Gray is like Sievert without a human-dose-equivalent quality multiplier. For full body gamma, beta, or xrays, 1Gy = 1Sv.
For alpha the multiplier is 20 fold iirc, and for emitted neutrons it varies.
So kinda seems to me the geigers should technically read Gy, because they aren't human. But since most of them can't do alpha, it doesn't matter, because gray = sievert in this case.
A while back I was doing some research on vacuum tube based logic circuits (don't ask). My random googling brought up repeated mention of several books. They may even be public domain by now, I'm unsure. They dated to around WWII.
Anyhow, regardless of copyright status, the things were absolute fucking unobtainium. It really is a shame that things like this essentially get lost to the wheel of time. Whether it be due to copyright, or just plain being out of print and public domain. It's a crime against knowledge.
Fortunately I don't think this will be the case in the future, as most currently released books are surely digitized (legally or not) and hopefully will be around by the time they are hopelessly obsolete, out of print, lacking demand, commercially unviable, and/or enter public domain.
The actual AC to DC conversion in a computer's PS is ridiculously efficient, almost 100%.
Where the ~20% loss comes in is the DC-DC conversion, converting 170...350V DC down to 5, 12, 3.3V.
So - if their distribution network is several hundred volts DC, each computer still has all this loss. If on the other hand, the central PS puts out 12V, 5V, etc, multiple computers are going to run insane amounts of current, which means we have very high I2R losses in the distribution network, and need a fuckton of $3/lb copper to distribute it. Even then I don't think they've be able to get it uniform enough across the network, and the PCs will need some board level regulation. (say transmit 7V, which is 7V in some areas, 6V in others, and have a regulator drop it to 5V on the board - which is going to be inefficient, again, even with a switching reg, 10% loss best case...)
Fortunately, we will have nuclear winter before 2050. Although much of the land will no longer be arable, the remaining few chosen ones who get to survive the apocalypse will have plenty of canned goods to go around.
As a side curiosity, when you have a can of beans that says: "EXP JUL 2016", what condition will it be in a year past that? 5 years past that? 10?
Perhaps we need to focus on the real issue here, developing more foods that are shelf stable for a century or two. Not feeding nine billion people.
Ah, Yugoslavia had plenty of retro pinko hardware. NATO bombed them for 78 days, and all they managed to hit was (deserted) bases, civilians, civilian factories, schools, airstrips, TV transmitters and stations, bridges, etc. Despite claims of decimating the yugo forces, they only really hit strategic dual use facilites at best, and as far as tactical it was limited to around a dozen rusting T-55s, maybe a dozen MiG-29's that were pretty much in disrepair, and probably a few dozen parked / decoy rusty MiG-21s... An airstrike on the Chinese embassy was a pretty big fuckup too.
I think almost all of the mobile AA radars, guns, SAMs, etc came out pretty much unscathed from the ordeal. I presume fixed installations got wiped out, but I'm not sure.
The Serbs even managed to knock out a F-117 with some 60's soviet hardware, so there is more to it than just hardware. I'd say Gadhaffi is a touch more hardass / total war than Milosevic too. Serbia could have kept going, the army was fine, but civilians can only handle no bridges or power and smoking factories for so long...
I also heard of the Serbs running microwaves out in the sticks with their doors off, which I suppose looks like centimetric pulse radar or so (suppose it's not pulsed, but unsure if the anti-radar bits are smart enough to figure that out). So a $25 microwave pulls in a $100k missile.
argh, I guess this is more of a reply to the replies to your post, but i'll put it here anyhow.
I could see that if it were state run perhaps, but otherwise, what is the difference? The outfit pays tax here regardless who owns it. The linesmen hanging from the towers are the same. Whether the CEO is in Toronto or Moscow is immaterial, as sweet fuck all trickles down anyhow.
They really need to get rid of the foreign ownership ban.
Is the fact that the oligopoly that is raping me happens to be Canadian supposed to make me feel better? Lets get some real competition.
Then maybe we can get things like Europe, where charging for incoming calls is looked upon like the insanity it is. Fair data and SMS rates, etc. Fucking crooks.
Fair enough about the Christians as well, I agree, it was just an example. Paradoxically American Christians seem to be some of the people that see the US as being flawless though, on the world scale. Also I did specify hardass Muslims, not Muslims as a whole.
I'm curious how you know this. Do you have surveys on the world that show their political views?
Well, for a simple example - most countries that can afford some sort of public health option... have one.
El Salvador, for example, tends to favor crime-fighting techniques that would make Sheriff Joe look like Santa Claus; but at the same time, they have a strong communist party. Does this make them left or right? No, it makes them neither.
It's possible to be leftist and an authoritarian hardass. They aren't mutually exclusive or inclusive. Certainly Stalin was both, among others.
In China there is strong support for an authoritarian state. By American standards, that is neither left nor right: it is crackpot, wrong, and un-American (really.....democrats accuse Republicans of being authoritarian and like Hitler, and Republicans accuse democrats of the same. It is the universal American insult).
I'm not really sure what to make of China these days. It's definitely authoritarian. It doesn't seem to be communist (in the Marx sense, nor the Mao/Stalin sense). I don't really know wtf you would call it. Bad, I suppose.
Kind of ironic that the US is slowly becoming more authoritarian while using the word as an insult.
When I say ideals, I'm talking about common western things. Women being free to dress like whores, commonplace consumption of alcohol, etc. Things that aren't exactly loved in the more orthodox parts of the Islamic world.
I recognize the plight of the Palestinians and the suffering of many Iraqis, Afghanis, etc. Indeed there is some cause to be angry at the west for the way they've dealt with things, but that's not what I was talking about. I think people angry as a result of this are more likely to hate American leaders due to the results of their foreign policy, as opposed to hating the american general public like the first group. Yeah?
By American standards, the world is generally a fairly leftist place.
I think the bulk of non-US/. posters are European or Canadian though, so that is somewhat what I was going for. Not to mention the story is US/EU... I think my statement holds outside of those places though.
Usually people don't hate on average American folk (outside of jest at least), so much as they do the people in power, be it senators or CEOs.
Although the fact that things like the tea party exist, and there is more than one person that likes ayn rand's books, and GWB got voted in twice, and Reagan is the most beloved president in history... those all make that a lot harder;-)
I suppose some groups may be more likely to hate Americans as a group (say Islamic fundamentalists that dislike western ideals), but westerners don't so much, I don't think. There are a lot of things I love about the US, and some very horrible things also.
These Japanese reactors are old and fairly well understood while Chernobyl was brand new. These Japanese reactors had already been in service for 16 years when Chernobyl melted down. In comparative terms there is no comparison — Chernobyl was vastly worse.
My reading: older, better known reactor designs are safer.
I think I put this in another thread the other day. The Chernobyl reactor, the exact same model was first constructed at Leningrad NPP, 1970. So.. RBMK had been running a similar amount of time when the disaster occurred. Not to mention that the soviets were piddling with graphite moderated reactors since the 50s, indeed their first "peaceful" reactor used the same system.
For as much hate as RBMK gets, it's sort of brilliant, but not without flaws of course. As long as you don't go disabling all the safeties, and having noobs running it. It can run on raw or near raw uranium, can be used for Pu production, hotswap fuel rods, and cheap, no heavy water or anything like that. And they're gigantic, 1GW electrical per reactor. Some of the later ones were 1.5GW.
Then again everyone has a price for risk vs. reward, just depends where you draw the line.
With a few modifications they are much safer now (at the cost of having to run slightly more enriched uranium, though). Kind of a damn shame that wasn't decided on at the design stage though... There are around 10 of these still running.
Slashdot Mirror
My pet rats take great offence to that comparison, you insensitive clod.
I think cancer is a more suitable match.
Gray is like Sievert without a human-dose-equivalent quality multiplier. For full body gamma, beta, or xrays, 1Gy = 1Sv.
For alpha the multiplier is 20 fold iirc, and for emitted neutrons it varies.
So kinda seems to me the geigers should technically read Gy, because they aren't human. But since most of them can't do alpha, it doesn't matter, because gray = sievert in this case.
Things can and often do decay to other radioactive elements; However 131I decays to 131Xe which is stable.
Gmail forces HTTPS these days. Maybe there is an option to turn it off, but it is default. (it used to be the other way around, not too long ago).
A while back I was doing some research on vacuum tube based logic circuits (don't ask). My random googling brought up repeated mention of several books. They may even be public domain by now, I'm unsure. They dated to around WWII.
Anyhow, regardless of copyright status, the things were absolute fucking unobtainium. It really is a shame that things like this essentially get lost to the wheel of time. Whether it be due to copyright, or just plain being out of print and public domain. It's a crime against knowledge.
Fortunately I don't think this will be the case in the future, as most currently released books are surely digitized (legally or not) and hopefully will be around by the time they are hopelessly obsolete, out of print, lacking demand, commercially unviable, and/or enter public domain.
The actual AC to DC conversion in a computer's PS is ridiculously efficient, almost 100%.
Where the ~20% loss comes in is the DC-DC conversion, converting 170...350V DC down to 5, 12, 3.3V.
So - if their distribution network is several hundred volts DC, each computer still has all this loss. If on the other hand, the central PS puts out 12V, 5V, etc, multiple computers are going to run insane amounts of current, which means we have very high I2R losses in the distribution network, and need a fuckton of $3/lb copper to distribute it. Even then I don't think they've be able to get it uniform enough across the network, and the PCs will need some board level regulation. (say transmit 7V, which is 7V in some areas, 6V in others, and have a regulator drop it to 5V on the board - which is going to be inefficient, again, even with a switching reg, 10% loss best case...)
Fortunately, we will have nuclear winter before 2050.
Although much of the land will no longer be arable, the remaining few chosen ones who get to survive the apocalypse will have plenty of canned goods to go around.
As a side curiosity, when you have a can of beans that says: "EXP JUL 2016", what condition will it be in a year past that? 5 years past that? 10?
Perhaps we need to focus on the real issue here, developing more foods that are shelf stable for a century or two. Not feeding nine billion people.
Ah, Yugoslavia had plenty of retro pinko hardware. NATO bombed them for 78 days, and all they managed to hit was (deserted) bases, civilians, civilian factories, schools, airstrips, TV transmitters and stations, bridges, etc. Despite claims of decimating the yugo forces, they only really hit strategic dual use facilites at best, and as far as tactical it was limited to around a dozen rusting T-55s, maybe a dozen MiG-29's that were pretty much in disrepair, and probably a few dozen parked / decoy rusty MiG-21s... An airstrike on the Chinese embassy was a pretty big fuckup too.
I think almost all of the mobile AA radars, guns, SAMs, etc came out pretty much unscathed from the ordeal. I presume fixed installations got wiped out, but I'm not sure.
The Serbs even managed to knock out a F-117 with some 60's soviet hardware, so there is more to it than just hardware. I'd say Gadhaffi is a touch more hardass / total war than Milosevic too. Serbia could have kept going, the army was fine, but civilians can only handle no bridges or power and smoking factories for so long...
I also heard of the Serbs running microwaves out in the sticks with their doors off, which I suppose looks like centimetric pulse radar or so (suppose it's not pulsed, but unsure if the anti-radar bits are smart enough to figure that out). So a $25 microwave pulls in a $100k missile.
argh, I guess this is more of a reply to the replies to your post, but i'll put it here anyhow.
Not brands, models. Hell, Nokia alone probably has half that many models. (well, maybe a bit of a stretch... but...)
This is one of the fundamental problems with legal persons, accountability.
Encryption is like bacon. The more the better.
It's something to do with him showing he's humble, afaik.
Kind of odd to be colonel and commander in chief though, isn't it.
I could see that if it were state run perhaps, but otherwise, what is the difference? The outfit pays tax here regardless who owns it. The linesmen hanging from the towers are the same. Whether the CEO is in Toronto or Moscow is immaterial, as sweet fuck all trickles down anyhow.
Perhaps I'm oversimplifying, though.
They really need to get rid of the foreign ownership ban.
Is the fact that the oligopoly that is raping me happens to be Canadian supposed to make me feel better?
Lets get some real competition.
Then maybe we can get things like Europe, where charging for incoming calls is looked upon like the insanity it is. Fair data and SMS rates, etc. Fucking crooks.
You can wear a fanny-pack without wearing pants.
Would you like to buy a vowel?
If it came to that, you could still NAT IPV6. It's just that other than for bullshit like this, there isn't really a need to, ja?
Fair enough about the Christians as well, I agree, it was just an example. Paradoxically American Christians seem to be some of the people that see the US as being flawless though, on the world scale. Also I did specify hardass Muslims, not Muslims as a whole.
I'm curious how you know this. Do you have surveys on the world that show their political views?
Well, for a simple example - most countries that can afford some sort of public health option... have one.
El Salvador, for example, tends to favor crime-fighting techniques that would make Sheriff Joe look like Santa Claus; but at the same time, they have a strong communist party. Does this make them left or right? No, it makes them neither.
It's possible to be leftist and an authoritarian hardass. They aren't mutually exclusive or inclusive. Certainly Stalin was both, among others.
In China there is strong support for an authoritarian state. By American standards, that is neither left nor right: it is crackpot, wrong, and un-American (really.....democrats accuse Republicans of being authoritarian and like Hitler, and Republicans accuse democrats of the same. It is the universal American insult).
I'm not really sure what to make of China these days. It's definitely authoritarian. It doesn't seem to be communist (in the Marx sense, nor the Mao/Stalin sense). I don't really know wtf you would call it. Bad, I suppose.
Kind of ironic that the US is slowly becoming more authoritarian while using the word as an insult.
When I say ideals, I'm talking about common western things. Women being free to dress like whores, commonplace consumption of alcohol, etc. Things that aren't exactly loved in the more orthodox parts of the Islamic world.
I recognize the plight of the Palestinians and the suffering of many Iraqis, Afghanis, etc. Indeed there is some cause to be angry at the west for the way they've dealt with things, but that's not what I was talking about. I think people angry as a result of this are more likely to hate American leaders due to the results of their foreign policy, as opposed to hating the american general public like the first group. Yeah?
By American standards, the world is generally a fairly leftist place.
I think the bulk of non-US /. posters are European or Canadian though, so that is somewhat what I was going for. Not to mention the story is US/EU... I think my statement holds outside of those places though.
Usually people don't hate on average American folk (outside of jest at least), so much as they do the people in power, be it senators or CEOs.
Although the fact that things like the tea party exist, and there is more than one person that likes ayn rand's books, and GWB got voted in twice, and Reagan is the most beloved president in history... those all make that a lot harder ;-)
I suppose some groups may be more likely to hate Americans as a group (say Islamic fundamentalists that dislike western ideals), but westerners don't so much, I don't think. There are a lot of things I love about the US, and some very horrible things also.
I'm Canadian, and apparently I've been spelling enrol wrong all these years, so don't feel too bad about it.
Close enough. Sometimes the pedants here give me a headache.
TFA
These Japanese reactors are old and fairly well understood while Chernobyl was brand new. These Japanese reactors had already been in service for 16 years when Chernobyl melted down. In comparative terms there is no comparison — Chernobyl was vastly worse.
My reading: older, better known reactor designs are safer.
I think I put this in another thread the other day. The Chernobyl reactor, the exact same model was first constructed at Leningrad NPP, 1970. So.. RBMK had been running a similar amount of time when the disaster occurred. Not to mention that the soviets were piddling with graphite moderated reactors since the 50s, indeed their first "peaceful" reactor used the same system.
For as much hate as RBMK gets, it's sort of brilliant, but not without flaws of course. As long as you don't go disabling all the safeties, and having noobs running it.
It can run on raw or near raw uranium, can be used for Pu production, hotswap fuel rods, and cheap, no heavy water or anything like that. And they're gigantic, 1GW electrical per reactor. Some of the later ones were 1.5GW.
Then again everyone has a price for risk vs. reward, just depends where you draw the line.
With a few modifications they are much safer now (at the cost of having to run slightly more enriched uranium, though). Kind of a damn shame that wasn't decided on at the design stage though...
There are around 10 of these still running.