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otential energy
..., h2, while the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7, ..., h7. Pawns are differentiated by the files in which they currently stand, for example one speaks of "white's f-pawn". Sometimes, however, pawns are still referred to using descriptive notation, e.g. "white's king's bishop's pawn".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Potential Energy is energy stored in an object or substance. Examples include
* gravitational potential energy stored as a result of the elevated position of an object such as a rock on top of a hill or water behind a dam. It is stated as PEg = mgh , where m is the mass of the object in kilograms, and g is the force of gravity in Newtons at height h in meters.
* elastic potential energy stored as the result of a deformed solid such as a stretched spring. It is stated as PEe = 1/2 kx2 , where k is the spring constant, expressed in N/m, and x is the displacement from the relaxed position, expressed in meters.
* chemical potential energy stored in a molecular substance such as a hydrocarbon, which may be released by a chemical reaction (see oxidation)
* electrical potential energy
Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done going around a loop is zero, then the force is said to be conservative and it is possible to define a numerical value of potential associated with every point in space. For example, gravity is a conservative force. The work done by a unit mass going from point A with PE=a to point B with PE=b by gravity is (b-a) and the work done going back the other way is (a-b) so that the total work done from
A --> B --> A = (b-a)+(a-b) = 0
The nice thing about potential energy is that you can add any number to all points in space and it doesn't affect the physics. If we redefine the potential at A to = a+c and the PE at B to be b+c [where c can be any number, positive or negative, but it must be the same number for all points] then the work done going from
A --> B = (b+c)-(a+c)= b-a as before.
In practical terms, this means that you can set the zero of PE anywhere you like. You might set it to be zero at the surface of the Earth or you might find it more convenient to set it zero at infinity.
A thing to note about conservative forces is that the work done going from A --> B does not depend on the route taken. If it did then it would be pointless to define a PE at each point in space. An example of a non-conservative force is friction. With friction, the route you take does affect the amount of work done, and it makes no sense at all to define a PE associated with friction.
All the examples above are actually force field stored energy (sometimes in disguise). For example in elastic PE, stretching an elastic material forces the atoms very slightly, further apart. Powerful electromagnetic forces try to keep the atoms at their optimal distance and so elastic PE is actually electromagnetic PE. Having said that, scientists rarely talk about forces on an atomic scale. Everything is phrased in terms of energy rather than force. You can think of PE as being derived from force or you can think of force as being derived from PE.
Lexicographical Note: In this document, potential energy is symbolized with PE. However, in most scientific circles, it is symbolized by U. outh Brooksville, Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
South Brooksville is a town located in Hernando County, Florida. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,376.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 9.2 km (3.6 mi). 9.1 km (3.5 mi) of it is land and 0.2 km (0.1 mi) of it is water. The total area is 1.69% water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 1,376 people, 559 households, and 386 families residing in the town. The population density is 151.4/km (392.5/mi). There are 636 housing units at an average density of 70.0 persons/km (181.4 persons/mi). The racial makeup of the town is 58.72% White, 37.35% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 1.16% from other races, and 2.18% from two or more races. 4.36% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 559 households out of which 29.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% are married couples living together, 20.2% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 30.8% are non-families. 25.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.93.
In the town the population is spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $28,073, and the median income for a family is $25,956. Males have a median income of $27,292 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the town is $15,758. 16.1% of the population and 11.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 16.9% are under the age of 18 and 11.7% are 65 or older.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Maximilian I of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor, was born March 22, 1459 in Vienna and died January 12, 1519 in Wels, Upper Austria.
Maximilian was the son of the Emperor Frederick III. He married (1477-1482) the heiress of Burgundy, Mary, the only daughter of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. Through this marriage, Maximilian obtained the Netherlands and the Free County of Burgundy following Charles's death, though France took Burgundy proper.
Elected king of the Romans in 1486, he became Holy Roman Emperor upon his father's death in 1493. The following year brought French intervention in Italy, inaugurating the prolonged Italian Wars which were to turn in the Empire's favour only after Maximilian's death.
In order to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to secure Bohemia and Hungary for the Habsburgs, Maximilian I met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at Vienna in 1515. The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia a decade later. Maximilian was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip having died in 1506.
Allen Township, Pennsylvania
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Allen Township is a township located in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 2,630.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 28.9 km (11.2 mi). 28.7 km (11.1 mi) of it is land and 0.2 km (0.1 mi) of it is water. The total area is 0.63% water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 2,630 people, 1,001 households, and 805 families residing in the township. The population density is 91.6/km (237.1/mi). There are 1,030 housing units at an average density of 35.9 persons/km (92.9 persons/mi). The racial makeup of the township is 98.67% White, 0.19% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. 1.10% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 1,001 households out of which 31.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.7% are married couples living together, 5.6% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 19.5% are non-families. 14.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.63 and the average family size is 2.91.
In the township the population is spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township is $54,464, and the median income for a family is $59,702. Males have a median income of $41,219 versus $27,930 for females. The per capita income for the township is $23,859. 1.7% of the population and 1.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 1.6% are under the age of 18 and 1.4% are 65 or older.
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Pawn (chess)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The pawn is the weakest and most numerous piece in the game of chess, representing infantry, or more particularly pikemen. Each player begins the game with eight pawns, one on each square of his second rank. In algebraic notation the white pawns start on a2, b2, c2,
Cb pawn move.png
Pawn movement
Pawns are unusual in movement and use. Unlike all the other pieces, pawns may not move backwards. Normally the pawn moves by advancing a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its initial position, it has the option to advance two squares. Pawns may not use the initial two-square advance to jump over an occupied square. In the diagram at left, the pawn on c4 may move to c5, while the pawn on e2 may move to either e3 or e4.
Cb pawn capture.png
Pawn capture
Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right. In the diagram to the right, the white pawn may capture either the black rook or the black knight. Any piece directly in front of a pawn, friend or foe, blocks its advance.
Cb pawn ep.png
En passant capture
An even more unusual move is the en passant capture. This arises when a pawn uses its initial-move option to advance two squares instead of one, and in so doing passes over a square that is attacked by an enemy pawn. That enemy pawn, which would have been able to capture the moving pawn had it advanced only one square, is entitled to capture the moving pawn "in passing" as if it had advanced only one square. The capturing pawn moves into the empty square over which the moving pawn moved, and the moving pawn is removed from the board. In the diagram at left, the black pawn has just moved c7 to c5, so the white pawn may capture it by moving from d5 to c6. The option to capture en passant must be exercised on the move immediately following the double-square pawn advance, or it is lost and may not be made later.
Finally, a pawn that advances all the way to the opposite side of the board (the opposing player's first rank) is promoted to another piece of that player's choice. The pawn is immediately (before the opposing player's next move) replaced by a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. Promotion is often called "queening", because the piece chosen is nearly always a queen.
In practice, a promoted pawn is often replaced with a piece previously captured, because standard chess sets do not come with additional pieces. The choice of promotion, however is not limited to captured pieces. It is perfectly acceptable to have, say, three knights, or two or more queens simultaneously in play. In fact, one notable world championship game went for many moves with four queens on the board. When extra pieces are not available, a second queen is often indicated by an inverted rook.
Strategy
Pawns are the source of nearly all of the strategic depth of chess. If pieces are temporarily badly placed, they can be regrouped more favorably. A poorly placed pawn, in contrast, cannot retreat to a more favorable position, it can only advance further.
Chess pawn chain.png
Locked pawn chains
Because pawns capture diagonally and can be blocked from moving straight forward, opposing pawns often become locked in diagonal chains of two or three, where each player controls squares of one color. In the diagram at left, black and white have locked their d- and e-pawns.
Generally speaking, the pawn structure determines the strategic flavor of a game. In the diagram at left, white has a long-term space advantage. White will have an easier time than black in finding good spaces for his pieces, particularly with an eye to a kingside attack. Black, in contrast, suffers from a "bad bishop" on c8, which is prevented by his own pawns from finding a good square and/or helping out on the kingside.
On the other hand, white's pawns are somewhat over-extended and vulnerable to attack. Black can undermine the white pawn chain with an immediate c7-c5 and perhaps a later f7-f6. An advanced piece, when attacked, has the option of retreating, but far advanced pawns are sitting targets.
Chess pawn isolated.png
Black's d5 pawn is isolated
Pawns on adjacent files are strong, because they can support each other in attack and defense. A pawn which has no friendly pawns in neighboring files is isolated. The square in front of an isolated pawn may become an enduring weakness. Any piece placed directly in front not only blocks the advance of that pawn, but can't be driven away by other pawns.
In the diagram at right, black has an isolated pawn on d5. If all the pieces except the kings were removed, the weakness of d4 might prove fatal to black in the endgame. In the middle game, however, black has slightly more freedom of movement than white, and may be able to trade off the isolated pawn before an endagme ensues.
Chess pawn passed.png
White's a4 pawn is passed
A pawn which can't be blocked or captured by enemy pawns in its advance to promotion is passed. In the diagram at left, white has a passed pawn on a4. Black's pawn on g7 is not a passed pawn, because it has to get by white's h2 pawn before it can be promoted. Because endgames are almost always won by the player who can promote a pawn first, having a passed pawn is often decisive.
The diagrammed position might appear roughly equal, because each side has a king and five pawns, and the positions of the kings are about equal. In truth, white has a won game merely on the strength of his passed pawn, no matter who makes the first move.
Chess pawn doubled.png
Black has doubled c-pawns
Sometimes, due to captures, a player may end up with two pawns in the same file, which are then called doubled pawns. Doubled pawns are substantially weaker than pawns which are side by side, because they can't defend each other, and the front pawn blocks the advance of the back one. In the diagram at right, black is playing at a strategic disadvantage due to his doubled c-pawns.
Even weaker than doubled pawns are pawns which are doubled and isolated. A single piece or pawn in front of doubled isolated pawns blocks both of them, and cannot be easily dislodged.
It is rare for a player to have three pawns in a file, i.e. tripled pawns, but it does happen in real games. Depending on the position, tripled pawns may be more or less valuable than two pawns which are side by side.
YHBT YHL HAND!
Every pilots dream...
Got brain?
that shit is fuckin funny.
Surely, I could continue, but the fact is, what passes for acceptable in the US would be grounds for asylum coming from any other country in the world. Anyone see the problem with this picture?
political_news.c: warning: comparison is always true due to limited range of data type
Holy cow , I'm drunk! What's worse, I'm in an xterminal that does not allow a convienent "alt" sequence into a sane termina1.... Gaaaaaa!
...well, fuck you!
You don't realize the amount of concentration this requires. I'm flatlined.......this Linda shitt, it's all been you! Because you just think I give a shit,
I've a question for you, not what you're doing here but what I'm doing here. She said...........
Fiction and a reality, does it raelly matter what you know? I've been working on what is and what is what is not, will it matter to you?
Baby, I feel like a drug, do you get that here? He said,"You'd come. He said "where the rainnpool would come."
Neuromancer, that's what boy said:" the land before the living and the land before the dead."
Walking death, forwarding the goals of those who's selfishness hsve compromised the office they hold. An election year, a good example of the state you'd rather live. Vote with your feet. LEAVE THE STATES THAT YOU DON'T LIKE!
Imagine a Beowulf cluster of these!
So how is it "quicker" to get dumped back to the reservation page (the page you came from initially), when you're trying to enroll in the AAdvantage program? Oh, that's right, it's not, you're just a fucking moron.
Idiot...
"The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than that of whether a submarine can swim" -EWD