Memory is fairly cheap (though if you really want lots of memory in addition to the cost of the memory itself you have to consider the cost of the platform to accomodate that memory) but cache, particulally the lower levels of cache that are closest to the CPU isn't so cheap, if you have a pointer-heavy workload (e.g. data structures that are mostly cross-references implemented using pointers) then you can fit a lot less of your workload in cache with.64-bit pointers.
For java (which is very pointer heavy) this was so bad that they implemented tricks in the VM so that if the java heap size is below a certain level then "ordinary object pointers" can be stored in 32-bits.
On linux there is something out there called x32 which aims to combine the advantages of the 64-bit processor mode with the advantages of 32-bit pointers but it's unclear if it will ever catch on.
you can fit 32Gb+ in a consumer grade desktop system.
If you had left off the + then you would have been more on the mark. The largest reasonablly available modules of desktop memory are 8GB and the most slots you will find in a mainstream desktop board is 4 (and many boards only have two). If you want to go over 32GB you have to move to the high end desktop platform (and if you want to go over 64GB you have to move to workstation/server platforms).
So while keeping costs on this side of reasonable, we're getting only half the amount of memory?
I suspect it will be a pain when the platform first comes out but in time 16GB desktop DDR4 modules will become affordable while I doubt 16GB desktop DDR3 modules ever will (if the boards even support them)
Define "Enthusiast mobos", there are plenty of LGA2011 desktop boards with 8 dimm slots.
And Intel showed a Haswell-EP system with 3 DIMM slots per channel while they keep saying it's 1 per channel; clearly we haven't gotten the full story.
That's EP not E, it wouldn't surprise me if ddr4 desktop memory only supports 1 dimm per channel while registered ECC DDR4 server memory supports more. Just as with DDR3 the desktop stuff maxed out at two dimms per channel while the server stuff went up to three dimms per channel
1: Intel desperately want to stop the portable computing market moving away from laptops and laptop-like tablets towards smartphone-like tablets. To do that they need to get the most power efficient technology possible into ultrabooks and ultrabook-like tablets. 2: Making a design work properly with 2-4 cores on one chip for laptops and mainstream desktops is a lot simpler than making it work properly with 8+ cores and inter-chip links for a server part (and the high end desktop parts are basically server parts with the inter-chip links disabled and overclocking enabled).
It is a pain to the high end desktop users who have to choose between a low end platform and a core design that is a generation behind and as such it probablly cuts into intel's high end desktop sales but ultimately those high end desktop users are a small part of the market.
Java isn't terribly inefficient itself, it's the people who write things for it.
Yes and no, you can write fast efficient code in java but you have to fight the language to do so. In particular java lacks both user defined value types and parameter pass by reference. The obiovus way round this is to just create objects on the heap willy nilly thereby creating a load of extra work for the GC. There are more efficient methods (using paralell arrays, passing in an object purely so the next level down of functions can use it as parameter passing space) but they all make your code uglier and less maintainable.
I don't see any indication that valve is going for the lockdown strategy. Steamos is debian based and has a desktop mode so I can't imagine it will be any harder to install these games on there than on a regular debian system.
You can get personalised plates in the UK (it's a nice little earner for the DVLA) but you can't just choose any combination you want. The plates sold have the same letter/number patterns as regular plates and you are not allowed to use a plate that makes your vehicle look newer than it really is.
The fact that the CRX burns half the fuel per mile of the Camaro, means that there is simply half the carbon to work with so there will be less overall pollution per mile
There will be less CO2 certainly.
Whether you consider that to imply "less overall pollution" depends on how you score the different gassess in the exhaust.
mmm, singapore is an island city state so anyone coming and going is going to have to change modes of transport and presumablly go through border control anyway.
Whereas in most cities you have a more gradual transition from high density city center to lower density suburbs. This means that if you are going to charge people extra for driving in the city centre and/or limit the number of people allowed to drive there you have to draw a somewhat arbitary line as to where "city centre" ends.
There's a 100+ points inspection every two years for all cars older than 4 years, including smog.
Here in the UK the rules on such things are not retroactive. Your car only has to pass based on the emissions requirements that were in place at the time it was made. So if your second car is an older model it likely has worse emissions. I don't know for sure about france but I'd be very surprised if it wasn't much the same.
Then again, if you can somehow afford to park a second car inside Paris (or any major euro/asia town) just for the rare day when pollution is an issue, you probably don't care about the cost of owning said car...
What about people who live in suburbia but work in the city?
I don't know about comparisons between paris and american cities but I do know that weather patterns also play a role in how pollouted cities get. It is ultimately the wind and rain that remove polloution from the cities.
The combined pollution of all the cars on the road in the entire country of France is a tiny drop in the bucket of pollution caused by industrial waste, mostly from poor countries struggling to get a foothold in the global economy.
Some polloution causes a global affect, however much of the impact of polloution is fairly localised. If the chineese in bejing have horriblly pollouted air to breathe then that sucks for them but it isn't the paris governements problem. OTOH poor air quality in paris (even if it's nowhere near as bad as bejing) is very much the paris governments problem.
Though if you are careful to gift things at least 7 years before death and ensure the old generation don't "retain an interest" in them you can avoid a lot of inheritance tax in the UK. Afaict you can also skip generations.
Electric cars still have a tiny share of Europe’s car market, but each one holds a battery that can deliver 24kWh of energy. At the end of its life, that battery could be added to a big stack at a data centre, to provide back-up and also power that could smooth the peaks of demand, reducing the data centre’s load on the electric grid.
Van der Meer reckons an electric car will have a lifetime of around 14 years, after which time the battery’s performance will have degraded, but it will still hold around 18kWh
So they reckon EV users will replace their battery packs when they are down to 3/4 of original capacity, I'd expect the kind of people who drive 14 year old cars (probablly not the original owner in most cases) to be more frugal than that.
How long will america's current gas glut last though? And if it does last how long will it be before sufficient LNG terminals are built to bring america's gas prices closer to the rest of the world.
Burning in-print books bought new does indeed seem counterproductive. The increased demand will just make the book more widely known and more readilly available, the opposite of the goal.
Burning in-print books bought secondhand will drive up the secondhand price making it more expensive for people to get a copy of the book but with a cap effectively set by the price of a new copy of the book.
Burning out of print books on the other hand can really reduce the availability if the rightsholder doesn't authorise a new print run for whatever reason.
Heh, i'm not, i'm a Brit who got through before the introduction of top-up fees and had no trouble getting funding for my phd (though I did run over the end of the funding which has cost me quite a bit but meh).
Though even for an American paying foreign student prices it's probably still cheaper to come here to Manchester than it is to go to some US universities.
I guess in cases like that the question is what is the threshold for deciding that the side buisness you have started is more important than getting your degree? should you leave to focus on a moderately succesfull buisness or should you only leave if you have a success on the scale that will set you up for a life of not having to work.
When there is a correlation you have to ask which way round is the cause and effect? is it that college makes people able to earn more? or is it that people who are able to earn more because of their innate skills/intelligence are also more likely to go to college? or is the truth somewhere in between?
AIUI the arc is based on timing information, take the timing, combine it with knowledge of the speed of light and you get a distance from the sattelite, the distance gives you a sphere, take that sphere and take it's intersection with the assumed altitude of the plane and you get a circle, cut away the bits of the circle that don't make sense (either because other information tells you the plane can't be there or because of the directionality of the antenna on the sattelite) and you get an arc.
But the timing will not be known perfectly and neither will the height of the plane, so the location of the arc will not be known perfectly. Knowing how imperfect the information is and hence how wide an area on either side of the arc needs to be searched would seem rather important.
1: As you say lack of sufficient eduaction on what random and urandom do 2: linux doesn't have a middle of the road option./dev/random is overly paranoid allowing the output to be blocked if it estimates there is less enropy coming in than going out./dev/urandom is overly loose not blocking even if the system has never gathered enough entropy to give reasonablly secure randomness. What you really want for most crypto purposes is something that will wait for sufficient seed data before starting but that will free-run after that. 3: Sometimes the overall system design means there is no good option, you either proceed with dubious randomness or you hang forever.
For a CSPRNG* the primary aim is to make it computationally infeasable for an attacker to predict the output even if the attacker has an aribiterally long sample of the output and even if the attacker knows how much output has been requested from the prng since it started.
To do this places demands on both the prng itself (it must be computationally infeasible to reverse the operations done by the prng and hence determine it's internal state from an output sample) and on the seed data fed into the prng (it must be sufficiently unknown/unpredictable to the attacker that the attacker can't obtain the seed state through a combination of his knowlage of the state of the system and brute force checking of different seed values)
Afaict it is the latter where things usually go wrong.
* Cryptographically secure psuedo-random number generator.
Slashdot Mirror
Memory is fairly cheap (though if you really want lots of memory in addition to the cost of the memory itself you have to consider the cost of the platform to accomodate that memory) but cache, particulally the lower levels of cache that are closest to the CPU isn't so cheap, if you have a pointer-heavy workload (e.g. data structures that are mostly cross-references implemented using pointers) then you can fit a lot less of your workload in cache with .64-bit pointers.
For java (which is very pointer heavy) this was so bad that they implemented tricks in the VM so that if the java heap size is below a certain level then "ordinary object pointers" can be stored in 32-bits.
On linux there is something out there called x32 which aims to combine the advantages of the 64-bit processor mode with the advantages of 32-bit pointers but it's unclear if it will ever catch on.
you can fit 32Gb+ in a consumer grade desktop system.
If you had left off the + then you would have been more on the mark. The largest reasonablly available modules of desktop memory are 8GB and the most slots you will find in a mainstream desktop board is 4 (and many boards only have two). If you want to go over 32GB you have to move to the high end desktop platform (and if you want to go over 64GB you have to move to workstation/server platforms).
So while keeping costs on this side of reasonable, we're getting only half the amount of memory?
I suspect it will be a pain when the platform first comes out but in time 16GB desktop DDR4 modules will become affordable while I doubt 16GB desktop DDR3 modules ever will (if the boards even support them)
Enthusiast mobos mostly only have 4 slots anyway.
Define "Enthusiast mobos", there are plenty of LGA2011 desktop boards with 8 dimm slots.
And Intel showed a Haswell-EP system with 3 DIMM slots per channel while they keep saying it's 1 per channel; clearly we haven't gotten the full story.
That's EP not E, it wouldn't surprise me if ddr4 desktop memory only supports 1 dimm per channel while registered ECC DDR4 server memory supports more. Just as with DDR3 the desktop stuff maxed out at two dimms per channel while the server stuff went up to three dimms per channel
It makes sense for a couple of reasons
1: Intel desperately want to stop the portable computing market moving away from laptops and laptop-like tablets towards smartphone-like tablets. To do that they need to get the most power efficient technology possible into ultrabooks and ultrabook-like tablets.
2: Making a design work properly with 2-4 cores on one chip for laptops and mainstream desktops is a lot simpler than making it work properly with 8+ cores and inter-chip links for a server part (and the high end desktop parts are basically server parts with the inter-chip links disabled and overclocking enabled).
It is a pain to the high end desktop users who have to choose between a low end platform and a core design that is a generation behind and as such it probablly cuts into intel's high end desktop sales but ultimately those high end desktop users are a small part of the market.
Java isn't terribly inefficient itself, it's the people who write things for it.
Yes and no, you can write fast efficient code in java but you have to fight the language to do so. In particular java lacks both user defined value types and parameter pass by reference. The obiovus way round this is to just create objects on the heap willy nilly thereby creating a load of extra work for the GC. There are more efficient methods (using paralell arrays, passing in an object purely so the next level down of functions can use it as parameter passing space) but they all make your code uglier and less maintainable.
I don't see any indication that valve is going for the lockdown strategy. Steamos is debian based and has a desktop mode so I can't imagine it will be any harder to install these games on there than on a regular debian system.
hmm, seems I was mistaken, while it's an island it seems it does have road links to the mainland so you wouldn'thave to change modes of transport.
Still it provides a pretty clear line for the edge of the restrictions which most cities don't have.
You can get personalised plates in the UK (it's a nice little earner for the DVLA) but you can't just choose any combination you want. The plates sold have the same letter/number patterns as regular plates and you are not allowed to use a plate that makes your vehicle look newer than it really is.
The fact that the CRX burns half the fuel per mile of the Camaro, means that there is simply half the carbon to work with so there will be less overall pollution per mile
There will be less CO2 certainly.
Whether you consider that to imply "less overall pollution" depends on how you score the different gassess in the exhaust.
mmm, singapore is an island city state so anyone coming and going is going to have to change modes of transport and presumablly go through border control anyway.
Whereas in most cities you have a more gradual transition from high density city center to lower density suburbs. This means that if you are going to charge people extra for driving in the city centre and/or limit the number of people allowed to drive there you have to draw a somewhat arbitary line as to where "city centre" ends.
There's a 100+ points inspection every two years for all cars older than 4 years, including smog.
Here in the UK the rules on such things are not retroactive. Your car only has to pass based on the emissions requirements that were in place at the time it was made. So if your second car is an older model it likely has worse emissions. I don't know for sure about france but I'd be very surprised if it wasn't much the same.
Then again, if you can somehow afford to park a second car inside Paris (or any major euro/asia town) just for the rare day when pollution is an issue, you probably don't care about the cost of owning said car...
What about people who live in suburbia but work in the city?
I don't know about comparisons between paris and american cities but I do know that weather patterns also play a role in how pollouted cities get. It is ultimately the wind and rain that remove polloution from the cities.
The combined pollution of all the cars on the road in the entire country of France is a tiny drop in the bucket of pollution caused by industrial waste, mostly from poor countries struggling to get a foothold in the global economy.
Some polloution causes a global affect, however much of the impact of polloution is fairly localised. If the chineese in bejing have horriblly pollouted air to breathe then that sucks for them but it isn't the paris governements problem. OTOH poor air quality in paris (even if it's nowhere near as bad as bejing) is very much the paris governments problem.
Though if you are careful to gift things at least 7 years before death and ensure the old generation don't "retain an interest" in them you can avoid a lot of inheritance tax in the UK. Afaict you can also skip generations.
The US is far stricter afaict.
Electric cars still have a tiny share of Europe’s car market, but each one holds a battery that can deliver 24kWh of energy. At the end of its life, that battery could be added to a big stack at a data centre, to provide back-up and also power that could smooth the peaks of demand, reducing the data centre’s load on the electric grid.
Van der Meer reckons an electric car will have a lifetime of around 14 years, after which time the battery’s performance will have degraded, but it will still hold around 18kWh
So they reckon EV users will replace their battery packs when they are down to 3/4 of original capacity, I'd expect the kind of people who drive 14 year old cars (probablly not the original owner in most cases) to be more frugal than that.
How long will america's current gas glut last though?
And if it does last how long will it be before sufficient LNG terminals are built to bring america's gas prices closer to the rest of the world.
Burning in-print books bought new does indeed seem counterproductive. The increased demand will just make the book more widely known and more readilly available, the opposite of the goal.
Burning in-print books bought secondhand will drive up the secondhand price making it more expensive for people to get a copy of the book but with a cap effectively set by the price of a new copy of the book.
Burning out of print books on the other hand can really reduce the availability if the rightsholder doesn't authorise a new print run for whatever reason.
Heh, i'm not, i'm a Brit who got through before the introduction of top-up fees and had no trouble getting funding for my phd (though I did run over the end of the funding which has cost me quite a bit but meh).
Though even for an American paying foreign student prices it's probably still cheaper to come here to Manchester than it is to go to some US universities.
I guess in cases like that the question is what is the threshold for deciding that the side buisness you have started is more important than getting your degree? should you leave to focus on a moderately succesfull buisness or should you only leave if you have a success on the scale that will set you up for a life of not having to work.
I don't know for sure but I strongly suspect that the arrangements the parent mentions are only available for australians.
When there is a correlation you have to ask which way round is the cause and effect? is it that college makes people able to earn more? or is it that people who are able to earn more because of their innate skills/intelligence are also more likely to go to college? or is the truth somewhere in between?
AIUI the arc is based on timing information, take the timing, combine it with knowledge of the speed of light and you get a distance from the sattelite, the distance gives you a sphere, take that sphere and take it's intersection with the assumed altitude of the plane and you get a circle, cut away the bits of the circle that don't make sense (either because other information tells you the plane can't be there or because of the directionality of the antenna on the sattelite) and you get an arc.
But the timing will not be known perfectly and neither will the height of the plane, so the location of the arc will not be known perfectly. Knowing how imperfect the information is and hence how wide an area on either side of the arc needs to be searched would seem rather important.
IMO there are a few problems
1: As you say lack of sufficient eduaction on what random and urandom do /dev/random is overly paranoid allowing the output to be blocked if it estimates there is less enropy coming in than going out. /dev/urandom is overly loose not blocking even if the system has never gathered enough entropy to give reasonablly secure randomness. What you really want for most crypto purposes is something that will wait for sufficient seed data before starting but that will free-run after that.
2: linux doesn't have a middle of the road option.
3: Sometimes the overall system design means there is no good option, you either proceed with dubious randomness or you hang forever.
For a CSPRNG* the primary aim is to make it computationally infeasable for an attacker to predict the output even if the attacker has an aribiterally long sample of the output and even if the attacker knows how much output has been requested from the prng since it started.
To do this places demands on both the prng itself (it must be computationally infeasible to reverse the operations done by the prng and hence determine it's internal state from an output sample) and on the seed data fed into the prng (it must be sufficiently unknown/unpredictable to the attacker that the attacker can't obtain the seed state through a combination of his knowlage of the state of the system and brute force checking of different seed values)
Afaict it is the latter where things usually go wrong.
* Cryptographically secure psuedo-random number generator.
Ususually it's not the prng itself but poor seeing that is the problem and seeding is very much an environement specific buisness.