Slashdot Mirror


No, Turning On Your Phone Is Not Consenting To Being Tracked By Police (theintercept.com)

An anonymous reader writes: The Maryland Court of Special Appeals on Wednesday upheld a historic decision by a state trial court that the warrantless use of cell-site simulators, or Stingrays, violates the Fourth Amendment. The trial had suppressed evidence obtained by the warrantless use of a Stingray -- the first time any court in the nation had done so. Last April, a Baltimore police detective testified that the department has used Stingrays 4,300 times since 2007, usually without notifying judges or defendants. Stingrays mimic cellphone towers, tricking nearby phones into connecting and revealing users' locations. Stingrays sweep up data on every phone nearby -- collecting information on dozens or potentially hundreds of people. The ruling has the potential to set a strong precedent about warrantless location tracking.

79 comments

  1. Cool title by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    They've been watching The Wire a tad too much.

  2. Unless they are morons... by Etherwalk · · Score: 4, Informative

    Unless they are morons, the state will only appeal if they think this is a good test case for them. So this is unlikely to set particularly meaningful precedent.

    1. Re:Unless they are morons... by Br00se · · Score: 4, Funny

      So you are saying there's a chance?

    2. Re:Unless they are morons... by WarJolt · · Score: 2

      There's a chance that warrantless wiretaps will become a thing again as long as the general public doesn't understand how their privacy is being violated.

      About a quarter of American's don't even know that radio waves make cell phones work.

    3. Re:Unless they are morons... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "About a quarter of American's don't even know that radio waves make cell phones work."

      You're being generous with that 25%.That said, you don't have to understand a technology to understand its privacy implications.

    4. Re:Unless they are morons... by Lumpy · · Score: 1

      The general public barely understands how to drive a car safely or walk and chew gum, something difficult like privacy is way WAY above the general public's ability to understand.

      --
      Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
    5. Re:Unless they are morons... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh yes the stupid and fat Americans. Since they have pretty much made the rest of their world their bitch in every important area of modern day life it must be do to luck. Or maybe it says something about the intelligence level in other countries.

    6. Re:Unless they are morons... by fyngyrz · · Score: 1

      A stupid guy with a big gun can dominate a smart guy with none. Just saying.

      --
      I've fallen off your lawn, and I can't get up.
    7. Re: Unless they are morons... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If he was so smart he would have the forethought to have his own gun.

    8. Re:Unless they are morons... by Jack+Griffin · · Score: 1

      There's a chance that warrantless wiretaps will become a thing again as long as the general public doesn't understand how their privacy is being violated.

      About a quarter of American's don't even know that radio waves make cell phones work.

      That's why we have the ACLU , EFF etc.
      Since you feel so strongly about this, I'm sure you'll be happy to donate to the cause.

    9. Re: Unless they are morons... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Or he could be smart and make the big guy with the gun his allie.

    10. Re:Unless they are morons... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
  3. In other news... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    ...remaining alive is deemed to give consent for any branch of government to do what the hell it likes....

    1. Re: In other news... by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 1

      I'd say that passes the Rational Basis Test.

      --
      My God, it's Full of Source!
      OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
  4. Re:Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    More like broadcasting my position does not give carte blanche for the police to do what amounts to a warrantless wiretap of everyone in the vicinity. IMO

    Just like having a landline attached to the phone company's network doesn't grant them permission. That wire is up there on the pole, where pretty much anyone who's willing to climb up there can get to it. Just because it's easy to do doesn't make it okay. As the court has ruled on many occasions.

    All those "It's the Constitution Dummy" Republicans seem to be missing in action for anything that's not about gun control or confirming court nominations.

  5. It is what ewe SAY it is, citizen. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Do you have a problem with that?

    1. Re:It is what ewe SAY it is, citizen. by chill · · Score: 1

      So...all they need to do is get a female sheep to make a declaration an that is law? Is this some form of Parliamentary Procedure I am unfamiliar with? Are you, perchance, from Scotland?

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
  6. Wow by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    4,300 times since 2007

    That's a lot of founding father grave spinning.

    1. Re: Wow by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 1

      >That's a lot of founding father grave spinning.

      See, Trump can use them to excavate the footing for his wall. He's a problem solver.

      --
      My God, it's Full of Source!
      OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
    2. Re: Wow by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      >That's a lot of founding father grave spinning.

      See, Trump can use them to excavate the footing for his wall. He's a problem solver.

      There is a spurious "solver" in your last sentence.

  7. Turnabout is fair play by PPH · · Score: 1

    I live near a city whose police department is currently operating under a DoJ consent decree (Seatle). At this point, the DoJ is operating under the assumption that a cop turning on his cell phone is consent to being tracked by the FBI.

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
    1. Re:Turnabout is fair play by hackwrench · · Score: 1

      I have this notion that being in a (government?) job that has the wherewithal to wire tap should opens you up to being wiretapped. A "Who's watching the watchers?" sort of thing.

    2. Re:Turnabout is fair play by PPH · · Score: 2

      Well, having a security clearance of some types does. But one is made aware of this before completing the application process. The cops, I believe, have been put under surveillance subsequent to their joining the force. And this isn't just Seattle either. Due to the movement of personnel back and forth between various local PDs, the FBI is watching surrounding cities as well. So the Bellevue PD can thank some thugs across the lake for being followed.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
  8. Whitelisting by chill · · Score: 4, Interesting

    IMSI-catchers, like the infamous Harris Stingray, operate in two different modes, passive and active.

    In passive mode it just listens to the cellular frequencies and records the IMSI of any device in range. This is similar to WiFi war driving and listening passively for SSIDs. While there are some preventative measures you can take, at some point you just have to broadcast the ID in the clear for things to work. Not a lot can be done to securely protect against this.

    However, in active mode the IMSI-catcher spoofs credentials and claims to be a valid cell tower, tricking the cell phone to actually connect to it. This allows everything from text messages, to DTMF tones to the contents of a voice call to be captured.

    Here is where there is room for end-user security improvements. One step would be to whitelist the known towers in your area, refusing to let your phone connect to any tower not on your list -- such as claimed NEW towers.

    Net stumbler applications like Wigle include lists of cellular networks in their scans and databases. A crowd-sourced or crowd-validated list of known, real towers could serve as an initial load or verification.

    The trick is getting your phone to connect only to the whitelisted towers. I believe that function lies in the baseband processor and access to that is normally locked down tight.

    This could be a nice addition to something like Silent Circle's Blackphone.

    If nothing else, it should be possible to have your phone alert you when it connects to a non-whitelisted cell tower. After all, Android has the ability to display what tower you're connected to. Apps like Network Signal Info Pro certainly give enough details.

    --
    Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
    1. Re:Whitelisting by dsmatthews9379 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      So with passive mode and triangulation they can locate you accurately no matter what you do, therefore going to all the trouble to stop active mode methods is ultimately futile and the behaviour of your "protected" phone would possibly cause you to get red flagged if you pass near an area they are operating in?

      The trick is to not be so narrow minded when thinking through the entire scenario, because your advice, while technically lucid, could get people more attention than they otherwise would.

    2. Re:Whitelisting by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So with passive mode and triangulation they can locate you accurately no matter what you do, therefore going to all the trouble to stop active mode methods is ultimately futile and the behaviour of your "protected" phone would possibly cause you to get red flagged if you pass near an area they are operating in?

      The trick is to not be so narrow minded when thinking through the entire scenario, because your advice, while technically lucid, could get people more attention than they otherwise would.

      So, um, what's your advice then?

    3. Re:Whitelisting by PPH · · Score: 1

      However, in active mode the IMSI-catcher spoofs credentials and claims to be a valid cell tower, tricking the cell phone to actually connect to it. This allows everything from text messages, to DTMF tones to the contents of a voice call to be captured.

      Here is where there is room for end-user security improvements. One step would be to whitelist the known towers in your area, refusing to let your phone connect to any tower not on your list -- such as claimed NEW towers.

      I don't think out of system towers have a way to spoof credentials. They just advertise as 'encryption not available' and your phone falls back to insecure communications. I have a phone that displays a Secure/Not Secure icon for connections. I know for a fact that roaming works the same way. When I'm in Canada, my phone won't set up a secure call. Probably because Telus (or whoever) doesn't have my SIM key.

      I suppose one could write an app to refuse an incoming call/text if a secure connection could not be established. But here's the thing: My phone (which displays the link status) is an old one (Razer V3). And from what I've been told, newer phones don't have this icon and may not even have a 'hook' into the cellular processor to get this flag anymore. <tinfoil-hat-mode>Phone manufacturers probably got leaned on by the NSA to hide this.</tinfoil-hat-mode> Sadly, I'll be losing this phone (and capability) later this year when AT&T forces everyone onto equipment with data plans (and charges).

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
    4. Re:Whitelisting by chill · · Score: 1

      if you're being actively targeted, then you're already getting attention. As IMSI-catchers are frequently used without oversight and warrants, defeating their drag net usage would force law enforcement to take other avenues. Those avenues most likely would require warrants and oversight. I'm all for that.

      As much as I despise the cliche, it applies here to your post. Don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good. In other words, don't refuse partial solutions to problems on the excuse only a 100% solution will do.

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
    5. Re:Whitelisting by chill · · Score: 1

      I need to research this more. From my understanding, phones will only connect to a non-home network when the home network is unavailable and not just because the non-home network is stronger.

      If this were the case, active connections could be defeated simply by telling your phone to not use roaming.

      The IMSI-catchers would still have to be able to claim that they are "official AT&T", for example, in order for your phone to agree to connect. I guess it is possible that all that requires is to name your IMSI-catcher "AT&T", but holy shit would that be stupid on the part of AT&T. Every prankster out there could MITM phone traffic if that were the case!

      I need to dig a little more. I think your "encryption not available" is GSM encryption of the call (A5/1) but has nothing to do with validating that the tower really belongs to Velus.

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
    6. Re:Whitelisting by PPH · · Score: 1

      I need to dig a little more. I think your "encryption not available" is GSM encryption of the call (A5/1) but has nothing to do with validating that the tower really belongs to Velus.

      This exactly. The "unsecure" icon only appears during a call. It doesn't announce the validity of a tower (or IMSI catcher) that it checks in with.

      phones will only connect to a non-home network when the home network is unavailable and not just because the non-home network is stronger.

      Hmm. I've traveled between Belgium and The Netherlands (with a Dutch SIM). Every time we would move closer to one system tower or another, I'd get a chirp indicating that we had changed systems and roaming status. And that happened quite frequently for miles (kilometers). So I suspect that my phone was switching based on the strongest tower.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
    7. Re:Whitelisting by chill · · Score: 1

      Interesting.

      Switching between towers of the same network is called a "soft hand-off", and can be done without dropping a call.

      Switching to a tower from a different network is called a "hard hand-off", and usually results in a dropped call. The different networks don't share registration and other vital internal data needed for smooth transfer.

      Maybe things have changed recently. I was a field engineer for Alcatel-Lucent several years ago and did cell site upgrades, which is how I know about some of this.

      Of course, Europe may operate a bit differently as there are so many overlapping cell networks. In the U.S. there were essentially 2 major GSM networks -- AT&T and T-Mobile -- plus a couple of minors. The other two big guys -- Verizon and Sprint -- were CDMA. Things have changed a bit with LTE, but I have a hard time believing these twats will play nice with each other on call hand-off.

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
    8. Re:Whitelisting by PPH · · Score: 1

      Switching between towers of the same network is called a "soft hand-off", and can be done without dropping a call.

      I'm thinking of switching towers/networks with the phone on standby. I'm not aware of any case where one can switch providers (particularly from roaming to home network or vice versa) without dropping a call.

      I don't know how a Stingray in active mode would handle a moving caller. Probably just drop the call. On standby, the phone would be handed to the next real tower. But as long as the system name was properly spoofed by the Stingray, the user would probably never notice.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
    9. Re:Whitelisting by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Many baseband processors can be told to only connect to a desired CellID. This is extremely handy when doing drive tests (network planning, ...). Almost all of them can tell you which cell they are talking to, so you could in principle disconnect when you see a bad one. Of course, one can simply put an existing ID in the IMSI catcher. In 2G there is no auth of the basestation. In 3G/4G there is, but you could proxy the authentication request to the legit network. You won't get access to the encryption keys this way, but you can eavesdrop/tamper with some control channel traffic which is enough to track users.

    10. Re:Whitelisting by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Don't rely on a technical solution when you need a legal one.

    11. Re:Whitelisting by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Disclaimer - RF Tech. This used to be possible in some older Blackberry models (v6). You could select the site and which cell you wanted to camp on both idle and during a call. You couldn't label sites or anything but still a really simple way to plot realistic coverage without lugging equipment around.

    12. Re:Whitelisting by Salgak1 · · Score: 1

      The question of Whitelisting gets more complicated in areas with growing cell networks. When new, legitimate towers pop up, there's likely a way to identify them. I'm sure each provider has a nomenclature for their towers.
      I also suspect the cops running a Stingray would know this, and set the ID as something similar.
      Because a Cell Tower ID of "Police Surveillance Van #42" would be kind of a giveaway.
      Then again, I also wouldn't be surprised if most Stingrays aren't using a default name: the common practice on programmable road signs of using default user/password combos suggests the cops might not change from defaults here, either. . .

    13. Re:Whitelisting by edtice1559 · · Score: 1

      With a warrant they can also locate you. And once they're interested in you, they'll go get one. The goal of this measure is to avoid this data being captured for privacy-invasion reasons, not to get away with criminal activity. The two require much different sets of measures. The former is something we should all take an interest in, the later is going to require much more than /. advice.

  9. Re:Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    All those "It's the Constitution Dummy" Republicans seem to be missing in action for anything that's not about gun control or confirming court nominations.

    No, most of those dummies believe national security is more important that personal security and/or privacy.

    Now if it involves guns, then NRA will step in an smack the dummies upside the head. Unfortunately, there isn't an organization as big, powerful and well funded as the NRA for violations of the 4th Amendment.

  10. Re:Boradcasting your position by hawguy · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Court rules that broadcasting your position is not broadcasting your position. Remember, judges are people who couldn't make a living as lawyers.

    Court rules that broadcasting your position to your phone company is not equivalent to broadcasting your position to the police.

    The police should not be legally allowed to operate Stingrays, since everything they collect from a Stringray is also available through a subpoena to the phone company, with more controls to ensure that they are only monitoring those who they are legally allowed to monitor.

  11. Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by EmperorOfCanada · · Score: 3, Interesting

    One could argue that using any public service or utility could give consent to some authoritarian add-on. Instead of letting the police continuously nibble at our rights, we need some solid laws that block any further attempts. If they gather data without a warrant then they have broken laws with mandatory minimum sentencing.

    1. Re:Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      ...solid laws that block any further attempts.

      As if that is going to stop them knowing that systematically have hidden the fact to the courts and lied to judges.

      For those people over the law, Laws only work on top of technological meassures and ultimately because physics and math.

    2. Re:Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      One could argue that, but I'm not sure it's relevant. Cellular service isn't a public utility.

    3. Re:Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I've got a great preamble to that law:

      the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated

    4. Re: Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We had such laws in the 70s. Then conservatives started chipping away at them because civil rights are some kind of 'libural' plot or something.

      Conservatives with their blind obedience to authority figures, at least ones they approve of, have ruined this country utterly.

    5. Re: Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yes, because liberals have never done anything oppressive at all, ever.

      You're blind if you don't see the real issue: Government.

      Of course, unsurprisingly, that is the liberal, and conservative plot. To make sure you don't see what causes your pain. Because then you'd quit voting.

    6. Re: Using electricity gives consent to power bugs by desdinova+216 · · Score: 1

      I thought it started in the 1980s with the "war on drugs"

  12. Re:Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This is what Trump supporters think.

  13. Re: Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    We need an NPA (national privacy association).

  14. Why are connections not autenticated? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Why are terminal-base station connections not autenticated each other?

    It's time already we start demanding proper infrastructures/protocols when the solution have been available for decades.

    1. Re: Why are connections not autenticated? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And why do you think the protocols are so weak? Because the engineers are stupid and lazy or because they've been told to keep them weak? Like you said, the tech is available. cf. GSM "encryption".

    2. Re:Why are connections not autenticated? by AHuxley · · Score: 1

      Equipment sharing, build costs, government standards, ability to track, ability to get text, voice prints, gps.
      Every generation was designed, built and sold globally on the expectation that law enforcement and the mil would need total live access or be able to recreate movement maps from standard logs.
      The only need was to keep out random people with consumer or more advanced methods from getting to actual voice conversations.
      Such thinking would go back to the late 1970's, early 1980's as very early standards got set. No interesting person was going to get a free one time pad and number station to move around the world with. So a lot of standards got set so the mil and govs could get access to almost all the surrounding "billing", "meta", "location" "company" logs. Voice prints was the other emerging fun aspect. Now mil tech is in the reach of local city, parish, state, county law enforcement budgets with historically few or no local or federal court oversight.
      The other aspect would be a more easy transfer between any brands tower as a user moves. Less complexity, less math needed to be done, more gov/mil support.

      --
      Domestic spying is now "Benign Information Gathering"
  15. Re:Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Does it hurt all the time when you try to think, or only some of the time? My guess is that it hurts all the time, since you (obviously) haven't done a great deal of it.

  16. This is a meaningless decision by lucm · · Score: 0

    This is a state trial court, it means nothing. It does not make a state or federal constitutional argument, it's just what some mid-level judge thinks in one specific case. It has zero value as a precedent, even inside the state itself, and is merely an anecdote for anyone located outside of that state.

    The whole story amounts to mere clickbaiting.

    --
    lucm, indeed.
    1. Re:This is a meaningless decision by tranquilidad · · Score: 3, Informative

      Not sure where you got that, but it was Maryland's Court of Special Appeals; Maryland's second highest court. Its decision is binding on the entire state.

      The government can ask for an en banc hearing from the Court of Special Appeals or appeal to Maryland's highest court, The Court of Appeals.

      The original opinion was written by a trial judge and the first sentence of TFA states, "The Maryland Court of Special Appeals on Wednesday upheld a historic decision by a state trial court that the warrantless use of cell-site simulators, or Stingrays, violates the Fourth Amendment."

      The opinion has not yet been filed but here's the order.

    2. Re:This is a meaningless decision by lucm · · Score: 0

      Not sure where you got that, but it was Maryland's Court of Special Appeals; Maryland's second highest court. Its decision is binding on the entire state.

      The decision is not binding beyond that specific case, and it can be overturned in supreme court so it's nothing to take to the bank.

      Only the supreme court can establish a new interpretation of the state's constitution. This case so far is merely an anecdote, like saying "my mom thinks that...", it doesn't have any impact on the daily life of cellphone users.

      --
      lucm, indeed.
    3. Re:This is a meaningless decision by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The whole story amounts to mere clickbaiting.

      You are an idiot and you don't know what you are talking about.

      Your whole life amounts to mere cockgobbling.

    4. Re:This is a meaningless decision by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If you're a moron with no legal background why post like you're a lawyer?

    5. Re:This is a meaningless decision by lucm · · Score: 1

      If you're a moron with no legal background why post like you're a lawyer?

      Why don't you explain in what way my statement is incorrect? Of course you can't. You just want to hitch your wagon to the general ignorance, it's a lot easier.

      --
      lucm, indeed.
  17. similar to radar? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I'm not a fan of stingrays, but they do seem similar to the police using radar. They use radar indiscriminately to test driver's speeds to see if they are violating the law. The police also uses cameras in public areas to check for law violations. You are being recorded if you violate the law or not and consent is never given.

    How are stingrays much different?

    1. Re:similar to radar? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The reason "fishing expeditions" are unjust (and unconstitutional) is because the police are supposed to have "reasonable suspicion" that you have committed or are committing a crime before they take action.

      Police are not supposed to be able to detain or search you at will, just on the off chance that you're doing something wrong. That's not policing, it's authoritarian oppression. Or, at the risk of sounding hyperbolic, tyranny.

  18. Turing on your phone? by dohzer · · Score: 1

    Turing on your phone is consent.... Who thought up that silly idea?
    Everyone knows the consent is given by choosing to live in a "safe" country.

    1. Re: Turing on your phone? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      As long as I can track the police and know their every move, I have no problem if they get a warrant b4 they track mine. Other than that I hope they get stingrays shoved in their ass.

    2. Re:Turing on your phone? by Jack+Griffin · · Score: 1

      Everyone knows the consent is given by choosing to live in a "safe" country.

      I don't know about you, but I chose to be born here...

  19. Re:Boradcasting your position by fyngyrz · · Score: 1

    Trump supporters think

    ...pretty sure they don't. Otherwise, they wouldn't be Trump supporters.

    --
    I've fallen off your lawn, and I can't get up.
  20. A win for terrorists and child molesters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    and everybody else. Particularly everybody else since for reasonable suspicions of terrorism and child molestation, a warrant should be easy to attain. Of course, a warrant is easy to attain for pretty much anything else, but the current amount of wiretapping would still be hard to maintain because the judges would get writing cramps signing all those warrants.

  21. Meaningless by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    It's hard enough to get a judge to rule that the cops need to follow the law. It's practically impossible to punish the police for violating the law and willfully disobeying a judge's decision.

    There is absolutely no oversight on law enforcement. They routinely break the law and are routinely found to be on the wrong side of the law by the courts. What happens then is some cops shrug and go back to doing what they're doing because there are no consequences for lawless cop behavior.

    When cops start getting fired (and losing their pensions and benefits) and/or being thrown in jail for their criminal offenses, things might start to change.

    1. Re:Meaningless by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Will never happen.

  22. freemeshnet homebrew stingray by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yes i would like to use a homebrew implementation of this. Run it on my android. Just tunnel an intercom like /bin/wall or freenet meshnet shit. Call the program Guitarfish or Sandshark.

    Make it happen please. And if they come at you then do like vhf radio back in the 80's.

  23. Re: Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The NPA already exists, unfortunately nobody knows how to join or who the members are

  24. Re: Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1
  25. Re: Boradcasting your position by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Local thug cops have zero to do with national security despite the fawning media portraying them as combat heroes taking on terrorism all by themselves. Yet those same Republicans support them unquestioningly.

  26. warrantless surveillance by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    IS STALKING!

    The fundamental question here is this: When is it OK for the Police to do what an individual cannot?
    Vigilanteism, obviously.
    Surveillance? No.
    Tracking? No.

    How many children have been tracked?
    Have the Police used the Stingray in their internal affairs investigations?
    How many times has it been used because some cop has a personal gripe against someone?

  27. Re:Gay butt sex by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    They can charge as much as they like for gay buttsecks! Maybe some people LIKE loose buttsecks! This is 'Murika, where you charge what the market will bear. FREEDOM!