1. Last time a 'city-killer' struck was 100 years ago, it just happened to be in an empty place.
2. This isn't a panicked response -- you can't build a satellite in a week, and this has been on the books for years. The Russian meteor is a nice reminder, but this has been a focus of many for decades.
3. My background is in astrodynamics and spacecraft design. I can do a lot better work on protecting against asteroid impacts than I could focusing on nuclear weapons. The best man from my wedding is a nuclear engineer, who does in fact work on non-proliferation. Beyond the two problems you mention, we (humanity) face a huge number of troubles, as individuals, nations, and as a whole. We don't tackle them one at a time though, and we shouldn't -- assuming we should is basically the fallacy of 'The Mythical Man-Month' writ large. The amount of time and money spent on detecting asteroid threats (and considering options to disrupt a threat) is appropriately minuscule next to that spent on other problems.
4. Developing satellites to better detect small asteroids is far different from fear-mongering against nuclear power or for anti-terrorism policies, because you have to consider side effects. Nuclear power is the most reliable way to provide non-carbon-emitting 'renewable' base power, and limiting it based on fear is thus disastrous, while reasonable fear leads us to build safer plants. Anti-terrorism policies at their core aren't bad, its only that they tend to have the nasty side effects of damaging civil liberties -- radiation detectors at ports (for instance) are fairly inexpensive and unobtrusive and thus a reasonable response to a real but overblown threat. The side effects of launching satellites to help detect city-killer sized asteroids (which is also inexpensive in the grand scheme of things) are to learn more about small bodies and the evolution of the solar system, and to develop and improve spaceflight technology. This is hardly the same kind of bargain as the fear-mongering examples.
Actually, the DSN model would work fine for a manned mission to Mars. You're never actually behind the Sun (well it might be possible, but it would be for less than a day). There is an issue where the Sun-Earth-Probe angle drops down to around 3-degrees (so, close to behind the sun), because of radio interference from the sun, but thats about a week long period that you could probably get away with. The biggest cause of comm issues at Mars is Mars itself. Fortunately, all orbiters have an Electra package that allows them to act as relays for each other and for surface assets.
Relay systems are actually more useful in the Earth-moon system at this point. A Lagrange point relay would be important for a far-side base on the moon, or a lander on that side. Earth orbit is where the biggest need for relays is, because the Earth is always in the way for LEO assets. Thats why we have TDRSS.
The biggest issue right now is simply the load on the DSN. Its underfunded and its hard to get enough time on it.
Landing on a tumbling small body is not something you 'simply' do. Doing it to apply significant thrust is even harder due to center-of-gravity issues.
A better way to have the same effect is to use a gravity tractor approach. By hovering away from the asteroid, you can use the gravitational attraction of the spacecraft on the asteroid in the same way. Since you'd need to use low thrust engines to get a significant amount of force over a reasonable time frame, the fact that the gravity tractor limits the amount of force you can apply is not too much of a constraint.
However, the advantage of this painting method (we studied something similar in graduate school, the sticking point is how to get it to adhere to the surface) is that it requires the spacecraft to perform a one-time operation, but the effect is permanent, and over 50 or 100 years it could push an earth-crossing asteroid onto an orbit that was perfectly safe. If you could send one mission out to take care of a few of the more risky ones you could do it fairly inexpensively, assuming you figure out the material issues.
The immediate transfer of kinetic energy is a small effect. The larger effect is a change in the albedo, particularly on a rotating asteroid, because that allows you to affect how the Yarkovsky effect is applied.
When you change the Yarkovsky effect, it changes a force that is applied along the velocity direction, causing it to speed up or slow down: this is the most effective way to change the orbit in a way to avoid an impact. Because the force is applied for a very long period of time, it can avoid both the immediate impact risk and cause the object to move to an orbit that is permanently safe -- however, thats a 50 or 100 year effect.
Of course this all applies to small asteroids. For a large one you're still left with with gravity tractors/explosives/etc.
It was built in Southern California. Houston let their Saturn V rot outside. The Houston team thought they were entitled to a shuttle and didn't put together a decent bid.
You're right that the nomenclature is confusing. "Private" in this case means that the NASA is attempting to kickstart a competitive market by putting itself out there as a guaranteed customer -- very similarly to how the USPS helped jump-start the commercial airline industry by guaranteeing itself as a customer to use airmail. In the end, an SLS vehicle will be owned by NASA, while a Dragon capsule or Dream Chaser vehicle will be owned by their respective companies, and are free to sell rides to anyone else (admittedly the non-US-government market is unproven).
The problem with the GOP platform is that they support NASA building their own competitor to the commercial options, effectively strangling the goal of COTS/CCDEV. As the supposed party of free markets, the GOP should recognize this and be clamoring to get the government out of LEO transportation -- the SLS program is such a ridiculous example of government waste it calls into question the party's dedication to concepts of deficit reduction and free markets.
You're correct, 'commercial' is a bit of an a awkward term here. However, there are two reasons this is a big change from past contracting methods for developing spacecraft that the government uses:
1. There is competition. The reason (well regulated) markets are efficient is not profit motive, but competition. This is why Sen. Wolfe's proposal to select only one winner was so antithetical to the purpose of the program.
2. The government is buying rides, not buying vehicles. The companies that produce Dragon, CST-100, and DreamChaser are free to sell rides to anyone arms control treaties allow. There is some mile-stone based development money right now, but thats only because it is in NASA's interest to stimulate and accelerate this market rather than build competitive vehicles.
While this won't be truly commercial until a company can do well without a government customer, this is a step in the right direction, and nothing to sneeze at.
You're assuming its an investment, not a donation. A decent planetary science mission will cost $500M in NASA dollars. Take out federal procurement and the endemic requirement growth and you can imagine a worthwhile mission for $300M.
As Ed Lu (B612 Foundation CEO who is launching the Sentinel mission) pointed out in a recent talk, this is an equivalent amount to a new wing in an art museum -- not insignificant, but not impossible. The conversation he had with a fundraiser went like this:
Fundraiser: "So you can really launch something into an orbit around the sun???"
Ed Lu: "Of course. You can really raise $300M in donations???"
A science mission won't return a monetary investment, and no one should expect it to. This doesn't mean that you can't fund it as you would other public works projects.
Actual Answer: Leave the regulatory regime completely undefined so that no one will risk launching for fear of over-restrictive 'DO SOMETHING!' regulations killing their business model after they've already settled on an approach.
Its far better to define reasonable regulations right now than wait for poorly thought out ones to be implemented later when it becomes clear they're necessary.
Also, the FAA AST (Office of Commercial Space) folks are very supportive of getting a real industry off the ground. They're space enthusiasts, not charicatures of empire-building bureacrats.
The FAA Office of Commercial Space (AST, don't ask me how the acronym and the name line up...) is attempting to do just that.
Its really a quite nice arrangement, because the FAA has been working on this since when the concept of private space flight had an extremely large 'giggle factor', and they have been working back and forth with the commercial providers to ensure that the regulations make sense and won't be too restrictive, while still maintaining safety.
Plus everyone I've met from AST has been really friendly.
Not quite though. The difference between traditional government contracting and the current COTS/CCDev approach is subtle but important.
Development of all NASA vehicles (past the initial architecture studies) are done largely by private companies such as Lockheed Martin. However, the contracts for doing so are basically that the contractor is building exactly what the government asked of them, and they will be paid whatever the development costs with an additional guaranteed profit on top of it -- thus the name 'cost-plus contracting.' While this is necessary for high-risk, low-reward development, its something to avoid whenever possible since it combines the lack of competition of monopolistic or governmental development with the desire of corporations to increase their profits -- this is clearly a recipe for rising costs.
COTS and CCDev operate on a model more like how you and I buy things. The companies contracted this way are being paid a fixed amount and expected to produce. Because this is an expensive field, some of the money is being provided up front (and at certain milestones) in order to speed up development, but even if the final product ends up costing more than NASA pays, we the taxpayer don't pay any extra -- the companies involved will still finish it though because otherwise they don't get paid (assuming they're far enough along at the time of realizing they're going to be over-budget that its still cheaper to finish). After development, it will be a purely pay for service contract, different from getting a Super Shuttle from the airport only in scale. By having multiple competitors and fixed-price contracts, costs and quality will be controlled.
So yes, all previously development was 'commercial' as well. As someone involved in pushing for these "New Space" approaches, I really wish we had picked a better name for it, because the difference is subtle but importantly. Personally, I really like the name COTS because it implies the true goal: to make purchasing flights to orbit as simple as pulling the best competitor for the particular mission 'off the shelf' rather than requesting cost-plus custom solutions.
The problem isn't the NASA budget as a whole, which as you point out is doing all right by historical standards, particularly given the larger budget situation within the government. The talk of cuts has more to do with allocations within NASA.
Specifically, SLS (the new heavy-lift to nowhere rocket) and James Webb Space Telescope are eating everyone else's lunch. Planetary Science and Commercial Cargo/Crew development, along with Earth Science, are the programs suffering from this.
SLS is the real tragedy, because its 2+ billion/year funding is so senseless. NASA can't build it to meet the congress-specified requirements within the congress-specified funding, and doesn't know what they would do with it if they could build it -- it would be capable of launching very rarely and at an excessive cost. The only people who want the thing built are the lawmakers, thus its nickname, the Senate Launch System. Amusingly, its been described as a 'backup' to commercial development, which they want to cut from $800M/year down to $450M/year to pay for it, and require NASA to pick a winner now (which the government is notoriously bad at). The money is a complete waste because it will certainly be cancelled by a new congress long before it ever gets anywhere near being built.
The other killer thats causing budget cuts across the science division is James Webb, the next big space telescope. This one isn't quite as depressing because at least its likely to be useful when completed, but its been incredibly mismanaged as the costs have ballooned from less than $2B to more than $8B. In order to keep it alive, much of the rest of the science division has suffered.
Ultimately, when they speak of 'budget cuts' for NASA, its cuts for internal programs, and the blame can be laid largely on micro-management by Congress.
Re:Focus on Mobile development
on
Qt 5 Alpha Released
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· Score: 3, Informative
My interpretation is that Qt Quick is not yet suitable for desktop use, while the 'old-style' C++ objects should remain as usable as they are now.
While I'd love to see how Quick could help with improving my workflow, since I only work on desktop interfaces I guess I'll have to wait.
'Edge of space' is well below the Van Allen belts. The cost of space-electronics comes from having to harden them against radiation. Cosmic rays can and will cause bits to flip at random, so you need to harden them against all but the most energetic particles -- something in the upper atmosphere (which is where these high-altitude balloon cameras are), is protected by the same magnetic fields that protect us on the ground.
The other option is to stick your electronics in a lead box (see Juno), but a camera won't work very well that way.
And if imaging were the primary purpose of the mission (such as on LRO), then the camera would be much better, and much more expensive. GRAIL is intended to map the gravity of the moon, and the MoonKAMs are attached for the sake of reaching out to schoolchildren, not for science, since LRO is doing a fine job of that, so they went with something cheaper.
Look at the sequence of the failures: First 3 failures with all the ones after those being successful. This means that they learned the appropriate lessons from the early failures.
While the small number of flights is still too low to make me confident in their safety, I wouldn't say the early failures are a particular cause for concern. Its not like Orbital Sciences where the most recent launches have dumped their payloads in the ocean.
No. Just no. While thats true for some people, many people live in places well suited for public transportation, they just dont have it.
I live in LA. Winter means I might want to put on a scarf early in the morning, but I still may want short sleeves by the afternoon -- that's not weather extremes. Its also densely populated. This place would be great to have public transportation --- but they filled in half the light rail lines decades ago because they decided to be a 'car town'. Now, I'm fortunate to be able to take a bus to work only because my (large) employer subsidizes the city to keep my line open, and though I live on a metro station it doesn't seem to go anywhere I'd actually want to go -- the beach, the airport, etc.
While that excuse may work for Wyoming, the excuse of us being more spread out is nonsense for most Americans, just as it is when we talk about our flagging broadband market.
As a active supporter of commercial space efforts both within NASA and outside of NASA, as well as a someone who's paying job involves the unmanned Mars program, I will be the first to say that private spaceflight does not negate the importance of publicly supported exploration - they complement each other.
Government's job, in my opinion, is to do those things that private industry can't -- thinks that don't necessarily return an immediate profit (or shouldn't) but are nonetheless good or necessary for our society. For the space program, this means the 'Lewis and Clark' role, where the government funds a risky venture for the benefit of us all, leaving the infrastructure and knowledge for its citizens to follow.
Right now we're at a point where the government has demonstrated the abilities and technology required to get satellites and people to low Earth orbit. Most satellites, except those of actual use to other government agencies, have transitioned to private industry, which has worked hard to drive down prices and increase reliability. Now its time for the government to at least get out of the way, and hopefully help bootstrap (through COTS) the same transformation in manned flight. If there is no profit to be had, then we need to reconsider things, but apparently enough companies think that there is that we should let them have a chance.
Nonetheless, beyond Earth orbit is not there yet. There is not yet an obvious impetus for private individuals and companies to explore Mars or other planets, yet I think most of us (here at least) recognize that it is in the long-term interest of our society. Therefor this is the proper role of government, and something that should be supported -- especially since in the grand scheme of the US Federal Budget, NASA represents a few crumbs.
My hope is, though, that improvements in access to LEO encouraged by private development will truly complement the government programs, and allow the us to do more with the same amount of money.
The second aspect of my statement focuses particularly on non-gravitational forces on the asteroid, which would not be measured by a free-floating beacon.
Understanding the effects for a small asteroid could inform our understanding of how larger asteroids would behave as well, thus serving to help us better predict contintent-killers like Apophis.
Of course, I'd much rather bring them in closer and mine them, but that would be more difficult, so tracking would probably happen first (and be good practice for eventual capture missions).
As far as allocation of resources go, that really depends. I'd have to see detailed studies on what a mission like this would cost.
Actually, trajectories of small bodies like that are quite interesting. Two things stand out to me (I did some of my graduate work looking at missions to small-ish asteroids like Apophis which is ~300 meters, so bigger than this but smaller than large asteroids).
1. If this is loosely captured by Earth with multi-month orbits it is on the edges of the Earth's sphere of influence where the Earth and the Sun's gravity really interplay in weird ways and small uncertainties in its current state could turn into huge uncertainties later.
2. For a very small asteroid, the surface-area-to-mass ratio is very high, meaning effects of solar pressure and the Yarkovsky effect will cause it to behave very differently. The ability to track an asteroid like this could greatly inform models of these effects.
If you could find many of these and have a spacecraft able to rendezvous and deposit a tracker on new ones as we find them, it could greatly benefit studies of near-Earth objects. Of course, a mission to do that sounds extremely challenging (but very interesting to work on).
The GRAIL mission costs ~$400B. The NASA budget is ~$17B/year.
If you could fix the economy/budget problems with that amount of money in a politically viable way, GO TELL SOMEONE! Seriously... thats chump change in terms of the federal budget.
I'm not sure I follow. While NASA is certainly having issues, none of the other programs are particularly stronger.
Russia: Riding the coat-tails of good design decisions many years ago (not that there's anything wrong with that, I wish we had a Soyuz-like design). Soyuz is simple and reliable and they can just keep on flying them without significant development costs. However, as indicated by their recent Mars probe their new development efforts have unfortunately decayed -- GRUNT suffered from not enough money to support decent redundancy and contingency planning.
Chinese: New and developing, and building on Soviet technology. I hope their efforts will be strong and civil-focused, even after the geo-political advantages fade, but in anything but currently being able to reproduce Soviet results with plenty of money, there's nothing I'm too worried about.
Europeans: Here's where you lost me. If your criteria was 'currently being able to fly people' then I could understand (but disagree), but the ESA is essentially a peer to the science mission directorate at NASA, with no manned capability. Considering EU budgets are even more problematic than the US budget I wouldn't say that their taking the lead, though I hope they remain valuable partners.
Personally, I'm tired of all the negativity about the NASA right now. Its been a rough few years, with no one in charge having enough sense to put NASA's manned program on a sustainable course. Now though, even with this SLS nonsense, we're finally on a path to develop robust access capabilities with multiple capsules on multiple launch vehicles. The unmanned programs are shining brightly still, with 3 launches, a comet flyby, the first vehicle in orbit of an asteroid, and the first spacecraft arriving at Mercury this year. We've continued to find more and stronger evidence of water on Mars, and have found ever-more Earth-like exo-planets. Not too shabby for one year.
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1. Last time a 'city-killer' struck was 100 years ago, it just happened to be in an empty place.
2. This isn't a panicked response -- you can't build a satellite in a week, and this has been on the books for years. The Russian meteor is a nice reminder, but this has been a focus of many for decades.
3. My background is in astrodynamics and spacecraft design. I can do a lot better work on protecting against asteroid impacts than I could focusing on nuclear weapons. The best man from my wedding is a nuclear engineer, who does in fact work on non-proliferation. Beyond the two problems you mention, we (humanity) face a huge number of troubles, as individuals, nations, and as a whole. We don't tackle them one at a time though, and we shouldn't -- assuming we should is basically the fallacy of 'The Mythical Man-Month' writ large. The amount of time and money spent on detecting asteroid threats (and considering options to disrupt a threat) is appropriately minuscule next to that spent on other problems.
4. Developing satellites to better detect small asteroids is far different from fear-mongering against nuclear power or for anti-terrorism policies, because you have to consider side effects. Nuclear power is the most reliable way to provide non-carbon-emitting 'renewable' base power, and limiting it based on fear is thus disastrous, while reasonable fear leads us to build safer plants. Anti-terrorism policies at their core aren't bad, its only that they tend to have the nasty side effects of damaging civil liberties -- radiation detectors at ports (for instance) are fairly inexpensive and unobtrusive and thus a reasonable response to a real but overblown threat. The side effects of launching satellites to help detect city-killer sized asteroids (which is also inexpensive in the grand scheme of things) are to learn more about small bodies and the evolution of the solar system, and to develop and improve spaceflight technology. This is hardly the same kind of bargain as the fear-mongering examples.
Actually, the DSN model would work fine for a manned mission to Mars. You're never actually behind the Sun (well it might be possible, but it would be for less than a day). There is an issue where the Sun-Earth-Probe angle drops down to around 3-degrees (so, close to behind the sun), because of radio interference from the sun, but thats about a week long period that you could probably get away with. The biggest cause of comm issues at Mars is Mars itself. Fortunately, all orbiters have an Electra package that allows them to act as relays for each other and for surface assets.
Relay systems are actually more useful in the Earth-moon system at this point. A Lagrange point relay would be important for a far-side base on the moon, or a lander on that side. Earth orbit is where the biggest need for relays is, because the Earth is always in the way for LEO assets. Thats why we have TDRSS.
The biggest issue right now is simply the load on the DSN. Its underfunded and its hard to get enough time on it.
Landing on a tumbling small body is not something you 'simply' do. Doing it to apply significant thrust is even harder due to center-of-gravity issues.
A better way to have the same effect is to use a gravity tractor approach. By hovering away from the asteroid, you can use the gravitational attraction of the spacecraft on the asteroid in the same way. Since you'd need to use low thrust engines to get a significant amount of force over a reasonable time frame, the fact that the gravity tractor limits the amount of force you can apply is not too much of a constraint.
However, the advantage of this painting method (we studied something similar in graduate school, the sticking point is how to get it to adhere to the surface) is that it requires the spacecraft to perform a one-time operation, but the effect is permanent, and over 50 or 100 years it could push an earth-crossing asteroid onto an orbit that was perfectly safe. If you could send one mission out to take care of a few of the more risky ones you could do it fairly inexpensively, assuming you figure out the material issues.
The immediate transfer of kinetic energy is a small effect. The larger effect is a change in the albedo, particularly on a rotating asteroid, because that allows you to affect how the Yarkovsky effect is applied.
When you change the Yarkovsky effect, it changes a force that is applied along the velocity direction, causing it to speed up or slow down: this is the most effective way to change the orbit in a way to avoid an impact. Because the force is applied for a very long period of time, it can avoid both the immediate impact risk and cause the object to move to an orbit that is permanently safe -- however, thats a 50 or 100 year effect.
Of course this all applies to small asteroids. For a large one you're still left with with gravity tractors/explosives/etc.
It was built in Southern California. Houston let their Saturn V rot outside. The Houston team thought they were entitled to a shuttle and didn't put together a decent bid.
So it goes.
You're right that the nomenclature is confusing. "Private" in this case means that the NASA is attempting to kickstart a competitive market by putting itself out there as a guaranteed customer -- very similarly to how the USPS helped jump-start the commercial airline industry by guaranteeing itself as a customer to use airmail. In the end, an SLS vehicle will be owned by NASA, while a Dragon capsule or Dream Chaser vehicle will be owned by their respective companies, and are free to sell rides to anyone else (admittedly the non-US-government market is unproven).
The problem with the GOP platform is that they support NASA building their own competitor to the commercial options, effectively strangling the goal of COTS/CCDEV. As the supposed party of free markets, the GOP should recognize this and be clamoring to get the government out of LEO transportation -- the SLS program is such a ridiculous example of government waste it calls into question the party's dedication to concepts of deficit reduction and free markets.
It is tonight (the night of Sunday Aug. 5 in the US).
However, on the east coast, and in UTC, this is actually early in the morning on Aug 6, so by some definitions you could call it 'tomorrow'.
You're correct, 'commercial' is a bit of an a awkward term here. However, there are two reasons this is a big change from past contracting methods for developing spacecraft that the government uses:
1. There is competition. The reason (well regulated) markets are efficient is not profit motive, but competition. This is why Sen. Wolfe's proposal to select only one winner was so antithetical to the purpose of the program.
2. The government is buying rides, not buying vehicles. The companies that produce Dragon, CST-100, and DreamChaser are free to sell rides to anyone arms control treaties allow. There is some mile-stone based development money right now, but thats only because it is in NASA's interest to stimulate and accelerate this market rather than build competitive vehicles.
While this won't be truly commercial until a company can do well without a government customer, this is a step in the right direction, and nothing to sneeze at.
You're assuming its an investment, not a donation. A decent planetary science mission will cost $500M in NASA dollars. Take out federal procurement and the endemic requirement growth and you can imagine a worthwhile mission for $300M.
As Ed Lu (B612 Foundation CEO who is launching the Sentinel mission) pointed out in a recent talk, this is an equivalent amount to a new wing in an art museum -- not insignificant, but not impossible. The conversation he had with a fundraiser went like this:
Fundraiser: "So you can really launch something into an orbit around the sun???"
Ed Lu: "Of course. You can really raise $300M in donations???"
A science mission won't return a monetary investment, and no one should expect it to. This doesn't mean that you can't fund it as you would other public works projects.
Actual Answer: Leave the regulatory regime completely undefined so that no one will risk launching for fear of over-restrictive 'DO SOMETHING!' regulations killing their business model after they've already settled on an approach.
Its far better to define reasonable regulations right now than wait for poorly thought out ones to be implemented later when it becomes clear they're necessary.
Also, the FAA AST (Office of Commercial Space) folks are very supportive of getting a real industry off the ground. They're space enthusiasts, not charicatures of empire-building bureacrats.
The FAA Office of Commercial Space (AST, don't ask me how the acronym and the name line up...) is attempting to do just that.
Its really a quite nice arrangement, because the FAA has been working on this since when the concept of private space flight had an extremely large 'giggle factor', and they have been working back and forth with the commercial providers to ensure that the regulations make sense and won't be too restrictive, while still maintaining safety.
Plus everyone I've met from AST has been really friendly.
Not quite though. The difference between traditional government contracting and the current COTS/CCDev approach is subtle but important.
Development of all NASA vehicles (past the initial architecture studies) are done largely by private companies such as Lockheed Martin. However, the contracts for doing so are basically that the contractor is building exactly what the government asked of them, and they will be paid whatever the development costs with an additional guaranteed profit on top of it -- thus the name 'cost-plus contracting.' While this is necessary for high-risk, low-reward development, its something to avoid whenever possible since it combines the lack of competition of monopolistic or governmental development with the desire of corporations to increase their profits -- this is clearly a recipe for rising costs.
COTS and CCDev operate on a model more like how you and I buy things. The companies contracted this way are being paid a fixed amount and expected to produce. Because this is an expensive field, some of the money is being provided up front (and at certain milestones) in order to speed up development, but even if the final product ends up costing more than NASA pays, we the taxpayer don't pay any extra -- the companies involved will still finish it though because otherwise they don't get paid (assuming they're far enough along at the time of realizing they're going to be over-budget that its still cheaper to finish). After development, it will be a purely pay for service contract, different from getting a Super Shuttle from the airport only in scale. By having multiple competitors and fixed-price contracts, costs and quality will be controlled.
So yes, all previously development was 'commercial' as well. As someone involved in pushing for these "New Space" approaches, I really wish we had picked a better name for it, because the difference is subtle but importantly. Personally, I really like the name COTS because it implies the true goal: to make purchasing flights to orbit as simple as pulling the best competitor for the particular mission 'off the shelf' rather than requesting cost-plus custom solutions.
The problem isn't the NASA budget as a whole, which as you point out is doing all right by historical standards, particularly given the larger budget situation within the government. The talk of cuts has more to do with allocations within NASA.
Specifically, SLS (the new heavy-lift to nowhere rocket) and James Webb Space Telescope are eating everyone else's lunch. Planetary Science and Commercial Cargo/Crew development, along with Earth Science, are the programs suffering from this.
SLS is the real tragedy, because its 2+ billion/year funding is so senseless. NASA can't build it to meet the congress-specified requirements within the congress-specified funding, and doesn't know what they would do with it if they could build it -- it would be capable of launching very rarely and at an excessive cost. The only people who want the thing built are the lawmakers, thus its nickname, the Senate Launch System. Amusingly, its been described as a 'backup' to commercial development, which they want to cut from $800M/year down to $450M/year to pay for it, and require NASA to pick a winner now (which the government is notoriously bad at). The money is a complete waste because it will certainly be cancelled by a new congress long before it ever gets anywhere near being built.
The other killer thats causing budget cuts across the science division is James Webb, the next big space telescope. This one isn't quite as depressing because at least its likely to be useful when completed, but its been incredibly mismanaged as the costs have ballooned from less than $2B to more than $8B. In order to keep it alive, much of the rest of the science division has suffered.
Ultimately, when they speak of 'budget cuts' for NASA, its cuts for internal programs, and the blame can be laid largely on micro-management by Congress.
My interpretation is that Qt Quick is not yet suitable for desktop use, while the 'old-style' C++ objects should remain as usable as they are now.
While I'd love to see how Quick could help with improving my workflow, since I only work on desktop interfaces I guess I'll have to wait.
'Edge of space' is well below the Van Allen belts. The cost of space-electronics comes from having to harden them against radiation. Cosmic rays can and will cause bits to flip at random, so you need to harden them against all but the most energetic particles -- something in the upper atmosphere (which is where these high-altitude balloon cameras are), is protected by the same magnetic fields that protect us on the ground.
The other option is to stick your electronics in a lead box (see Juno), but a camera won't work very well that way.
And if imaging were the primary purpose of the mission (such as on LRO), then the camera would be much better, and much more expensive. GRAIL is intended to map the gravity of the moon, and the MoonKAMs are attached for the sake of reaching out to schoolchildren, not for science, since LRO is doing a fine job of that, so they went with something cheaper.
Look at the sequence of the failures: First 3 failures with all the ones after those being successful. This means that they learned the appropriate lessons from the early failures.
While the small number of flights is still too low to make me confident in their safety, I wouldn't say the early failures are a particular cause for concern. Its not like Orbital Sciences where the most recent launches have dumped their payloads in the ocean.
No. Just no. While thats true for some people, many people live in places well suited for public transportation, they just dont have it.
I live in LA. Winter means I might want to put on a scarf early in the morning, but I still may want short sleeves by the afternoon -- that's not weather extremes. Its also densely populated. This place would be great to have public transportation --- but they filled in half the light rail lines decades ago because they decided to be a 'car town'. Now, I'm fortunate to be able to take a bus to work only because my (large) employer subsidizes the city to keep my line open, and though I live on a metro station it doesn't seem to go anywhere I'd actually want to go -- the beach, the airport, etc.
While that excuse may work for Wyoming, the excuse of us being more spread out is nonsense for most Americans, just as it is when we talk about our flagging broadband market.
As a active supporter of commercial space efforts both within NASA and outside of NASA, as well as a someone who's paying job involves the unmanned Mars program, I will be the first to say that private spaceflight does not negate the importance of publicly supported exploration - they complement each other.
Government's job, in my opinion, is to do those things that private industry can't -- thinks that don't necessarily return an immediate profit (or shouldn't) but are nonetheless good or necessary for our society. For the space program, this means the 'Lewis and Clark' role, where the government funds a risky venture for the benefit of us all, leaving the infrastructure and knowledge for its citizens to follow.
Right now we're at a point where the government has demonstrated the abilities and technology required to get satellites and people to low Earth orbit. Most satellites, except those of actual use to other government agencies, have transitioned to private industry, which has worked hard to drive down prices and increase reliability. Now its time for the government to at least get out of the way, and hopefully help bootstrap (through COTS) the same transformation in manned flight. If there is no profit to be had, then we need to reconsider things, but apparently enough companies think that there is that we should let them have a chance.
Nonetheless, beyond Earth orbit is not there yet. There is not yet an obvious impetus for private individuals and companies to explore Mars or other planets, yet I think most of us (here at least) recognize that it is in the long-term interest of our society. Therefor this is the proper role of government, and something that should be supported -- especially since in the grand scheme of the US Federal Budget, NASA represents a few crumbs.
My hope is, though, that improvements in access to LEO encouraged by private development will truly complement the government programs, and allow the us to do more with the same amount of money.
Actually it does.
The second aspect of my statement focuses particularly on non-gravitational forces on the asteroid, which would not be measured by a free-floating beacon.
Understanding the effects for a small asteroid could inform our understanding of how larger asteroids would behave as well, thus serving to help us better predict contintent-killers like Apophis.
Of course, I'd much rather bring them in closer and mine them, but that would be more difficult, so tracking would probably happen first (and be good practice for eventual capture missions).
As far as allocation of resources go, that really depends. I'd have to see detailed studies on what a mission like this would cost.
Actually, trajectories of small bodies like that are quite interesting. Two things stand out to me (I did some of my graduate work looking at missions to small-ish asteroids like Apophis which is ~300 meters, so bigger than this but smaller than large asteroids).
1. If this is loosely captured by Earth with multi-month orbits it is on the edges of the Earth's sphere of influence where the Earth and the Sun's gravity really interplay in weird ways and small uncertainties in its current state could turn into huge uncertainties later.
2. For a very small asteroid, the surface-area-to-mass ratio is very high, meaning effects of solar pressure and the Yarkovsky effect will cause it to behave very differently. The ability to track an asteroid like this could greatly inform models of these effects.
If you could find many of these and have a spacecraft able to rendezvous and deposit a tracker on new ones as we find them, it could greatly benefit studies of near-Earth objects. Of course, a mission to do that sounds extremely challenging (but very interesting to work on).
Oops. $400M for GRAIL. If it were $400B you might have a better point.
The GRAIL mission costs ~$400B. The NASA budget is ~$17B/year.
If you could fix the economy/budget problems with that amount of money in a politically viable way, GO TELL SOMEONE! Seriously... thats chump change in terms of the federal budget.
My renters insurance and at least specifies that it covers damage from 'aircraft and spacecraft'.
So... possibly yes?
I'm not sure I follow. While NASA is certainly having issues, none of the other programs are particularly stronger.
Russia: Riding the coat-tails of good design decisions many years ago (not that there's anything wrong with that, I wish we had a Soyuz-like design). Soyuz is simple and reliable and they can just keep on flying them without significant development costs. However, as indicated by their recent Mars probe their new development efforts have unfortunately decayed -- GRUNT suffered from not enough money to support decent redundancy and contingency planning.
Chinese: New and developing, and building on Soviet technology. I hope their efforts will be strong and civil-focused, even after the geo-political advantages fade, but in anything but currently being able to reproduce Soviet results with plenty of money, there's nothing I'm too worried about.
Europeans: Here's where you lost me. If your criteria was 'currently being able to fly people' then I could understand (but disagree), but the ESA is essentially a peer to the science mission directorate at NASA, with no manned capability. Considering EU budgets are even more problematic than the US budget I wouldn't say that their taking the lead, though I hope they remain valuable partners.
Personally, I'm tired of all the negativity about the NASA right now. Its been a rough few years, with no one in charge having enough sense to put NASA's manned program on a sustainable course. Now though, even with this SLS nonsense, we're finally on a path to develop robust access capabilities with multiple capsules on multiple launch vehicles. The unmanned programs are shining brightly still, with 3 launches, a comet flyby, the first vehicle in orbit of an asteroid, and the first spacecraft arriving at Mercury this year. We've continued to find more and stronger evidence of water on Mars, and have found ever-more Earth-like exo-planets. Not too shabby for one year.