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Deadly 1933 Long Beach Earthquake May Have Been Caused By Oil Drilling, Says Study (latimes.com)

An anonymous reader quotes a report from Los Angeles Times: A new study suggests that the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, the deadliest seismic event in recorded Southern California history, may have been caused by deep drilling in an oil field in Huntington Beach. The study, written by two leading U.S. Geological Survey scientists in Pasadena and to be published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America on Tuesday, also suggests that three other earthquakes, including magnitude 5.0 earthquakes in 1920 in Inglewood and in 1929 in Whittier, may also be linked to oil drilling. The two government scientists, Susan Hough and Morgan Page, wrote the report after a review of nearly forgotten state oil drilling records. They discovered that the epicenter of some of the Los Angeles Basin's largest earthquakes between 1900 and 1935 happened shortly after significant changes were made in oil production in nearby fields. During this era, the Los Angeles area was one of the world's leading oil producers. The report's finding does not mean that oil drilling is causing earthquakes in Southern California today. The study only focused on earthquakes between 1900 and 1935. Different scientists have looked at earthquakes during more recent decades and have not found any reason to blame oil production for triggering earthquakes more recently in the L.A. Basin. The reason could be that oil drilling practices in the L.A. Basin have changed dramatically since the years when oil was first discovered in this region, and today's techniques may be safer and thus unlikely to trigger earthquakes as they might have done long ago. The Long Beach earthquake killed about 120 people and caused major damage throughout the region. It was named the Long Beach earthquake because the worst damage occurred in that city, even though the epicenter of the earthquake was actually in the Huntington Beach area. The quake destroyed many brick buildings, and prompted officials to ban new construction of unreinforced brick buildings.

89 comments

  1. Bah! by MightyMartian · · Score: 2, Funny

    That's impossible. We all know fossil fuel extraction is totally harmless and that Christ himself protects people from such things.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    1. Re:Bah! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well there's your problem, if Moped Jesus was on I50, He was nowhere near Long Beach.

    2. Re:Bah! by Black+Parrot · · Score: 2

      That's impossible. We all know fossil fuel extraction is totally harmless and that Christ himself protects people from such things.

      Who needs Jesus to protect people when you have Congress to protect the fossil fuel industry?

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    3. Re: Bah! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh dear. Catholicism is the largest Christian religion. It teaches that we have a duty to protect God's creation and be good stewards of it. That means we are to protect the environment unless absolutely necessary to damage or destroy some part of it. Pope Benedict XVI was very concerned about environmental issues and global warming. Pope Francis thought it important enough to write an encyclical on the topic. I don't know what you're looking at, but the Christian teaching I'm familiar with doesn't say anything like what you're describing.

    4. Re: Bah! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      evangelical protestants - christian in name only

    5. Re: Bah! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Evangelical Protestent here. I agree on protecting/caring for the Earth. I blame Republicans - who try to convince Christians that they share the same beliefs.

    6. Re: Bah! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Absolutely. The vast majority of the nutty stuff you see attributed to conservative Christianity is just Republican politics, not religion.

    7. Re:Bah! by LifesABeach · · Score: 1

      Hell, there's a god damned Fracking Tower just south of Pacific Coast Highway and Sea Cliff Drive in Huntington Beach.

  2. Just more correlation by LordLucless · · Score: 3, Informative

    Reading the article, it doesn't sound like this study is based on anything other than correlation. X happened, and Y happened at around the same place, at around the same time. There's no real description of mechanisms, or proposed experiments that could validate a mechanism, or predictions that could be validated against future events.

    --
    Just because you're paranoid doesn't mean there isn't an invisible demon about to eat your face
    1. Re:Just more correlation by cheater512 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Also since a earthquake is a release of tectonic pressure, wouldn't it implicitly mean that triggering the release in pressure prematurely caused a less severe quake than what could have occurred if it wasn't artificially triggered?

    2. Re:Just more correlation by mysidia · · Score: 2

      It's a possibility.... consider the possibility that they time-shifted a quake which was inevitable and might have happened 80 years later, in 2015 instead of 1933, and with 1000X as much strength in magnitude.

    3. Re:Just more correlation by ClickOnThis · · Score: 1

      Correlation is not causation but it sure is a hint. -- Edward Tufte

      --
      If it weren't for deadlines, nothing would be late.
    4. Re: Just more correlation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, not necessarily. It might set off a worse quake simply due to alteration of existing conditions.

      And the location can matter too.

    5. Re:Just more correlation by hyades1 · · Score: 2

      https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drilling-for-earthquakes/

      --
      I've calculated my velocity with such exquisite precision that I have no idea where I am.
    6. Re:Just more correlation by Black+Parrot · · Score: 4, Funny

      Correlation is not causation but it sure is a hint. -- Edward Tufte

      Maybe the earthquakes caused the drilling.

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    7. Re:Just more correlation by Rudisaurus · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I thought the same thing until I read TFA a second time. The authors mention oil production practices -- depletion without fluid replacement, which is rarely done anymore -- and they specifically cite an instance of an existing well located over the epicenter of the 1933 quake being deepened and surging in production 9 months prior to the actual quake. They go on to say that because production practices changed after 1935, no further correlation of quakes with drilling/production activity in the LA basin have been found. So there are mechanistic hints here: pressure depletion (evidenced by land subsidence) changing the energy balance in underlying strata.

      I wonder if anyone has looked at the Middle East oil fields -- where primary production was common practice for much longer and wells are hugely prolific -- to see if there is a similar correlation with seismic activity there?

      --
      licet differant, aequabitur
    8. Re: Just more correlation by Phil06 · · Score: 1

      The earthquakes in Perry Oklahoma, the Coalinga, Kettleman Hills and New Idria earthquakes were thought to be related to oil drilling.

      --
      "...and yet, I blame society" Duke - Repo Man
    9. Re:Just more correlation by drinkypoo · · Score: 2

      Also since a earthquake is a release of tectonic pressure, wouldn't it implicitly mean that triggering the release in pressure prematurely caused a less severe quake than what could have occurred if it wasn't artificially triggered?

      The pressure might have been released in several smaller seismic events over time if it wasn't done this way.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    10. Re:Just more correlation by hey! · · Score: 1

      Well, actually you aren't reading the paper, you are reading a popular press account of what's in the paper, and even that not too closely:

      Nowadays, water is carefully used to replace the pumped-out oil, which prevents land from sinking and helps extract more oil.

      Most important, by keeping the pressure on the fault balanced, there would be less of a chance of disturbing the fault to rupture earlier than expected.

      So right there in the newspaper account, is a description of mechanism; presumably in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America you'd see a more technical/jargony description.

      Note also the use of the word "may" -- even in the newspaper headline. Earth science is not like a high school chemistry lab experiment. The Earth is big, complex, and hard to measure, and there isn't a teacher who tells you what your objective is and provides all the materials needed to complete the experiment in a 45 minute period. So a lot of the papers are about correlations and hypothetical causes. It's not the kind of science that gets you a good grade from your high school teacher, because it's actual science, not just spitting back the expected answer.

      The main problem here is that there's no citation data, and the abstract is not up on the journal website yet. But judging from the other articles published in BSSA it's likely to be technical enough for any layman's taste.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    11. Re:Just more correlation by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      Reading the article, it doesn't sound like this study is based on anything other than correlation. X happened, and Y happened at around the same place, at around the same time. There's no real description of mechanisms, or proposed experiments that could validate a mechanism, or predictions that could be validated against future events.

      I wonder if that's why they say "may have". This is just the stage where the words plausible, and may have will be used a lot.

      Correlation is how we start on the road to the causation.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    12. Re:Just more correlation by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 2

      It's a possibility.... consider the possibility that they time-shifted a quake which was inevitable and might have happened 80 years later, in 2015 instead of 1933, and with 1000X as much strength in magnitude.

      It's also possible that it woke an inactive fault or moved it to a different area.

      Placing or removing mass from underground is not unlikely to have any effect. Regardless the concept of making a small 5 something magnitude earthquake as a stress release mechanism is going to be a hard sell.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    13. Re: Just more correlation by omnichad · · Score: 1

      Most fracking is directed at natural gas, not oil.

    14. Re:Just more correlation by number6x · · Score: 2

      Good catch on the water injection connection. Water injection, or water flooding, was a process developed in the late 1800's in Pennsylvania, but it did not become mainstream until the late 1920's. The purpose is usually to get the well to produce more. Injection increases well pressure and more oil can be released from a given site.

      As you noted, a side effect is that pressure in the underground chambers in maintained using water injection so the risk of massive earthquakes from chamber collapse is reduced.

      However, crude oil is much more viscous than water is. underground reservoirs that will hold oil for millions of years won't hold water as well. That water will more likely drain from the areas that would hold the oil. Because the water is less viscous it can flow through permeable layers of rock that oil could not. There is good evidence that this causes many, much smaller tremors. Water injection probably prevents the big collapses that lead to big deadly quakes, but seem to trade it for many smaller quakes.

      There are some theories that water injection 'lubricates' fault lines leading to quakes. I think the evidence based jury is still out on that one. This article points to evidence of a few large quakes in areas of heavy drilling in an era before water injection became common. The Oklahoma evidence shows many small quakes in an area where water injection was heavily used. These both theorize the same reason for the quakes, destabilization of structures after the removal of oil. One quickly and catastrophically, the other spread out over time as water flow regulated the rate of destabilization.

      However, Southern California is an area of known tectonic activity. The quakes there could have been unrelated, or only partly related to drilling.Oklahoma is pretty stable. Residents of South Eastern Missouri, along the New Madrid fault line, experience plenty of small quakes. But Oklahomans used to worry more about tornadoes than earthquakes. If the Huntington Beach type earthquakes had happened in Oklahoma back in the 1920's, before water injection, I'd say this guy should get a Nobel Prize in Geology (if it were a thing).

    15. Re:Just more correlation by ClickOnThis · · Score: 1

      /thread

      --
      If it weren't for deadlines, nothing would be late.
    16. Re:Just more correlation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Fun little nugget:

      Reservoirs frequently occur along fault lines, since faults tend to be surrounded by upthrust strata. The oil flows sideways and upwards through permeable sandstone along the underside of the impermeable strata (frequently slate or some such) and pools around the fault. So while earthquakes don't cause drilling, the fault causes both the earthquakes and the drilling.

    17. Re: Just more correlation by jbengt · · Score: 1

      Actually, they are thought to be caused by deep well injection for wastewater disposal, not the oil drilling, itself.

    18. Re: Just more correlation by Fragnet · · Score: 1

      Sure. Fracking causes tremors. There are hundreds of natural tremors per year. Even in my sleepy part of the world (UK).

    19. Re:Just more correlation by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      with 1000X as much strength in magnitude.

      Magnitude (both the Richter system introduced shortly after the period of this study, and the modern system) is a logarithmic scale. Two orders difference (e.g, from M 3.5 to M 5.5) would be a thousand-fold difference in released energy.

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
    20. Re:Just more correlation by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      Well, actually you aren't reading the paper,

      Perfectly true. If you're on an institutional network with a subscription to Bull.Seimol.Soc.Amer then you can get the paper here, or for the rest of the human race you can get it from Sci-hub here.

      So, what does the paper actually say. By the Noodly Appendage, that is one dull paper. Oh, there's an interesting paper on pseudotachylite too. Yes, there's a moderate degree of correlation, but there are also a lot of problems with the pre-instrumental earthquake reports and locating the earthquakes. The lead author (Hough) is a well-respected seismologist, but this isn't an earth-shatteringly great paper.

      The flow rates reported for some of these wells, given that they're for natural production without even produced gas re-injection to maintain reservoir pressure or to provide gas lift, makes me think that many of these structures were probably significantly over-pressured before they were drilled, so reports of multiple blowouts in some of the wells are utterly unsurprising. Unfortunately, the extremely primitive degree of data acquisition during this period (remember - we're back in cable-tool days here. Rotary drilling was in the future for these guys) means that the data to analyse the wells properly likely doesn't exist, and never was collected. "Tatties ower the side!" as my pore pressure instructor would say. Oh - sorry. For the non- pore pressure analysts in the audience, tthe (inferred) over pressure alone would increase the likelihood of ground subsidence as the structures are depressurised.

      It's weird looking back at these well reports to see such shallow depths. Even the deeper wells they discuss barely top 6000ft - not even 2km. I haven't drilled a well that shallow in ... I can't remember. Re-phrase : every well I've drilled in almost 30 years in the game has gone through those depths in the process of getting to somewhere interesting. No, tell a lie - two wells I've drilled in that time have evaluated structures that shallow - but for waste disposal, not hydrocarbon production.

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
  3. Drill, baby, drill !!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    120 people offed in a quake is a good start, but minor compared to what could be accomplished with better planning
    and a couple of surplus warheads.

                                                                                                                                                                                            - Dr. Zorin

  4. Oil by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Strange. Removing the oil from the ground should minimize tectonic shifts when the lubricant goes missing?

    1. Re:Oil by ClickOnThis · · Score: 3, Informative

      Removing the oil from the ground should minimize tectonic shifts when the lubricant goes missing?

      Only when the cavity the oil occupied settles to take up the space the oil left behind. There's a word for that event.

      --
      If it weren't for deadlines, nothing would be late.
    2. Re:Oil by dbIII · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Yes but you are applying one dimensional thinking.
      Try filling a glass of water with sand and pebbles.
      Next pour out the water.
      Now try to find the cavity.
      Not so large as initially expected is it?

    3. Re:Oil by Stuarticus · · Score: 1

      The earth is made of sand and pebbles?

      --
      If you think someone isn't free to have a different definition of "freedom" you may be a tyrant.
    4. Re:Oil by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Also anything you can fit in a glass wouldn't be very large anyways, the earths crust takes up quite a bit of space compared to a drinking glass, and I regularly hear the amount of oil pulled from a well upwards around millions of barrels a day. That's a tall glass of water.

    5. Re:Oil by hey! · · Score: 1

      So far as I know nobody thinks oil in the ground lubricates movements along a fault.

      It may help to think not in terms of earthquakes, but in terms of what comes in between earthquakes. Stuff is in equilibrium, which means forces are balanced and stuff isn't moving around. If you remove a force (such as that exerted by oil in hydrostatic equilibrium), you have a weak spot and the system shifts to a new equilibrium point. That shifting is an earthquake, and the movement is along faults -- which aren't necessarily exactly where you removed the oil from; the slabs of rock the faults separate are simply moving to the point where forces are balanced again.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    6. Re:Oil by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The oil reservoir is actually made up of sand and pebbles. The reservoirs that were capable of being produced back then with 1930's era technology were sandstone reservoirs, which are very porous - the oil is trapped in the spaces between the grains of sand and gravel. This is sufficiently permeable that the oil and gas can flow out pretty freely once it's been drilled. There is some subsidence as the oil is pumped out because the oil was helping support the weight of the earth above, once that is removed then the weight will compact the sand tighter. But it isn't as though pumping the oil out results in some giant hole in the ground.

      Modern shale production techniques allow us to extract oil from much less permeable and porous materials - fracking opens it up so the oil can flow out. Then there are diatomite formations where the oil is trapped in the fossilized exoskeletons of diatoms, these hold huge amounts of oil (80-90% oil by volume) but have very low permeability because the oil can only flow out of the tiny cilia holes in the exoskeletons.

    7. Re:Oil by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yes. Now you know.

    8. Re:Oil by orgelspieler · · Score: 1

      Let's see, a million barrels of oil would be about 10^10 cubic inches. A glass of water has a base around 10 sq in. That glass of water would be about 10^9 inches tall. That's about 1/15th the way to the moon. I don't think there is a material out there that can make a glass that tall without collapsing under its own weight. Bear in mind, you're not pulling that through a single well (as you suggested). For example, Texas produces a few million barrels a day from wells numbering in the six figure range. So you're talking tens of barrels a day, not millions. Perhaps an entire Saudi oilfield could produce that much.

  5. Deadly 1933 Long Beach Earthquake May Have Been Ca by rickyslashdot · · Score: 2

    Sorry folks, too lazy (and too many beers) to look up the correlations - but it only stands to reason that if you damage (drill, extract, frack) the foundations, then the results invariably will lead to ground resettling for the area(s) above these operations i.e.earthquakes in the areas being destabilized by drilling (cracking / shattering the foundation with the bore-holes), extraction (removing substantial parts of the foundation materials), and fracking (literally fracturing the foundation to release hydrocarbon elements bound into the rocks).

    I'm going to have to go with the 'greeners' and the environmentalists on this issue.

    --
    redneck geek
  6. Oil drilling? by LynnwoodRooster · · Score: 1

    You sure? I thought it was caused by the Russians...

    --
    Browsing at +1 - no ACs, I ignore their posts. So refreshing!
    1. Re:Oil drilling? by chipschap · · Score: 2

      You sure? I thought it was caused by the Russians...

      No, sorry, it was caused by global warming. Only they didn't call it that back then because Al Gore hadn't discovered it yet :)

    2. Re:Oil drilling? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Got any more Republican head-in-ass type humor, or is Trump's candidacy filling in where you left off?

    3. Re:Oil drilling? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Spotted the paid Hillary shill.

    4. Re:Oil drilling? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Even your most realistic conspiracy theory doesn't excuse you from being a Trumpie.

    5. Re:Oil drilling? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Woooooooooooooooooooooooooooo--holy fucking hell--ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooosh!

  7. Revisionist history by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Remember when slashdot did science and technology threads instead of random SJW propaganda? Me either. If oil drilling could cause such a thing, then it was going to happen anyway.

    1. Re:Revisionist history by Fragnet · · Score: 1

      It's been a very long time since Slashdot did that. You must be new here.

    2. Re:Revisionist history by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "If oil drilling could cause such a thing, then it was going to happen anyway." Retarded, false, and yes oil drilling has been proven to cause such things, moron.

  8. Causation IS demonstrable by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Look up observational/survey research and learn something.

  9. Was bound to happen eventually by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I'm not a seismologist but I've done some geologic work (with and for geologists). Most of us know that an earthquake is the shock wave produced when there's movement along a fault line. There must be differential pressure between the 2 (or more) masses, and as the pressure builds something eventually gives, movement happens, and we have our quake. That 1930s drilling easily could have been the "straw that broke the camel's back", but certainly could not have been the sole cause of the quake. TFA alludes to this. It's impossible to say when the quake would have happened on its own, but tectonic pressure caused the quake.

  10. This quake mostly demolished my high school by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

    But no, I wasn't there at the time. In my time we had a little of the original 1920s construction, some post-earthquake buildings, and some new postwar structures.

  11. Re:Deadly 1933 Long Beach Earthquake May Have Been by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    But it might reduce severity of earthquakes by releasing stress in a series of smaller quakes - so maybe we should be fracking just to reduce the impact of earthquakes.

  12. Triggered, not caused by Solandri · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Earthquakes are caused by massive amounts of energy built up by the movement of tectonic plates. Drilling for oil, geothermal drilling, fracking, etc. do not add enough energy to "cause" a quake, even through ground settling. They can trigger a quake to happen earlier than it would have naturally, but that's just releasing energy that would've been released at some time in the future as a natural earthquake.

    Blaming earthquakes on drilling is like blaming the camel's broken back on the straw. The straw may have triggered the back to break, but it didn't cause it. All the other stuff piled up on the camel before the straw was 99.99% responsible for causing it.

    1. Re:Triggered, not caused by hyades1 · · Score: 0

      You'll probably want to explain this to people who live in areas that were geologically stable until fracking and/or drilling started.

      https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drilling-for-earthquakes/

      Of course, you know better than people who have studied this all their lives. Clearly your genius should be recognized.

      Yes, that's what we call "sarcasm".

      --
      I've calculated my velocity with such exquisite precision that I have no idea where I am.
    2. Re:Triggered, not caused by leehwtsohg · · Score: 2

      The energy could be released through a thousand small quakes, or a big one. Just like you can "trigger" the release
      of the energy stored in a balloon with a pin or by slowly releasing the stored air.
      Or that throwing stones just triggered the release of energy stored in glass walls that would have been released anyway on the way to
      equilibrium.

      People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

    3. Re:Triggered, not caused by Fragnet · · Score: 1

      Of course, you know better than people who have studied this all their lives

      It's probably fairer to say his mortgage payments don't depend on it being true, unlike the people who have studied it all their lives.

    4. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Natural and STRONGER earthquake

    5. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      You'll probably want to explain this to people who live in areas that were geologically stable until fracking and/or drilling started.

      You're a tad over-confident, and as such you're not thinking it through. The Pacific and North American tectonic plates meet along the California coastline. The plates are both rotating, and the result is horizontal slippage along a roughly north-south line. Unimaginable forces constantly build up and eventually something breaks and you have a slip (earthquake to us). It was, and is, going to happen. Seismologists are studying, collecting data, learning, etc., for prediction.

      I could argue that the 1933 quake would have been much worse whenever it would have happened by itself years later. Far more forces would have built up. There's a school of thought that we could reduce earthquake severity if we could trigger smaller ones more often, just like they do when they intentionally trigger an avalanche- better to happen more often and controlled and less severe.

      If you think there's such thing as "geologically stable" around a fault, please go visit central Italy and talk to some seismologists there. It's going to happen and it boggles my mind that humans are willing to take such risks- building things that can't withstand the environment. I'm not talking about the people of hundreds or thousands of years ago- I'm thinking about current people who build in flood plains, below sea level, tornado alley, etc. Fortunately governments are requiring better construction but still...

      I will never condone environmental damage; I'm just saying please get all the info and look at all angles before you make such quick and total judgments.

    6. Re:Triggered, not caused by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 1

      Those are different kind of quakes, low in magnitude and certainly not deadly (we have them here as well). GP is right that drilling alone could not have caused a massive earthquake, but could very well have triggered one. The only thing changed by the drilling was the timing... Some think that by releasing the pent up energy early, the resulting quake is lower than the one that would have occurred later if it had been left alone, but it doesn't work as simple as that.

      --
      If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
    7. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If you left the oil, it wouldn't have happened for a couple of hundred years and then people would have the technology to be informed about it.

    8. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      that were geologically stable

      If we've learned anything about the Earth, there is very little of it that is "geologically stable"

      You don't want to see earthquakes in Oklahoma? Stop driving your car. Oh wait..people don't want to do that.

    9. Re:Triggered, not caused by sysrammer · · Score: 1

      Fwiw, Long Beach was sinking due to the oil & gas removal until they started injecting water back underground. Several feet if I remember right (erp, just checked, 29 feet at its max "bowl of subsidence"). This would be part of "...oil drilling practices in the L.A. Basin have changed dramatically since the years when oil was first discovered in this region".

      --
      His ignorance covered the whole earth like a blanket, and there was hardly a hole in it anywhere. - Mark Twain
    10. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hmm... You'd think that removing the oil would tend to make the faults seize up, not start moving past each other. Because that's what happens with machinery.

    11. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oil is a lubricant so now plate friction prevention is supposed to rely on water and sand? No difference in build up of pressure since water and sand is just as good right?

      Next time they will send you down a slip n slide with only your swim trunks, you get to choose, oil or water/ sand to " slide on " all the way down.

    12. Re:Triggered, not caused by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Unless the drilling released all of the energy at once in a large quake instead of over time in smaller quakes. Or caused the quake to happen at a part of the fault it wouldn't have happened at otherwise or a completely different fault altogether.

    13. Re:Triggered, not caused by Trogre · · Score: 1

      Well on a geological time scale, yes.

      However if one triggers a quake that would have happened some time in the next hundred thousand years then there is some culpability, no?

      I doubt anyone would debate such semantics should someone dig too deep at Yellowstone...

      --
      "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
    14. Re:Triggered, not caused by RockDoctor · · Score: 1
      Take a look at that earthquake map for a second again - I did. (Partly because it taught me where Oklahoma is. Not my country - I never needed to know this before I saw that map, but I'd formulated the question before I saw the map. I may have been conflating Oklahoma and Ohio, because I'd got a more NE location in mind.)

      Look at the other concentration of earthquake events in the middle of the continent. Even with my loose handle on USian geography, I can trace the outlines of the Missouri and Missippiissi rivers (it doesn't surprise me that they form state borders, but again, that's never been on my "need to know" list), then just south of where they join ... a NE-SW oriented ellipse of earthquakes. That's New Madrid, that is. Interesting place - some of the most severe earthquakes in the written history of the North American continent occurred there. And that is including the big threats on the West Coast.

      Weird thing about New Madrid - it's been more or less quiet since 1812. Just enough activity to keep people worried. Enough quietness to lull people into a false sense of security. That's a really dangerous combination.

      While I'm perfectly happy about a correlation between production, injection and earthquakes (the Rocky Mountain Arsenal waste disposal well was literally a text book case in my youth, before people started to pay me to be a geologist), there are some real questions about the actual distribution of earthquake risk in North and South America because the written record is so short - a mere 3 to 4 centuries. It's not much better for most of Africa too (thanks China for having some written records!).

      I'm not too happy with one part of the SciAm article you link to. At one point the authors say

      Unfortunately, the lessons of Rangely and the Rocky Mountain Arsenal were apparently forgotten by the early 2000s, when fossil-fuel companies embarked on the shale-gas boom.

      nope. The lessons were never forgotten. They were perfectly well known. There's a definite shift in the subject over the next few of sentences:

      âoeScores of papers on injection-induced earthquakes were published in the geophysical literature in the following 40-plus years, and the problem was well understood and appreciated by seismologists,â says Bill Ellsworth, [biog]. He believes professional skepticism slowed the formation of a consensus. âoeThere were a lot of doubts expressed by very good petroleum engineers that [earthquakes caused by injection wells] were even possible,â

      Literally, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal results were in the text books. If Petroleum Engineers don't read geology text books, then there is definitely something lacking in their education (considering that their entire subject revolves around stuff you find in rocks). But that knowledge was never "forgotten".

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
  13. Total BS by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Relative to the total mass of the affected area, a puny oil well drilled in the ground is just "noise" and totally insignificant. But the story is what we have come to expect from the "scientific" community: total fabrication , with "facts" manufactured to fit a foregone conclusion and agenda.

  14. Silly semantic games by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Troll

    Does a murderer cause a victim's death or trigger it? The victim would have died "at some time in the future as a natural" death.

    1. Re:Silly semantic games by khallow · · Score: 2

      Does a murderer cause a victim's death or trigger it? The victim would have died "at some time in the future as a natural" death.

      That analogy would work, if the murderer does something relatively subtle that wouldn't normally kill a person, but takes advantage of a condition that would kill the person anyway. I don't know, maybe give a person with a serious heart condition a fright or put them in a situation where they have to exert themselves.

    2. Re:Silly semantic games by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No. This is not an analogy of actions but a counterexample of logic and semantic choice.

      This is simple formal logic that any college educated person should understand. If A then B and not C. Choose to refute it if you wish. I used the same words to show the similarity. (a) If something would have happened otherwise, like a person dying or an earthquake occurring, then an (b) action would be a trigger and the (c) action would not be a cause.

      Very frustrating to be modded down for pointing out such a simple logical error that was modded +5. I come here to get away from people that ignore reason and make their decisions based on what feels good to them. Apparently slashdot is no longer the place for rational people.

    3. Re:Silly semantic games by khallow · · Score: 1

      I used the same words to show the similarity. (a) If something would have happened otherwise, like a person dying or an earthquake occurring, then an (b) action would be a trigger and the (c) action would not be a cause.

      No, the point here is that the drilling and oil extraction is not enough on its own to generate the Long Beach earthquake. There's not enough energy there. That means it is triggering an existing condition. Generic murder is not analogous.

      Very frustrating to be modded down for pointing out such a simple logical error

      Correcting errors by generating new ones is not very effective. Maybe less hand wringing over other's irrationality and more cleaning up your own house?

    4. Re:Silly semantic games by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Someone has a heart problem. You hold them up at gun point. The robbery triggers a heart attack and they die. Do you think you would be charged with felony murder? Quite likely.

      They have an existing condition that anything could trigger. You trigger it by doing something illegal. You are guilty of killing them under just about any state's laws.

      The energy built up in a fault might go without a quake for hundreds of years. If oil drilling sets off the faults pent up energy causing a quake, then it is indeed at fault. Pun intended.

    5. Re:Silly semantic games by khallow · · Score: 1

      Someone has a heart problem. You hold them up at gun point. The robbery triggers a heart attack and they die. Do you think you would be charged with felony murder? Quite likely.

      They have an existing condition that anything could trigger. You trigger it by doing something illegal. You are guilty of killing them under just about any state's laws.

      Good, that's an excellent analogy.

  15. Stop drilling and plant more /r/trees ! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Seriously, stop the drilling!

    I mean, come on, can't hemp provide what cars crave?

    Plant more /r/trees!

  16. Re:Deadly 1933 Long Beach Earthquake May Have Been by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 2

    Ground resettling != Deadly earthquake. Since a few years we have our share of earthquakes, in a region with pretty much zero natural geological activity. These are minor: small amounts of energy released relatively close to the surface, resulting in small quakes of a magnitude between 2 and 3. But because these happen so close to the surface, they still do damage (in a small area). This is a simple case: pretty much everybody (including the oil companies) agrees that the quakes are caused by large scale gas production in the region since the 50s

    When it comes to these deadly quakes, things are not so simple. The amounts of energy released are such that this cannot be explained merely by subsidence of the overburden. It is possible, as others have pointed out, that this subsidence has triggered a bigger quake... one that was already waiting to happen.

    --
    If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
  17. That's nothing. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    My GF felt the earth move after I did some of my own "drilling".

    1. Re:That's nothing. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      is that why Doctor Who is so smug? He always feels the earth move.

    2. Re:That's nothing. by LifesABeach · · Score: 1

      No, it's because A/C's don't have girl friends.

  18. Re:Deadly 1933 Long Beach Earthquake May Have Been by dwpro · · Score: 1

    Everything I've read and heard on the recent earthquakes is that re-injection of spent water is as likely if not more likely the culprit than the actual extraction, particularly at high pressure near faults: http://news.stanford.edu/2015/...

    --
    Millions long for immortality who do not know what to do with themselves on a rainy Sunday afternoon. -- Susan Ertz
  19. LOL by p51d007 · · Score: 1

    Here we go again. "could have been changed forever" Just like liberals saying sharks still circle an area in the Atlantic Ocean, where slave ships dumped slaves bound for the America's. Oh, by the way, the AFRICAN people put their own in slavery...others just bought them.

  20. Off topic, but ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Oh, by the way, the AFRICAN people put their own in slavery

    The slavers were mainly North African Arabs. So WTF is up with African Americans adopting Islam?

  21. Long Beach Earthquake of 1933 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/414a23a31fbde0335f2109ce5d5038284f5f0ec006598a6001ff992edb5a6bec.jpg

    OK, I wasn't there for the 1933 earthquake. Along the coastline of Huntington Beach there is this granitic escarpment that we surfers in the 1960s lovingly called The Cliffs -- before they put in the staircase. This is part of the Inglewood Fault Line.

    Yet the epicenter occurred offshore from the outlet of the Santa Ana River in Orange County, then traveled up the Inglewood Fault Line and turned that corner at Long Beach which put just too much stress on those 50+ year old brick and mortar buildings.

    If we wanted to place blame on humans, it just may be the concreting in of that SA River right after the turn of the Previous Century. The constant dumping of silt into the sea -- rather than the Newport Harbor, could have had something to do with it.

    Again, I'm a historian, not a geologist, so I look at things historically.

    Illustration is from my book on the Costa Mesa Bluffs.

  22. It was Bush's fault. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I'm fairly sure Obama called it in his first term; it was Bush's fault.

  23. SJW BeauHD by bongey · · Score: 1

    BeauHD twitter feed. "Trump is a saggy sack of shit. If any one of you is even remotely considering voting for him this November, please unfollow me. "
    Fucks sakes he posted a News for Nerds the otherday from Slate, WTF?