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Supernovae May Explain Mass Extinctions of Marine Animals During Pliocene Era (theregister.co.uk)
"The Register has an article on the possibility that a supernova or a series of them could explain a mass die-off of marine animals around 2.6 million years ago," writes Slashdot reader KindMind. From the report: A gigantic supernova explosion may have triggered mass extinctions for creatures living in Earth's prehistoric oceans some 2.6 million years ago, according to new research published in Astrobiology. Marine animals like the megalodon [...] suddenly disappeared during the late Pliocene. Around the same time, scientists [...] noticed a peak in the iron-60 isotope in ancient seabeds. "As far back as the mid-1990s, people said, "Hey, look for iron-60. It's a telltale because there's no other way for it to get to Earth but from a supernova.' Because iron-60 is radioactive, if it was formed with the Earth it would be long gone by now. So, it had to have been rained down on us" explained Adrian Melott, lead author of the paper and a physics and astronomy professor at the University of Kansas.
The team believes that a supernova located 150 light years away set of a chain of supernovae bursts and covered the Earth in a shroud of deadly cosmic ray radiation. This was amplified, Melott said, because the Solar System is right on the edge of an area of the interstellar medium called the Local Bubble. The Local Bubble extends about 300 light years across and contains the two main clouds of dust and gas: Local Interstellar Cloud and the G-Cloud. As the supernovae ejected cosmic rays, these beams of energetic particles would have repeatedly bounced off the clouds to create a "cosmic-ray bath" that could have lasted 10,000 to 100,000 years. Some of that radiation such as cosmic ray muons would have leaked onto Earth, and over time it could have led to genetic mutations and cancers [that would have caused animals like the megalodon to die off prematurely].
The team believes that a supernova located 150 light years away set of a chain of supernovae bursts and covered the Earth in a shroud of deadly cosmic ray radiation. This was amplified, Melott said, because the Solar System is right on the edge of an area of the interstellar medium called the Local Bubble. The Local Bubble extends about 300 light years across and contains the two main clouds of dust and gas: Local Interstellar Cloud and the G-Cloud. As the supernovae ejected cosmic rays, these beams of energetic particles would have repeatedly bounced off the clouds to create a "cosmic-ray bath" that could have lasted 10,000 to 100,000 years. Some of that radiation such as cosmic ray muons would have leaked onto Earth, and over time it could have led to genetic mutations and cancers [that would have caused animals like the megalodon to die off prematurely].
Must be where the g-spot is located.
So any evidence of dinosaur cancers, or are we just making shit up now because maybe?
BeauHD sucks as an editor
BeauHD sucks as an editor
He tells you three times the same thing... and still no inkling as to WHY that would be the case.
This is not how you write summaries, BeauHD. Thus we see that BeauHD sucks as an editor.
I like the last E.
"these beams of energetic particles would have repeatedly bounced off the clouds to create a "cosmic-ray bath....Some of that radiation such as cosmic ray muons would have leaked onto Earth, and over time it could have led to genetic mutations and cancers."
Can I remind you that particle physics and cosmological physics are not unified fields of science. Muons decay in microseconds, and could never reach earth travelling at C (according to particle physics, not me.).
"The muon (/mjun/; from the Greek letter mu () used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of 1 e and a spin of 1/2, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton. As is the case with other leptons, the muon is not believed to have any sub-structure—that is, it is not thought to be composed of any simpler particles...Muon decay almost always produces at least three particles, which must include an electron of the same charge as the muon and two neutrinos of different types."
I see a particle that is indivisible, yet breaks down into bigger particles, and a mass derived from those bigger particles. Impossible.
********
Can I point out something obvious.
Clearly a muon cannot be *fundamental* and yet *decay* into other fundamental particles. It is interacting with other things you cannot see to create those BIGGER particles.
The core problem with physics:
You have an oscillating dipole, sitting in a resonant field, cancelling it.
Dipole +ve up, field -ve down, result = net ZERO
Dipole zero-crossing, field zero-crossing, result = net ZERO
Dipole -ve up, field +ve down, result = net ZERO
So you cannot see it. You didn't know it was there.
But you can push this dipole with an oscillating field, and it goes shooting off, pow... light from nowhere! All you did was put in energy and out came an electric oscillating wave like thing....
And since all you did was put in energy, you think *all* the parts of that must have come from the energy. The oscillation, the electric charged particles, that make that electric field, all, must have come from the energy.
By magic.
This is the core problem, you've built (insane) models of matter and space based on 2 out of the 3 dimensions.
And all this oscillating MATTER IS RIGHT THERE, but you cannot detect it or see it, and any measurement you try to make with equipment fails because the matter of the equipment resonates with the underlying field cancelling it.
If you stopped your quantum entanglement bullshit, you'd see you already proved the resonance of matter in the entanglement experiment:
Postulate Proof: https://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=13041516&cid=57791044
Once you realize how it really works, you cannot unsee it.
Electrons don't go from -ve points (muons) to flat discs to the surface of spheres by themselves. They are sitting in a field of oscillating matter.
Protons are not probabilistic smeared over spheres, they are still point charges being fling around that sphere by the matter around them.
Going into denial about it, won't fix anything.
https://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=13041516&cid=57791032
I am curious as to why this would have driven marine animals to extinction without having a similar effect on terrestrial animals. I would want this explained before giving this theory any credence.
If the ocean life got a wallop of cosmic rays, wouldn't the land creatures fare even worse?
Neither the article nor paper's abstract went into it, so I instead have to hypothesize that perhaps the ocean surface micro-organisms were especially sensitive to radiation, leading to an ecological collapse... or maybe the supernovae and extinction events are even unrelated.
simplest explanation for the extinctions is, Chuck Norris.
OK, this is a big one, but explained in simple terms, it takes you through velocity (why we cannot go faster than C with 1F matter), momentum, magnetism, gravity, why forces appear to propagate at C etc.
WITHOUT MASS. There is no mass.
Postulate V1:
*****
Massless Velocity is spin surfing
Imagine the underlying resonant electric field as a sine wave.
A dipole D1, is on this wave and in phase with it, oscillating in a line (up and down) with no spin component. Up down up down, as the electric wave passes under it. It's amplitude is W, its wavelength is W.
It's following the underlying field and doing no work. This is a perfect clean (simplified) world, the dipole perfectly cancels the underlying field and there is no extra component left.
To push this dipole and induce velocity, I move an oscillating matter dipole D2 next to it, that D2 dipole has some oscillating component along the X axis.
I've now pushed a component of the resonance field along X, our D1 dipole now has a spin component along the X axis. I've pushed the D1 oscillation into the X axis.
Suppose it spins once, clockwise along the x axis for each 360 oscillations of the dipole.
Every oscillation of the dipole, the dipole is now 1 degree of phase out. It needs to move W/360 forward to be in the correct place in the field to cancel it. Each spin it processes W/360 along the resonant wave.
If I pushed *all* of the oscillating into the X axis, that would be the full 1W per spin. i.e. the speed of light is the maximum velocity in this range.
*******
Say Hello To Magnetism
If I pushed part of the Z oscillation into the X axis, it travels along the X axis.
If I push part of the Z oscillation into the Y axis, it travels along the Y axis.
What if I push the Z oscillation into *both* axis?,... it will travel in the net result of both axis spins, a line between the two, leaving an oscillation across the axis of travel. aka the magnetic field. So the magnetic field is an electric oscillation.
Notice you cannot have a magnetic field without also having velocity, but you can have velocity without a magnetic field.
**********
Momentum is conservation of energy
We have a spin, it has energy in that spin (motion over the electric field). As long as it continues to spin and traverse, it continues to line up with the underlying oscillating field and, is doing no work. It is simply following the electric field. Since it's doing no work, energy is not being added or removed. To stop it, you need to distort the field along X, *against* the spin, to cancel the spin, and take the energy out again.
Momentum is conservation of energy in the spin.
Since momentum is a property of spin, it cannot be also a property of mass and so there is no 'mass'.
*******
Real World Propagation at C
You push a puck with your finger. Your finger is made of 1F oscillating dipoles some with a oscillating component in the X axis.
You distort the field of the dipoles D1s nearest your finger in the X axis.
D1 dipoles are now spinning across this two axis (Z & X) oscillating field.
The spin moves the dipoles of D1.
Which in turn distorts the field for dipoles further into the puck, D2.
Which causes D2 to spin.
Which distorts the field for D3....
Only when D1 has completed the maximum displacement, has the *full* extent of the distorted field been applied to D2.
Likewise D2 on D3. The spins have to happen, time has to pass, in order to propagate the full changes to the field along from dipole to dipole along the puck.
This is the magic linkage between the speed of light and the apparent speed of propagation of electric forces.
This is why an electric field *appears* to propagate at the speed of light, in actuality, it is the *effect* of the electric field that requires spins to propagate... the "push" wave ripples along the puck, D1 spins, then D2 spins, then D3 spins... until the puck is moving at a velocity away from your finger.
And because
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You don't need to take my word for this, it produces testable experiments, and explains some previously unexplained observations.
*****
Heisenberg uncertainty is nonsense.
Note that the jiggle is complex but not random, it is not uncertainty, it is also not uniform, and it should be less going towards or away from the center of resonance.
Think of the ripples in a pond, to be resonant in more than one axis means it has a center of resonance. Which in turn means its noisier to cross the ripples than travel along the waves outward from, the center.
So the universe has an axis, and, from our perspective, it runs from us to the resonant center of the universe and away from us in the same direction. It radiates outward from the resonance center.
----
Testable Items Noise:
This should be visible in all noisy systems. It will be the main driver for noise. Traverse *across* the ripples will be noisy, travel *with* the ripples will be noise-free.
It should be in the cosmic background radiation: CMB's "Dipole Axis" looks the most likely candidate. This is an existing observation of an unexplained dipole axis across the whole universe in the background radiation.
http://nigelkerner.com/Confirmations/Axis_of_Evil.html
And since the oscillation across that axis as to line up, so any magnetic field must have a fixed axis too.
So CMB's observed "Axis of Evil" will correspond to the magnetic axis of this resonant field.
You should be able to detect it in signal noise, it should be there in laser scintillation, less scintillation/noise pointing towards the resonant center of the universe, more at 90 degrees to that axis, and again away from the center of resonance there should be less noise.
Since this is the universal resonant field underlying everything, it will be in *every*noisy*system* and the direction of less noise will always be the same, along an axis from us to the resonant center of the universe.
e.g. Sharper hubble pictures towards and away from the resonance center, (the "Dipole Axis") than across it.
---
You already have proof of resonance
Note: You already proved electrical resonance in entanglement experiments
https://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=13041516&cid=57791044
This is a small scale proof, but proof non-the-less.
---
Large scale proof of resonance is proof of electric force travelling at infinity
Since this is 3D resonance, there must be a center to that resonance.
If CMB's axis *is* my resonant center axis, then that's also proof of electric force propagating at infinity. Such a large system couldn't work, if short (direct) paths of oscillation and long (indirect) paths of oscillation arrived at different times.
----
Speculative:
Doesn't this mean that all matter lines up along radiant lines out from the resonant center of the universe?
i.e. it takes more energy (even if transient) to travel *across* the ripples, but travelling *with* the ripples (towards or against) is free. So over time matter will line up along the radiant lines, and so any velocity component be pushed into that radial direction.... acceleration outward from the resonant center.
You have this unexplained observation : not only is the universe expanding, the expansion is accelerating. The consequence of a resonant center is this acceleration.
The current explanation of "space itself expanding" is silly scifi stuff. *We* chose the definition of cartesian space. If we'd chosen a different definition then our equations would be different, and space would have to expand differently to fit our new equations. Quick your bullshit.
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But there is also a testable consequence here:
Edge of the Universe is an Event Horizon
At C/2, there will be a 'poof' and you have an event horizon at the edge of our universe, just as you would at C/2 on the black hole.
So if you give up on your (frankly ridiculous) idea of space 'stretching', you have an explanation for the edge of t
It's a interesting conceptual problem.
How can humankind could survive to a close supernovae explosion. (with some centuries/millenia of time to prepare)
Obviously, for very close supernovae, there is a only way. Run!. Develop interstellar travel and flee enough far from the explosion.
But for this kind of supernovae up to some distance, very buried colonies could survive.
Where we could, in the solar system, build or best protected colony?
Perhaps inside the core of a small asteroid/planet like Ceres or Vesta?
What do you expect when you allow sso with twitter?? Robo-verify the logged in accounts that are less than 1 month old, and spam will disappear.
Sadly, Slashdot was replaced with a massive perl script instead of any actual humans now. So we're pretty much fucked.
FTFY
I feel like there are too many things that had to happen "just so" for this theory to hold any water. I tend to think that the simplest explanation tends to be the correct one, all things being equal (Occam's Razor, of course). This does not seem like a simple explanation.
I think a far simpler explanation is climate change. Climate change is responsible for all of the other mass extinctions, including the current one, so I see no reason to believe this one is somehow different.
Because iron-60 is radioactive, if it was formed with the Earth it would be long gone by now. So, it had to have been rained down on us
Joe: We know for sure how old the Earth is, because of radiometric dating.
Bob: Hey cool. BTW, what's that stuff there?
Joe: Iron-60.
Bob: Cool. Wait a minute, how could that still be there?
Joe: Well, it must have fallen on us.
Bob: Cool, how do you know that?
Joe: Er, well ... if it was formed with the Earth it would be long gone by now. So, it had to have been rained down on us.
Bob: Oh ... OK. That's logical ... I guess.
{...}
Bob: Er, so that other stuff over there ... how do you know that didn't rain down on us?.
Joe: I hate you.
Radioactive-Isotopes from a supernova would arrive long after the Cosmic rays from the same supernova.
Later when we were taught absorption, reflection, scattering and transmission it dawned on me that even if the mirrors were nearly 99.9999% reflective, even that 1.0e-06 or 1.0e-12 scattering would degrade the images and eventually the later images will be less bright and eventually fade to black.
Reflection and scattering from clouds from one supernova burst, and we were bathed by repeated reflections for 10,000 years? And the radiation remained potent for that long? It is boggles my tiny brain. Hope the guys doing the math did not forget a decimal point or two.
sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
What is the purpose of this comment? Do you find it exciting to act like a shithead? Was there some quasi-political point you were trying to make?
Ridiculous theory.
Cancer kills an individual creature. Even if 90% of a species is killed by cancer most species would bounce back. However a mutation that made all of an individuals off spring a single sex would lead to extinction of most species. Our genome is full of defenses against these types of mutations and the genomes of more than a few species are littered with the scares of near misses.
Christianity is no different than Nazism, spreading hate, violence, and murder
Hitler would be proud
evilbible.com --=shows how peaceful Christianity truly is.
As opposed to what, a small supernova potato?
How about just "supernova"?
Do you find it exciting to act like a shithead?
Thank you for answering that question.
But where did the iron-60 come from? Are you telling me it travelled here across 100+ lightyears in detectable amounts?