military, correct me anyone if I am wrong, uses a security clearance levels for access to both hardware and internal network resources. "Cyberattacks", as they may be referred to, come in the form of systems that may have been compromised from the inside, or perhaps a denial of service attacks that prevented a web domain from functioning and providing service to its normal users.

      If they were in an Internet 2.0 that was impossible to get on from China, wouldn't that mean most hacks would stop?

      Although, at first, a person with little knowledge could say lets block this IP Block, or range of IP addresses associated with what we will call "China Intelligence" to prevent an attack, but the internet is very tricky here... There are various ways around this: take for example a proxy. This tool allows the "China Intelligence" to pretend or be viewed as a different IP address, and bypass this problem completely, but this is just a simple view. No matter how many authentication levels and blocked IP addresses... no network system can be engineered to be perfectly safe when it is connected to the internet. Through either faking who they may pretend to be, or even finding some exploit to install a virus to steal the information, there will always be cases of "Cyberattacks". I hope I did not ramble too much to answer your question, and sadly what we coin as "Internet 2.0", in the most broadest of sense, is that of a connected internet, not one that is made mutually exclusive to one party or entity, the internet, as I would want to see it continue to progress towards, would be one where privacy is respected, and information remains free and easily obtainable. Lastly, I am sure there are some awesome network specialists here who would be happy to answer any other specific questions or provide better analogies to your question...

      --
      We should start a new Slashdot and return control to the geeks. It actually wouldn't be that hard to get some users to
    4. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by Ethanol-fueled · · Score: 1

      In our SECRET-level avionics shop, we had to use an access code for entry and we had to account for all of our classified T.O.'s and disk drives at the end of every shift, but our terminals for ordering parts and entering maintenance data were on unclassified T1 connections.

      We had to use the STU-III secure modem to receive the sekrit stuff over the wire.

    5. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by _Sprocket_ · · Score: 1

      And that's all because a very small subset of information was actually classified SECRET. CAMS shouldn't have anything classified on it (and in fact, in SandLand we did CAMS via satalite Intranet). But certain parts and passages of your T.O. did. Along those lines, your DCS had removable drives that were marked SECRET because, via the STU-III, it contained (roughly) the same secrets in your T.O.s. And your DCS never touched a network that didn't come in via that STU-III (although I was able to get ours to telnet out in to the wild internet via a secure connection with a contractor - something I don't expect would happen today).

    6. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIPRNet
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIPRNet
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPR
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Worldwide_Intelligence_Communications_System

      capcha: naivete

    7. Re:Dear Slashdot question: by jeff4747 · · Score: 1
  8. Internet 2 is not the full answer by TheMiddleRoad · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Yes, the military can (and probably does already) have their own network. However, damage will be done to our country via the regular internet. Imagine if, one day, all the bank accounts in the country went to millions of dollars or to zero? The military is, hopefully, going to take care of those kinds of scenarios. We need a central command to handle such attacks.

    1. Re:Internet 2 is not the full answer by 1s44c · · Score: 0

      Yes, the military can (and probably does already) have their own network. However, damage will be done to our country via the regular internet. Imagine if, one day, all the bank accounts in the country went to millions of dollars or to zero? The military is, hopefully, going to take care of those kinds of scenarios. We need a central command to handle such attacks.

      Take care of that how? By random napalm attacks against anyone who looks a bit shifty? What country will you attack when an independent group screws with a bank?

      A security guy at the bank should take care of their security, if he fails the guy that wrote and tested the backup tapes should take care of it. There is no need for warmongering.

    2. Re:Internet 2 is not the full answer by JackieBrown · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Take care of that how? By random napalm attacks against anyone who looks a bit shifty? ... There is no need for warmongering.

      You have a very limited understanding of what the US military does if you think it exists soley for wars.

    3. Re:Internet 2 is not the full answer by kevinNCSU · · Score: 1

      Take care of that how? By random napalm attacks against anyone who looks a bit shifty?

      Yep, that's what they did to help Haiti after the earthquake, napalmed any ground that "looked a bit shifty". Hasn't been a major Earthquake in Haiti since. Mission Accomplished.

      If you pay attention to the world around every now and then you'll notice the military can be and is used for a variety of purposes beyond killing people

    4. Re:Internet 2 is not the full answer by Killall+-9+Bash · · Score: 1

      You have a very limited understanding of the US constitution if you think the military is supposed to exist during peacetime.

      --
      "Prediction: within 10 years, Windows will be a Linux distribution." Me, 7-6-2016
    5. Re:Internet 2 is not the full answer by TheMiddleRoad · · Score: 1

      Take care of it through their own security efforts including going to rogue servers and unplugging the damn things.

      And is that bank in charge of security when another nation's troops invade? No, of course not. The same should be said for cyber-security. Frankly, the cyber-security levels of our nation are pretty low. Laws need to catch up, and the government needs to help make it happen. I look forward to the day when all LAN connections are automatically encrypted end to end, not relying on some crappy wireless standard.

    6. Re:Internet 2 is not the full answer by TED+Vinson · · Score: 1

      U.S. Constitution - Article 1 Section 8

      The Congress shall have Power...

      To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

      To provide and maintain a Navy;

      Does not specify 'only in times of war.'

  9. More Important Than Alexander's Qualifications by DarkKnightRadick · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Right now, it doesn't matter. He apparently knows how to use people who know more than he does. To me he proved that when he took out the honeytrap site (stupid move, but whatever).

    From TFA:

    The difficulties facing the new command were underlined in March by former CIA director Michael V Hayden, who said that the Saudi operation had demonstrated that cyber warfare techniques were evolving so rapidly that they were now outpacing the government's ability to develop coherent policies to guide its use.

    "Cyber was moving so fast that we were always in danger of building up precedent before we built up policy," Hayden said.

    This is the key point. Unfortunately the Federal government is SUPPOSED to move slow. The unfortunate part of that is something like cyberwarfare will always outstrip even the ability of a state government (with the assumption being that state government is meant to move quicker to respond directly to the needs of it's people) to make policy governing its use.

    Soooooo....*shrugs*

    I'm kind of torn on this. Let the government grind slowly away at policy like it should, or enable them to make snap, on-the-fly decisions with far-reaching ramifications. No matter what you choose, it's the wrong answer.

    --
    "There is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death." Proverbs 16:25 (NKJV)
  10. I hope he goes after the chinese by outsider007 · · Score: 2, Funny

    All that goldfarming has to stop.

    --
    If you mod me down the terrorists will have won
    1. Re:I hope he goes after the chinese by fishexe · · Score: 1

      All that goldfarming has to stop.

      Without a currency realignment, Chinese-farmed gold will still be able to out-compete American-farmed gold.

      --
      "I don't care about the Constitution!" --Bill O'Reilly, November 17, 2009
  11. Cyber General Mao by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

    The Chinese are sending zerglings! Mass up some marines and counter-attack!

  12. This can't be right. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    Should his last name be Connor?

  13. They have that by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 5, Informative

    It's called SIPRNet. There are others too, JWICS, NSANet, and so on. They are internets (small i) in every way. However, they don't interact with the public Internet (big I). It is how they keep classified data separate. It seems to work quite well. At the very least there's never been a break in to them that has been revealed.

    However, that doesn't mean there's nothing of importance on the Internet. It's not all just geeks chattering and LOLcat pictures. For example ATMs operate on the Internet these days. Heavily encrypted to be sure, but still. Companies make use of it for important business reasons. There are probably control systems for infrastructure on the net, and so on.

    So, the government has an interest in making sure it work well. That would include being able to deal with a cyber attack. After all, protecting classified data does little good if the the infrastructure of the US is taken out. The government itself is only useful in so much as it can govern and protect the country.

    Reasons like this are why things like AES exist. When the NSA was started, it was just a signals intelligence agency. Intercept communications, break codes, etc. While that's still a massive part of what they do, they were also instructed to work on securing the nation's computers. That was what lead to things like DES and AES. The government wanted businesses to have good crypto. Seems like they are serious too, AES has been analyzed for years, and remains extremely strong.

    Same kind of shit here. They want to figure out how to protect important things on the regular Internet from attack. They are also probalby interested in counter attack capability. After all, other countries rely on the Internet too. Could be very useful in warfare.

    Good defense starts with having lots and lots of contingency plans.

    1. Re:They have that by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "It's not all just geeks chattering and LOLcat pictures"

      Well I've been grossly misinformed.

    2. Re:They have that by Bakkster · · Score: 1

      It's called SIPRNet. There are others too, JWICS, NSANet, and so on. They are internets (small i) in every way. However, they don't interact with the public Internet (big I). It is how they keep classified data separate. It seems to work quite well. At the very least there's never been a break in to them that has been revealed.

      Yup.

      However, that doesn't mean there's nothing of importance on the Internet. It's not all just geeks chattering and LOLcat pictures. For example ATMs operate on the Internet these days. Heavily encrypted to be sure, but still. Companies make use of it for important business reasons. There are probably control systems for infrastructure on the net, and so on.

      So, the government has an interest in making sure it work well. That would include being able to deal with a cyber attack. After all, protecting classified data does little good if the the infrastructure of the US is taken out. The government itself is only useful in so much as it can govern and protect the country.

      Agreed. Have people forgotten how important naval blockades on commerce (much of it in the private sector) have been in nearly every naval war? Or how important disruption of supply, information, and production lines is? How crippled would our economy (or that of any other industrialized nation) be if there were a disruption to their automated supply systems? Whether it's a man or machine, a business or an individual ordering parts, they're almost certainly doing so via the internet. To need to go back to telephone, fax, and mail would deal a huge blow to a nation. One could create as much damage economically as a naval blockade or factory bombings used to, purely through digital means nowadays. It's worth being prepared for.

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  14. I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by Arancaytar · · Score: 5, Funny

    I am the very model of a modern Cyber General
    I've information secretive and knowledge technological
    I know my way around the tubes and quote the cryptological
    From Adi, Bruce and Len to Ron in order alphabetical!

    1. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by w00tsauce · · Score: 0

      you win the goatse award for coming up with something original on the internet

    2. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      WTF?! Could someone please explain what's so funny about this? It's just a bunch of meaningless rambling.

    3. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Win ~~!

    4. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by BluBrick · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      Try singing it to the tune of Tom Lehrer's "The Elements".

      --
      Ahh - My eye!
      The doctor said I'm not supposed to get Slashdot in it!
    5. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by interkin3tic · · Score: 2, Informative

      You mean the Major-General's song from pirates of penzance.

      I am the very model of a modern Major-General,
              I've information vegetable, animal, and mineral,
              I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical
              From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical

    6. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by _Sprocket_ · · Score: 2, Informative
    7. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by Arancaytar · · Score: 2, Informative

      There is a wonderful device called the Google that helps people cover up embarrassing gaps in their knowledge of pop culture.

      http://gooogle.com/search?q=i+am+the+very+model+of

    8. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Owww. You have a four-digit Slashdot id, but you don't even know your Gilbert and Sullivan?

      Please turn in your geek card.

    9. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by DarkKnightRadick · · Score: 1

      I had to strip someone of their geek cred the other day (they had never seen the Original Trilogy nor knew what it was when I referenced it (and you lose points if you don't get that without more help)).

      --
      "There is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death." Proverbs 16:25 (NKJV)
    10. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      I had to strip someone of their geek cred the other day (they had never seen the Original Trilogy nor knew what it was when I referenced it (and you lose points if you don't get that without more help)).

      What, you mean The Oresteia?

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
    11. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by DarkKnightRadick · · Score: 1

      Alright, I should have been more specific. I meant Star Wars (Ep. IV-VI)

      --
      "There is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death." Proverbs 16:25 (NKJV)
    12. Re:I am the very model of a modern Cyber General by BluBrick · · Score: 1

      Considering the "possibly recognizable tune" to which "The Elements" is sung, yes. Yes, I do mean The Major General's song from The Pirates of Penzance.

      I also accept the failure of my joke.

      --
      Ahh - My eye!
      The doctor said I'm not supposed to get Slashdot in it!
  15. U.S. Not Good At Cyber War, Would Lose by brilanon · · Score: 1

    A story a couple of months back about US Cyber War said they were no good at it and would lose. I'm hoping my brain implant is from aliens instead of the States or that's probably not true. It's very sophisticated

    Look for these things around 2015 or so if this is a field-test. If it's aliens, I think we're gonna have 2012

    1. Re:U.S. Not Good At Cyber War, Would Lose by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What the fuck are you talking about?

  16. Um, what? by ChaosCon · · Score: 1

    "...despite fears that the move marks another stage in the militarisation of cyberspace." Isn't that totally a tautology? "The military using the internet marks another stage in the militarization of cyberspace! Egad!" Um, duh. I'd be more concerned with the consequences of militarizing cyberspace, than with the fact that cyberspace is being militarized.

    1. Re:Um, what? by funwithBSD · · Score: 1

      That's nothing when you consider who developed the technology in the first place, it has been militarized from the very start!

      --
      Never answer an anonymous letter. - Yogi Berra
    2. Re:Um, what? by 1s44c · · Score: 1

      That's nothing when you consider who developed the technology in the first place, it has been militarized from the very start!

      It's not a military project any more. There is no reason to go backwards.

  17. I'm getting a picture... by hallux.sinister · · Score: 1

    For some reason, reading the post, I got a mental picture of a pimple-faced, gangly teenager, in a green dress-uniform that is about 6 sizes too big for him. He's swimming in it, looks awkward, and the only thing he's wearing that fits is his black horn-rimmed glasses, complete with the ad-hoc masking-tape bridge repair above his nose. This man, with his comically oversized uniform, is going to be in charge of protecting us from cyberterrorists, cybercriminals, cyberdecipticons, cyberrabidpitbullswithaids, cybersharkswithfrickenlaserbeamsattachedtotheirheads, etc. I feel safer already.

    1. Re:I'm getting a picture... by gtall · · Score: 1

      Yes, your assessment is quite correct. It is well known that one can judge the measure of a man simply by looking him. Thank you for validating that cornerstone of human behavior.

    2. Re:I'm getting a picture... by hallux.sinister · · Score: 1

      Forgive me if I missed any embedded sarcasm, but you do know I was kidding, right?

  18. Re:Remember you are .mil and to .mil you shall ret by 1s44c · · Score: 2, Insightful

    The Internet is a network of networks of computers. It's not a military playground, and just because DARPA were involved in the creation of it doesn't make it American property.

    Anything of critical importance such as military kit, medical kit, power, gas, and water infrastructure should not be on the Internet at all.

  19. He probably DID say a few very smart things! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Nice story but Feynman is too modest here (or pretends to be on purpose?). Given how smart that guy was and given that he had a very practical view on things it is very, very likely that most of the things said were valuable contributions.

    Not because he knew stuff about logistics but because he was one of the smartest people on earth. You simply want some of those in your meetings.

    1. Re:He probably DID say a few very smart things! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Nice story but Feynman is too modest here...

      Well, the story isn't about Feynman, it is about under-qualified people who find themselves in leadership positions that they have no 'real' education or experience about.

      It is about people who setup lofty goals, and yet have no idea how to implement them or even of the practicalities (like Star Wars missile defense under Reagan, or FEMA, aka Hurricane Katrina under Bush). Any computer geek with a diploma or a degree can tell you that (formal) education and real-world hacking are very different. This (I think) is true of all professions.

      The story also emphasizes and contrasts the often large disparity between leadership (the natural leadership that Feynman shows) and the political leadership of cocktail parties and business lunches.

  20. I have to say its obvious the mil. hasn't a chance by 3seas · · Score: 1

    ...against spammers.

    On the other hand, maybe the military's of the world will get busy enough with the battles in cyberspace that they do less damage in the real world.

    I'm sure virtual PTSD is easier to deal with.

    What could happen in cyberspace that can't be solved by turning off the machines?

  21. Re:Remember you are .mil and to .mil you shall ret by dontbgay · · Score: 1

    DARPA wasn't just INVOLVED in it's creation. I think you're missing the point though. If some other country with less "visibility" routes resources and creates a program for internet-based attacks, they don't have to be so forthcoming. If the US Government routes funding that's not in a "black" op and create a new Cyber Warfare Division without announcing it, someone SOMEWHERE is going to whip out an "OH NOES!!! SNEAKY BLACK PROJECT!!!" and it'll look like one. This way, they're out in the open.

    I agree with your statements and sentiments. Unfortunately, the militarization of the internet has been happening for a while. We're just late (officially) to the party.

    --
    Sig not found.
  22. cyber warfare by jeawis · · Score: 1

    cyber warfare refers to the use of internet to attack someone with computer virus or to acces computer security to steal commercial info to sell it to competitors, the cat and the mouse are out there . Canon SD3500IS

  23. How is this not NSA by qbzzt · · Score: 5, Interesting

    The NSA is an intelligence agency, I assume this means their primary purpose is to collect information. They might hack into a computer, but that would be to the purpose of obtaining information. The military is supposed to conduct offensive operations. Things like breaking into computers running dams or the electric grid to disable them. Psychological warfare by breaking into Web sites and changing what they show. Spreading disinformation into enemy communication channels.

    Basically, this is probably about doing low level nasty things when the situation doesn't call for an all out shooting war, and making sure an enemy can't trust his networked computer systems in case of an all out war. I'm pretty sure the US isn't the only one doing this.

    --
    -- Support a free market in the field of government
    1. Re:How is this not NSA by Bakkster · · Score: 1

      Basically, this is probably about doing low level nasty things when the situation doesn't call for an all out shooting war, and making sure an enemy can't trust his networked computer systems in case of an all out war. I'm pretty sure the US isn't the only one doing this.

      And, equally or more importantly, defending the US from attack. How exactly they might do so is another matter, but the defense and disruption is equally important as the offensive capabilities.

      As such, I can almost guarantee that they will be operating on US soil, similarly to how infantry divisions would be expected to should there be a physical invasion of US soil.

      To the GP, Fort Meade is more than just the NSA headquarters. It's a significant portion, but not the entirity of operations. Parent is right though, it makes sense to headquarters your warfare branch nearby to your intelligence branch.

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      Write your representatives! Repeal the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics!
    2. Re:How is this not NSA by qbzzt · · Score: 1

      And, equally or more importantly, defending the US from attack. How exactly they might do so is another matter, but the defense and disruption is equally important as the offensive capabilities.

      True, but I doubt they'll be able to add anything to the defensive capabilities. The targets aren't owned by the federal government for the most part. Because attacks can happen very quickly, it is necessary to protect the targets before they happen. Hacking is more like a terrorist attack than an invasion by a large force with a huge logistics tail.

      --
      -- Support a free market in the field of government
    3. Re:How is this not NSA by Bakkster · · Score: 1

      True, but I doubt they'll be able to add anything to the defensive capabilities.

      Perhaps not, or maybe just not yet. In any case, it's certainly one of the primary goals, even if it ends up impossible.

      That said, I expect this will end up more of a system-wide defence (similar to a beach head or AA-batteries), rather than trying to reinforce individual corporations.

      --
      Write your representatives! Repeal the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics!
    4. Re:How is this not NSA by InfoJunkie777 · · Score: 1

      The US is NOT the only one doing this. I have been reading stories that the Chinese and North Koreans are already doing some of these things at a low level (probably to see if they can). There is most definitely a need for this division in the military. I wish it well. Our enemies are hiring crackers right and left to do their government's dirty work. Maybe that would save the military some money. Hire crackers who get busted and put them to work in lieu of jail time.

      --
      Don't explain computers to laymen. Simpler to explain sex to a virgin. -- Robert A. Heinlein
  24. Re:Remember you are .mil and to .mil you shall ret by qbzzt · · Score: 1

    Anything of critical importance such as military kit, medical kit, power, gas, and water infrastructure should not be on the Internet at all.

    You're right. It shouldn't. It should use its own infrastructure, not connected to the Internet or the telephony network. Except for two problems:

    1. Any custom network is going to be smaller and have less redundancies. There might be a failsafe to revert to a VPN, in case the dedicated network is down. Which it might be, in the case of war, due to either electronic warfare or bombardment. The military's job is to plan and train for nasty situations. Including "how to make a bad situation worse".

    2. Pointy haired bosses and government incompetence are not unique to the west. Just because something should be done securely doesn't mean that it is. If an enemy makes a mistake, it would be stupid not to exploit it.

    --
    -- Support a free market in the field of government
  25. Retaliation in international law by qbzzt · · Score: 1

    What country will you attack when an independent group screws with a bank?

    Under international law, the country which allowed the independent group to operate out of its territory. If the country isn't capable of policing its own territory, we have the right to defend ourselves by policing it ourselves. Otherwise, it would be too easy for governments to shrug and say "we didn't do it, it's not our fault that those terrorists happen to have stolen military supplies from our base, and recruited people who used to be our soldiers".

    But just because somebody who we think works for the Chinese government brought down our banking system for a few days, we don't want to start a shooting war with China, which would have a death toll in the millions. So instead, we make sure we have the capability to mess with them at the same level.

    --
    -- Support a free market in the field of government
  26. Been there, done that... by jenningsthecat · · Score: 1

    The OP mentioned "the militarisation of cyberspace". Gee, didn't cyberspace BEGIN in the military?

    --
    'The Economy' is a giant Ponzi scheme whose most pitiable suckers are the youngest among us and the yet-unborn.
  27. Actually not the problem. by nten · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I've been reading "cyberwar" by Richard Clark. He didn't have anything bad to say about the guy in the story, except that he was the only person willing to take a (pretty much identical) position, that Clark had himself vacated. According to the book the US is actually very very good at cyber attack. But he also says that businesses, he specifically calls out Microsoft, have lobbied extensively, not just to have the government look the other way from their bugs, and keep using their software, but to not regulate security for private business. DHS protects .gov, this cyber thingy protects .mil. No one protects .com and .org. None of the companies want to have security regulations placed on them (including power grid, and financial systems), and neither the previous administration or this one wants to force them. I'm generally against regulation and consider it a bad thing (tm), (its like my department noting they are going to hire more managers, again), but he does make a compelling case. The guys (apparently a very small group) he spoke with at blackhat apparently were persuaded as well, though they (and he) are worried about what sort of oversight is needed, to prevent privacy and worse abuses. Its all well and good to force ISPs to disconnect people detected to be part of botnets until they get their machine cleaned, but false positives that correlate strangely with unpopular opinions on the websites is a truly frightening idea. On the other side, who can argue that FDIC insured banks don't have an obligation to keep the insured money safe per the guidelines of the insurer?

    --
    refactor the law, its bloated, confusing and unmaintainable.
    1. Re:Actually not the problem. by DarkKnightRadick · · Score: 1

      I consider myself fairly intelligent but I'm trying to figure out what you are trying to say.

      At one point you are saying this guy is the one for the job.

      But then you seem to be saying there shouldn't be that job.

      And then you go off on some (seemingly, though not necessarily) unrelated tangent.

      My concern is about government guidelines regarding cyber-warfare, not our ability to wage it effectively, to protect our privacy and liberties. Only your last three or four sentences really directly pertain to what I stated. The government in defining new guidelines needs to move slow because the ramifications (which will be far reaching) of any decision needs to be carefully weighed. This slamming through of bills (in all areas really) is distressing and disturbing because, especially in this regard, the law of unintended consequences will rear it's ugly head and not be put down.

      If the Federal Government doesn't move fast, our capabilities and what we do will set the precedents that shape future laws instead of vice-versa, but at the same time snap-judgments that turn out to be wrong will be even worse. That's why I said there is no right answer to the question of "Should the government move fast or slow in regards to guidelines about the use of cyber-warfare?"

      Fine, private industry does not want the government to be over cyber attack for the .com and .org's of the world. I can live with that. I don't actually care about that (I think it's too broad, far reaching, and resource intensive to ever be manageable anyway). If I want to protect my resources against cyber-attack, I will engage in some form of barter with another entity to gain such protections for myself. Let the government take care of its own domains (.gov and .mil as you mentioned) and everyone else take care of theirs.

      --
      "There is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death." Proverbs 16:25 (NKJV)
    2. Re:Actually not the problem. by jeff4747 · · Score: 1

      I've been reading "cyberwar" by Richard Clark.

      Yeah, you can put that book down. Clark doesn't know what he's talking about. He has fanciful ideas such as a souped-up virus scanner can protect a network.

  28. Re:Remember you are .mil and to .mil you shall ret by Fr33thot · · Score: 1

    Technically the militarization of the Internet began in the '70s: "in July 1975, the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency, also part of the Department of Defense." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#ARPANET_to_several_federal_wide_area_networks:_MILNET.2C_NSI.2C_and_NSFNet). Also technically nobody CAN own the Internet. Finally, everyone has a right to defend their part of the network. If you think it hasn't been militarized until now then you should go back to playing with your Lincoln Logs.

  29. No surprise here. by xactuary · · Score: 0

    The Kobayashi Maru kicked his ass, but that's to be expected I suppose.

    --
    Say hello to my little sig.
  30. Military, sheesh by Impy+the+Impiuos+Imp · · Score: 1

    Don't they understand there are industrial-strength nerds running all these Internet backbones? Just have a phone conference and start shutting stuff off. Ports, messages with certain content. Particular computers that are sending that content. They're probably way ahead of the military already.

    --
    (-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
  31. For those about to HACK... by _0rm_ · · Score: 1

    WE SALUTE YOU!

    --
    Boredom is bliss.
  32. Re:Remember you are .mil and to .mil you shall ret by idontgno · · Score: 1

    If you chose to connect your network to a pre-existing military network, that's your mistake.

    --
    Welcome to the Panopticon. Used to be a prison, now it's your home.
  33. Matthew 7:5 by Max_W · · Score: 2, Informative

    "Hypocrite! First get rid of the log in your own eye; then you will see well enough to deal with the speck in your friend's eye."

    The good old US of A is the leading spam generating country by May 24, 2010: http://www.spamhaus.org/statistics/countries.lasso . It's got on the first place spam-wise in the world.

    As far as I know the US army cannot act on the territory of the United States. But the spam is destroying our businesses. Colleagues have to spend a lot of time to deal with spam. Even filters do not help anymore.

    It it the police, not army, who has to deal with cyber criminals. And also there is a role for Interpol and ITU.

    1. Re:Matthew 7:5 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      no one uses email anymore, keep-up dude

  34. State Gov vs Federal Scrutiny by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    A state gov that inacted legislation to protects its state interest and enforce existing laws would face Federal scrutiny and charges of racism and/or racial profiling.

    Just ask Arizona.

    1. Re:State Gov vs Federal Scrutiny by DarkKnightRadick · · Score: 1

      Too true (and it would be enacted, not inacted)

      --
      "There is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death." Proverbs 16:25 (NKJV)
  35. Target practice by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I propose target practice on all the spammers, scammers and malware providers, in the world. They can self-assess by running out of targets.

  36. In cyberspace... by TheMiddleRoad · · Score: 1

    PTSD suffers from you!

    Wait, let me try again...

    PTSD in cyberspace involves pasty skin and no social life beyond Facebook.

  37. Re:I have to say its obvious the mil. hasn't a cha by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yes, because self-denial of service is the best answer to the problem.

  38. Is there a cyber-war? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Please help me... Is there a cyber war? Yes, sure there are some people trying to use internet to steal information from governments, even other governments hiring people to do so... Is that the so called "cyber war"?

    If so it just makes no sense generals commanding "cyber troops" and stuff... Just hire some decent and reliable programmers (and, mostly, hackers) to find and fix bugs in the system... Also I remember seeing something about a "simulated cyber attack"... What could this be? any flaw discovered would be reported and fixed, so what was that, a ddos attack? ddos also doenst make much sense, there is pretty much no way to protect from ddos, the one with higher bandwidth "wins"...

    Well, anyone can explain me what is the so called "cyber war"?

  39. lil do they know ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    u know, i always wanted to know how they sync
    all those generators across the country to those
    50 Hz, or 60Hz, id you're in the U.S.A.

  40. The construction of .... by Cyclloid · · Score: 1

    controversial new Cyber Command

    Skynet sound familiar to anyone?

  41. One of his first jobs should be... by Nivag064 · · Score: 1

    ... to evaluate what threats there are to Amerca's infrastructure via the Internet, and what is involved to counteract that.

    A lot of that may involve encouraging other parties to "pull finger", as some of the necessary policies and law changes would be outside his scope.

    In World War II the RAF was responsible to defend Great Britain from German Bombers, but civilians had to play their part by complying with blackout regulations. Also many other facets of government had to be involved.

    So to with Cyber Security, it is beyond the capability of the most funded and competent miltitary to carry the burden by themselves.

    Disrupting America's electricity distribution grids would be easier, more cost effective, and quicker; than attempting to use conventional munitions, which would need to delivered by aircraft and/or rockets.

    Early warning and accuarate estimates of any attack in progress, and the capacity to respond in a timely and appropriate manner would also be high in priority.

    Unfortunately, it is probably politically impossible to ban the use of Microsoft systems being connected directly to the Internet. Even if that could be done, there is still the problem of infected memory sticks left in parking lots...