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Check Out the Source Code For the Xerox Alto

Posted by samzenpus on from the take-a-look dept.

jfruh writes The Xerox Alto is a computer legend: it was never sold to the public, but its window-based OS was the inspiration for both the original Mac operating system and Windows. Now you can check out its source code, along with code for CP/M, a similarly old school (though not graphical) operating system.

71 comments

  1. Can I haz tem linkz? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Here you go http://xeroxalto.computerhisto...

  2. Now we can see by dwywit · · Score: 2, Informative

    where Gates & Jobs got all their ideas from.

    --
    They sentenced me to twenty years of boredom
    1. Re:Now we can see by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: -1, Flamebait

      No. Jobs got his ideas from Xerox. Gates got his ideas from Apple. Nothing has changed since then. After the raging succes of Mac OS X, Microsoft is bringing out Windows OS X.

    2. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      After the raging succes of Mac OS X, Microsoft is bringing out Windows OS X.

      They're also finally copying Linux package management. Meanwhile, Linux is copying Windows unusable monolithic tools.

    3. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      You are wrong here. Have you heard of Charles Simonyi? Google him up and then fix your post.

    4. Re:Now we can see by tlhIngan · · Score: 1

      where Gates & Jobs got all their ideas from.

      Actually, Jobs just brought people over to see the demo. No one actually saw any code.

      It's why Woz had to invent (and patent) "regions" which was needed because it's the way to handle overlapping windows. (Woz got in a plane accident a short while later where he supposedly told Jobs when he visisted, "Don't worry, I didn't forget regions").

      It was only after it was all said and done did someone from Xerox tell Woz their Alto didn't have overlapping windows.

    5. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      it wasn't woz.

      it was bill atkinson.

      http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=I_Still_Remember_Regions.txt&topic=QuickDraw

    6. Re:Now we can see by NoNonAlphaCharsHere · · Score: 3, Funny

      Gates got his ideas from Genghis Khan.

    7. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Meh, the monolithic are coming from Apple and Sun.

    8. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Could have sworn the Alto does while moving them about, but when opening new ones make sure they don't overlap with old ones.

    9. Re:Now we can see by Strange+Quark+Star · · Score: 1

      Moderation misclick; please mod parent up. Folklore is always a good read!

      --
      There is no sig.
    10. Re:Now we can see by msauve · · Score: 1

      Alto (and Star) did rectangular (circular? oval?) regions. Atkinson figured out how to do regions made of irregular shapes.

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    11. Re:Now we can see by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      It was only after it was all said and done did someone from Xerox tell Woz their Alto didn't have overlapping windows.

      I thought Alto had anything that the software running on it had? There was Alto SW running in Cedar, but Smalltalk, for example, was completely independent, as far as I know (even with its own microcode).

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    12. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      > Actually, Jobs just brought people over to see the demo. No one actually saw any code.

      Who said code? Dwywit said ideas. You don't need code if you see (and I mean really see, as in examining) an interface.

      > It's why Woz had to invent (and patent) "regions" which was needed because it's the way to handle overlapping windows.

      Woz is great, not only in software but mainly in hardware; but you don't need to invent that... it's kinda obvious. And it was widely used in games, btw.

      The genius behind those ideas was not the parts, but the WIMP concept as a whole and how they together gave new manipulation possibilities to users. I was there back then and having windows without a mouse was a pain in the arse.

      And, yes, it is fairly well known that those ideas from Xerox were fundamental for Jobs. He, I suppose, must be credited for fully understanding what the creators of such interfaces at Xerox were envisioning. Many may have looked at it, but he was endowed with a vision for the future and could imagine better products with that technology, just like he did with the smartphone years later.

      Just like with the smartphones, he decided his quality obsession would have a high price. The Lisa cost 10,000+ dollars and was pretty good; the MacIntosh followed and was cheaper by being monochromatic, among other things.

      Gates? Gates is a businessman, one of the greatest. He might be credited for knowing it was wise to follow Jobs. That's about it.

      > It was only after it was all said and done did someone from Xerox tell Woz their Alto didn't have overlapping windows.

      You mean this, by chance:

      http://images.bit-tech.net/content_images/2011/08/happy-30th-birthday-pc/alto.jpg ?

    13. Re:Now we can see by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 1

      What does the guy by Microsoft Office got to do with Microsoft Windows? I don't recall Steve Jobs suing this guy for stealing from Apple. Please fix your post.

    14. Re:Now we can see by Jahta · · Score: 1

      where Gates & Jobs got all their ideas from.

      Actually, Jobs just brought people over to see the demo. No one actually saw any code.

      Actually, according to Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age, Xerox management instructed their developers to give Jobs a copy of the code. Which they did under protest, pointing out that Xerox were basically handing over the "crown jewels".

    15. Re: Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They most certainly are not copying Linux package management. There is no dependency management. You have to bundle all dependencies in the one package with the app you're distributing.

    16. Re:Now we can see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      where Gates & Jobs got all their ideas from.

      Actually, Jobs just brought people over to see the demo. No one actually saw any code.

      Actually, according to Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age, Xerox management instructed their developers to give Jobs a copy of the code. Which they did under protest, pointing out that Xerox were basically handing over the "crown jewels".

      Xerox got a lot of Apple stock out of the deal.

    17. Re:Now we can see by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      And what do overlapping windows have to do with irregular-shaped windows? You can have one without the other.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
  3. Yeah, we know. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Yeah, we know. We knew a week ago.

  4. in other ancient software source news by Hsien-Ko · · Score: 1

    ImpulseTracker had its source released.

  5. Question: by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Does it run on Linux?

    1. Re:Question: by ebh · · Score: 1

      Yes.

  6. This is a test by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Trolling apk bot -> Adblock Plus
    Can we awaken the bot?

  7. Dup by gnu-sucks · · Score: 2

    http://news.slashdot.org/story...

    But still seriously cool. Between this, the entire linux kernel, and DOOM, there is a lot of neat code online to analyze.

    Reading code is to coding as reading books is to writing. Essential.

    1. Re:Dup by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yep, I even marked it as a dupe in firehose, but they had to go and push it to the front page anyhow. I thought that was a big part of the point of opening up the submission queue, so that dupes could get kicked out before some half asleep "editor" green-lights a dupe. The least our "editors" could do is to spend a few moments checking the front page articles every day so they can know when something is a dupe.

    2. Re:Dup by sconeu · · Score: 1

      Don't forget the "Ancient Unix" source.

      Though with the SCOundrels' demise, it may not be available any more.

      --
      General Relativity: Space-time tells matter where to go; Matter tells space-time what shape to be.
  8. Mo bettah... by msauve · · Score: 1

    This is a dupe.

    --
    "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    1. Re:Mo bettah... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I blame Microsoft for this.

  9. Ethernet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    FTA: "Xerox employees using Altos could access other local computers and services (such as a printer) that were networked via Ethernet" Ethernet didn't come out until several years after the Alto. Is this some sort of lie?

    1. Re:Ethernet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ethernet wasn't *released* until several years after the Alto was being developed, (it was never really released so...) What do you think Xerox was testing and developing it on/for? hmm. I'll let you think about that for a minute.

    2. Re:Ethernet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      From the great and powerful Wikipedia:

      "The first Alto became operational in 1972. At first, only few Altos were built.[1] Although by 1979 nearly 1,000 Ethernet-linked Altos were in use at Xerox and another 500 at collaborating universities and government offices,[2] it was never intended to be a commercial product.[3]"

      Ethernet was early 70s as well, so at a guess it would've been incorporated pretty quickly.

    3. Re:Ethernet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ethernet was not early 70s.

      The Alto was about 7 years old when it started using ethernet, right around the time everyone else started using it. Ethernet capability isn't really worth mentioning in the summary.

  10. CP/M source code by NoNonAlphaCharsHere · · Score: 3, Insightful

    In honor of CP/M's 40th birthday, the [PL/M] source code for a very early version from 1975, and three later versions from 1976, 1978 and 1979 are being made available for non-commercial use.

    LOL -- and a bit of Digital Research cluelessness from the past as well.

  11. CP/M needs to buried ... by UnknownSoldier · · Score: -1

    CP/M needs to die in a fire, and be buried, never to be remembered where it belongs.

    That stupid piece-of-shit OS couldn't have more then 8.3 characters in filenames when Apple DOS 3.3 had 30 characters (including spaces!); Apple ProDOS had 15 characters the latter which even had sub-directories!

    Good bye and good riddance to CP/M -- the OS that held Microsoft, MSDOS, and Windows back for decades. Even _today_ you _still_ see Windows using 8.3 filenames in Windows\System32 !?

    1. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Oh, get over yourself. CP/M was 1975 for god's sake. In the same time period (and until substantially later), Unix filenames were limited to 14 characters. A diskette held 243 kB. Unix and CP/M didn't hold back anybody, you idiot. They opened the way.

      BTW, people who use spaces in filenames are imbeciles. They don't have a clue how command lines operate. Point and click is about the limit of their brainpower.

      What did YOU give the world in 1975?

    2. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by ratboy666 · · Score: 1

      You are comparing CP/M-80 with Apple DOS? Remembering that CP/M-80 was available, um, 3 years before the Apple computer?

      CP/M-80 was portable, with instructions on how to add a BIOS and relocate the OS -- didn't this take until Apple DOS 3.2? Oh, a separate BIOS was never done so the only computer it would work on was the Apple ][?

      And, it was somehow CP/M-80s fault that Microsoft used it as a model?

      --
      Just another "Cubible(sic) Joe" 2 17 3061
    3. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Nyder · · Score: 0

      CP/M needs to die in a fire, and be buried, never to be remembered where it belongs.

      That stupid piece-of-shit OS couldn't have more then 8.3 characters in filenames when Apple DOS 3.3 had 30 characters (including spaces!); Apple ProDOS had 15 characters the latter which even had sub-directories!

      Good bye and good riddance to CP/M -- the OS that held Microsoft, MSDOS, and Windows back for decades. Even _today_ you _still_ see Windows using 8.3 filenames in Windows\System32 !?

      I'm a bit lost on how CP/M held back MS, since MSDOS was never compatible with CP/M, and MS choose to stay with the 8.3 filename for as long as they did. If you want to get mad, get mad at MS for not forward thinking when they bought QDos from Seattle Computing and not changing the filename limitation. Shit, get mad at Seattle Computing for putting a 8.3 limitation in QDos, since by your statement it isn't MS's fault that they left things as they are.

      --
      Be seeing you...
    4. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by weilawei · · Score: 1

      people who use spaces in filenames are imbeciles. They don't have a clue how command lines operate.

      Grandpa, you've lost your tab completion again! Whatever will we do...

      In my day, we had to escape spaces in the snow, uphill, both ways!

    5. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by confused+one · · Score: 1

      So, how do you really feel? Sure, Apple was progressive, no one will argue that... The first decent version of DOS (3.x) came out in 1984. My memory might be faulty; but, I thought Desqview had some support for long file names (or long descriptions for files in a file manager). Windows 3 had some long description support. LFN showed up in 1994, VFAT in 1995, and FAT32 in 1996. I'm not sure what decades (plural) you're speaking of. CP/M was out in the mid 1970's. It had it's limitations, as you know; but, it served it's purpose. (Full Disclosure: I was introduced to computers on Commodore PET, Apple ][, CP/M, and VAX machines. My first DOS experience was 1986)

    6. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Bing+Tsher+E · · Score: 1

      To be fair, Apple II software ran on various other brands of computers. Which Apple vigorously sued those brands for and drove them out of the market. Apple has always been a company operated primarily by a team of marketers and their lawyers worried about the brand.

    7. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      BTW, people who use spaces in filenames are imbeciles. They don't have a clue how command lines operate.

      Or perhaps I just know how to use sed to rename files. I like it when my MP3s have spaces in the filenames, for times when the metadata is ignored.

      I used to have a Kaypro 4, though. Its terminal was quite crap, adm3a equivalent IIRC. Watching the screen redraw was horrible.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    8. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by rubycodez · · Score: 1

      guess again, early Unix shells had escape key completion

    9. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by weilawei · · Score: 1

      Apparently he also suffers from Alzheimers! We replaced his escape completion with tab completion around the same time were replaced his lead dentures!

    10. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by westlake · · Score: 1

      BTW, people who use spaces in filenames are imbeciles. They don't have a clue how command lines operate. Point and click is about the limit of their brainpower.

      If the use of spaces make file names and associated meta data more readable, they are doing their job.

      The GUI frees the user from the arcane and unforgiving command line argument --- permitting him to focus on tasks that more relevant to his own skill sets and the work at hand. That doesn't make him stupid. It makes him productive.

    11. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by MikeBabcock · · Score: 0

      The GUI rarely helps me focus on my tasks, especially with files.

      Finding a bunch of files, matching them to a set of parameters and then doing operations on them is not easiest to do with a GUI. It would be wonderful if it were, but its simply not.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    12. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by tibit · · Score: 1

      I don't have many grudges with CP/M, but I remember using PIP, CP/M's file copying utility, and thinking that its command line syntax was utterly stupid. I was a 6 year old kid back then. That's one of the few opinions I've carried for most of my life. Sure, once you tried out the various incantations it'd accept (or read the fine manual), it was something you could learn, and I quickly became proficient, but it was needlessly counterintuitive for no good reason at all. When I first tried using it, I expected something that later tuned out to be the syntax that Unix cp and DOS copy would accept: cp source destination. Somehow that seemed like a natural syntax, even though I used CP/M before I even knew that PC/DOS existed, and I'd have my hands on a Unix machine almost a decade later. I've used CP/M, PC/DOS and MS/DOS, VAX VMS and IBM CP/CMS before Unix in fact :) I still think that Rexx on CMS was very, very cool.

      --
      A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
    13. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by tibit · · Score: 2

      Somehow spaces in file names have not been a problem for my command line use on Unix for many years now, and I don't pay much attention to them. Perhaps, just perhaps, whoever grumbles about that doesn't know any better?

      --
      A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
    14. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Really the problem is the character encoding is busted because you have, spaces are used as command separators and spaces are used as regular characters in file and directory names. Everything used to get around that is a semi-broken hack. Probably would have been okay if they'd allowed spaces using some sort of encoding like with URL's, but they didn't.

    15. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by 91degrees · · Score: 1

      While it really is time for GP to get over it, I have to say, 14 characters would be a lot better than 8. You can actually use the name of the application. "Word Perfect" rather than "WORDPERF.EXE" or whatever Wordperfect called their application. 14 characters has way better coverage of possible names than 8.

    16. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I get the impression that you've never written code for either CP/M or early MS-DOS. They worked the same way. i.e such things as using FCBs instead of file handles.

      You could write code using macros which would assemble for both 8080 / CP/M and 8086 / MS-DOS. It was easily to port from one to the other.

      This was a great advantage for MS-DOS at the time.

      I worked with the source code for Wordstar and Newword. They were full of this sort of stuff,

    17. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah, you know what quotes are. Ask your mom for a cookie.

      Me, I'd rather not have to bother typing them.

    18. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by fnj · · Score: 1

      I encountered CP/M before DEC PDP-11, but when I got to use the latter in the early 80s it was pretty obvious where CP/M got its pip from - and the slash options in various commands - and other stuff.

      DEC OS/8 circa 1975 (RX01 floppy drives) (RT-11 pretty much the same)
      DK0>pip dk0:=dk1:file.tx
      (the extension was only 2 letters :-)

      CP/M circa 1977 (Shugart SA800 8" floppy drives)
      A>pip a:=b:file.txt

      In 1972 all I knew about computers was the HP-2100 mini, operating bare-metal by bootloading each program (one at a time of course) from paper tape. Luckily, our system (a computerized network analyzer for microwave testing) had the luxury of a high speed 300 cps optical tape reader in addition to the 10 cps ASR-35 with the mechanical paper tape reader. The latter was phenomenally reliable though. To my memory, it never glitched once my 6 years with it, but the optical reader was constantly going out of alignment and picked up errors from dust even when perfectly adjusted.

      Anyone know what year the Shugart SA800 8" floppy drive was introduced? It's amazingly hard to track down online.

    19. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by LWATCDR · · Score: 1

      CP/M was written for hobbyists. PIP was from a time when even floppy disks were uncommon. As far as ease of use CP/M beat the daylight out of toggle switches. The issue is that once CP/M became mainstream it was going to be hard to change the syntax. Kind of like MS-DOS using \ for paths and / for switches.

      --
      See my blog http://ilovecookes.blogspot.com/ for light hearted technical information.
    20. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Plumpaquatsch · · Score: 1

      The GUI rarely helps me focus on my tasks, especially with files.

      Finding a bunch of files, matching them to a set of parameters and then doing operations on them is not easiest to do with a GUI. It would be wonderful if it were, but its simply not.

      Sorry to hear your GUI sucks. Other people don't have your problems however, and they also don't have to look up how exactly you get "find" to do what it supposedly can do.

      --
      Of course news about a fake are Fake News.
    21. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by tibit · · Score: 1

      I've had some fun running CP/M on a system with two 8" floppy drives. One fine day I discovered the BIOS constant table on the particular implementation I had (can't remember the name of the system, though), and started "playing" with it. One bit in one of the constants would force a head load-unload cycle between access to each sector. Formatting a disk sounded like a machine gun with a tad sluggish action :)

      --
      A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
    22. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by UnknownSoldier · · Score: 1

      > BTW, people who use spaces in filenames are imbeciles.

      And yet here you are using spaces to communicate. _Exactly_ why we have filenames in the FIRST place instead of using sector numbers.

      We don't write nor read (English) with underscores: e.g. "BTW,_people_who_use_spaces_in_filenames_are_imbeciles."

      Maybe you should stop being an imbecile and pay attention to how 99% of the rest of the world operates instead of making excuses for a broken OS's filesystem, shell, or GUI. Forcing people to adapt to the computer instead of the other way around is exactly why you should take your own advice: Oh, get over yourself.

      > What did YOU give the world in 1975?

      Fallacy of Ad Hominem; let's shoot the messenger instead of paying attention to the message.

    23. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by rubycodez · · Score: 1

      you're confused and/or ignorant, you seem to only know a few of the many possible current shells

    24. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by MikeBabcock · · Score: 1

      Obviously you know nothing of the power of CLIs. No GUI file manager comes close to the power of bash, find and related tools.

      Microsoft has been promising such features for years (and has even improved their own CLI for obvious reasons -- its very useful).

      Its not *my* GUI, its any GUI.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    25. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Too lazy to login. You can't take a joke, nor do you get the point. The point is: you press a key and it autoescapes stuff.

      Whoosh. I'm well aware that different shells use different keys. Same ultimate end result.

      Learn to take a joke already, for fuck's sake.

    26. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Plumpaquatsch · · Score: 1

      Obviously you know nothing of the power of CLIs. No GUI file manager comes close to the power of bash, find and related tools.

      Microsoft has been promising such features for years (and has even improved their own CLI for obvious reasons -- its very useful).

      Its not *my* GUI, its any GUI.

      Obviously you know nothing of the power of GUIs. That's because you are a neckbeard nerd with no clues what happened in the real world of computing for the last three decades.

      --
      Of course news about a fake are Fake News.
    27. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by MikeBabcock · · Score: 1

      Never mind; I didn't realize you were a troll.

      Feel free to cite anything a GUI file manager can do that a CLI can't do better, besides thumbnailing.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    28. Re:CP/M needs to buried ... by Plumpaquatsch · · Score: 1

      Yeah, I'm a troll - but you still have no clue about GUIs. They can do anything a CLI can - only faster.

      --
      Of course news about a fake are Fake News.
  12. Xerox Alto window-based OS? by lippydude · · Score: 1

    "The Xerox Alto is a computer legend: it was never sold to the public, but its window-based OS was the inspiration for both the original Mac operating system" ..

    Where did you read that? .. "The Alto Operating System (OS) was designed by Butler Lampson, based on Stoy and Strachey's OS6"

  13. Not quite by GrahamJ · · Score: 1

    Alto was the inspiration for Mac. Mac was the inspiration for Windows.

    1. Re:Not quite by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Correction - Gates stole the idea from Jobs who stole it from Xerox.

      Look back in the 80's-90's business news and you'll find Jobs trying to sue Gates over "windowing", all the while Xerox watching from the sidelines.

  14. Ideas come cheap. by westlake · · Score: 2

    where Gates & Jobs got all their ideas from.

    The revolutionary Alto would have been an expensive personal computer if put on sale commercially. Lead engineer Charles Thacker noted that the first one cost Xerox $12,000. As a product, the price tag might have been $40,000.

    Xerox Alto

    Adjusted for inflation, $62,000 for the 1973 prototype and $207,000 for the commercial product.

    1. Re:Ideas come cheap. by TheRaven64 · · Score: 1

      Moore's law applies. The reason the Mac was so much cheaper than the Alto was that it was a decade later. The Alto was also heavily designed for experimentation. Programs were compiled to a bytecode with the bytecode interpreter implemented in CPU microcode. This made it very easy to change the instruction set and find one that was well suited to the requirements of the software, but for a commercial product you'd have wanted to sink a lot of that logic into the hardware.

      --
      I am TheRaven on Soylent News
  15. correction: cp/m didn't START as graphical by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    CP/M, a similarly old school (though not graphical) operating system

    It started as a text-only system, but in time Digital Research developed a GUI for CP/M, called GEM. Later it was ported to MSDOS and also ran on the Atari ST.

  16. Dealers of Lightning Re:Xerox Alto window-based O by Fubari · · Score: 3, Interesting
    A fun read... http://www.amazon.com/Dealers-Lightning-Xerox-PARC-Computer/dp/0887309895 excerpt from summary:

    In the bestselling tradition of The Soul of a New Machine, Dealers of Lightning is a fascinating journey of intellectual creation. In the 1970s and '80s, Xerox Corporation brought together a brain-trust of engineering geniuses, a group of computer eccentrics dubbed PARC. This brilliant group created several monumental innovations that triggered a technological revolution, including the first personal computer, the laser printer, and the graphical interface (one of the main precursors of the Internet), only to see these breakthroughs rejected by the corporation. Yet, instead of giving up, these determined inventors turned their ideas into empires that radically altered contemporary life and changed the world.

  17. Amiga kicked all their asses and was better by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    the third kid on the block was better.

    Long live Amiga