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An Unbiased Analysis of Gun Crime vs. Gun Control?

lyapunov asks: "I have been trying to become more learned on the issues surrounding gun control and crime. I have had quite a time searching the internet for references about these issues. Practically everything that I have found has been written for, or is a study funded by, one of the groups that hold extreme viewpoints on the subject, e.g. the NRA or the Brady Foundation. The same holds true for references that I have found in our library. I was wondering if any of the members of the slashdot community have come across articles that are objective in dealing with these subjects, and I would also ask what ideas the members of this community have about this issue and what FACTS they can offer to support their ideas."

"Just so everyone knows where I stand, and why I am asking this, I offer the following. I enjoy guns and regularly compete in shooting matches and hunt occasionally. I am a member of the NRA, not for political reasons, but due to the fact that most competitions are closed to non-members (which I do think is screwed up). Having said this I am undecided on what a logical path for the future is. I do believe that an unarmed nation is a bad idea, but as Michael Moore pointed out in 'Bowling for Columbine' Canada has a much higher per capita gun ownership rate compared to the US and has nowhere near the amount of violent crime that the US has. All of the statistics that I have seen about countries that have altogether outlawed guns have been manipulated by those extreme groups. As such I find it hard to believe anything that either side presents.

Thanks, I look forward to reading all of your comments and the references that you provide."

26 of 2,082 comments (clear)

  1. Facts vs. Conclusions by abh · · Score: 4, Insightful

    It should be fairly easy to find facts on gun ownership, number of shooting deaths, etc

    The problem is in drawing a conclusion from those facts. There is not a single "correct" conclusion that can be drawn, or we wouldn't have the various viewpoints that we have.

    Aaron

    1. Re:Facts vs. Conclusions by goon+america · · Score: 5, Insightful
      The problem is in drawing a conclusion from those facts. There is not a single "correct" conclusion that can be drawn, or we wouldn't have the various viewpoints that we have.

      I totally disagree. Normatively people don't take a look at the facts, evaluate them objectively, and then draw a variety of different conclusions. They decide what they want their conclusion to be in the beginning and then find facts to support that conclusion.

      Look at the NRA. Do you think everyone in the NRA went to the library, carefully and thoughtfully evaluated the statistics, then reluctantly decided to support gun ownership because the facts supported it? No! They decided to support gun ownership because they love guns. Facts, if any, were found afterward to reinforce the position they already had regardless of them.

    2. Re:Facts vs. Conclusions by limekiller4 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      good america writes:
      "Look at the NRA. Do you think everyone in the NRA went to the library, carefully and thoughtfully evaluated the statistics, then reluctantly decided to support gun ownership because the facts supported it? No!"

      Thank god you spoke up. I couldn't find the place where they keep the statistics on how many violent crimes are averted because of a gun. Where do they keep this in your library? Also, where does the factbook on whether or not we'd still be a democracy without them fit into the Dewey system?

      "They decided to support gun ownership because they love guns. Facts, if any, were found afterward to reinforce the position they already had regardless of them."

      I think dismissive arguments like this are part of the problem. The NRA thinks that liberals are idiots and would like nothing more than give criminals yet another leg up (but they really do, honestly think that the world is better off with less guns). The liberals think that the NRA is a bunch of violent people who would like nothing better than to shoot another human being (when they really do, honestly believe that the lynchpin of freedom is an armed populace).

      Take whatever side you'd like but quit demeaning the other end of the spectrum. Those who commit the crime of disagreeing with you are neither de facto idiots nor liars and everyone suffers when you paint them as one.

      --
      My .02,
      Limekiller
    3. Re:Facts vs. Conclusions by limekiller4 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      speedplane writes:
      "I'm not sure I fully understand. If there are no guns then how will there be crimes with guns."

      Gun crimes will happen when guns are outlawed the same way prostitution will happen when outlawed.

      Gun crimes will happen when guns are outlawed the same way drug use will happen when outlawed.

      Gun crimes will happen when guns are outlawed the same way racketeering will happen when outlawed.

      I offer my sincere, sincere apologies if your post is intended as humor and I just utterly missed it. But if you're serious, by your logic, crime would never occur because ...heh. It's illegal. =)

      --
      My .02,
      Limekiller
  2. Good Book by Rudy+Rodarte · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The book "More Guns, Less Crime" does a pretty good job of just looking at the numbers. When you look at the numbers, the spin the other groups put on a particular incident is lessened.

  3. Fact. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I'll kill before giving up my right to wield firearms. ;)

    Seriously, though. Places like Switzerland ensure that every able-bodied adult as a fully-fledged assault rifle in their closet. Places like Israel have public armories, and won't let schoolchildren on a field trip unless the chaperones are packing.

    Both of those places have ridiculously low amounts of gun violence. (Google it.) Obviously, Israel likely has more that Switzerland, but then, they've been shooting at the Palestinians for years.

    In another example, England apparently has a decent chunk of gun violence, yet strict gun control laws.

    I can't offer you statistics off the top of my head. I won't tell you that people need assault rifles to hunt today's super animals like the flying squirrel, and I won't tell you that hand guns should be restricted.

    The only thing I'll tell you is that guns don't cause violence - societies cause violence. If not guns, then swords and knives and sticks and bare hands.

    1. Re:Fact. by Waffle+Iron · · Score: 4, Insightful
      Moreover, the Swiss government holds each person strictly accountable for the ammo for each of these guns. Any ammo boxes that are unsealed without an appropriate explanation would put you at the top of the list of suspects.

      People here are always bringing up Switzerland as an example in these arguments, but nobody here would be willing to accept the accountability that the Swiss government demands from its gun users. Could you imagine the uproar if every bullet in America had to be registered with the government?

      IIRC, Switzerland has a higher than normal gun suicide rate, because every suicidal person has a handy tool, and these people are among the few that wouldn't care if their illicit ammo use is discovered.

  4. Enforce Responsibility by 4of12 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Gun ownership should demand a great deal of responsibility on the part of those owning firearms.

    Practically, though, you don't see people being held accountable when their gun is stolen, used for a crime, found by a kid, etc.

    I believe the pro-gun ownership lobby has become too extreme defending the right to own assault weapons and neglected the need to insure that gun owners are more responsible.

    They need to listen and understand their own rhetoric about "guns don't kill people, people kill people".

    Well, how the hell did those irresponsible idiots get a gun in the first place? Qualifications for owning firearms are as woefully inadequate as they are for procreation with consequences that are just as dire.

    I'm in favor of an empowered citizenry, with the right to own deadly weapons. But I'm insistent that the greater the risk of the weapon (including the highest levels where government officials control nukes, etc.), the greater the responsibility and accountability needs to be.

    --
    "Provided by the management for your protection."
  5. Facts by Exmet+Paff+Daxx · · Score: 4, Insightful

    By far the most potent vault of gun facts on the Internet is GunCite

    It is a wonderful source of gun information, and a far better source than even Snopes for combatting gun misinformation. Additionally, I would recomend Michael Moore's new movie Bowling for Columbine - if you are an American interested in learning about guns in America, you can learn more about gun advocates in the two minute Terry Nichols interview than you can in a year of attempting to decipher NRA mailings. 'There are real nuts out there!' exclaims Terry. And he is quite right.

    Despite the recent California Supreme Court decision, I think every reasonable American knows that the founding fathers designed the second amendment to allow all Americans access to personal firearms. Muzzle loaded, smoothbore, single shot flintlocks. Of course, the idea of giving a person today's concealable automatic ceramic-barreled teflon-round armed killing machines would have been complete anathema even to Patrick Henry, and it is likely that the Supreme Court will get around to upholding a ban on everything but black powder smoothbore, but until then we'll have to tolerate the nutjobs.

    --
    If guns kill people, then CmdrTaco's keyboard misspells words.
  6. Re:Center for Disease Control by Detritus · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Beware of statistics on children killed by guns. Usually they don't differentiate between the 10-year old who accidentally shoots his sister with daddy's pistol and the 17-year old gang banger who gets shot by the owner of a liquor store while attempting an armed robbery.

    --
    Mea navis aericumbens anguillis abundat
  7. Re:Look at how it's affected crime in the UK by Malc · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Define "use". Pull it out and threaten, or actually shoot? I suspect that gun toting thugs in the UK are less jumpy and trigger happy as they don't have to worry about being shot at. From what I hear, most of the gun crime there is related to drug wars and not criminals vs. law abiding people.

  8. Safety. by robbo · · Score: 4, Insightful


    It's MY responsibility for my and my family's safety...


    Is your neighbourhood really that dangerous? How many times have you felt obligated to brandish your weapon to protect your family? What are you so afraid of? That someone else with a gun will randomly try to kill your loved ones? Or do you love your property so much that you would be willing to kill for it, rather than file an insurance claim? These are honest questions because I really don't understand your mentality.

    Given your past need to fend off attackers with your gun, what is the greater probability: that at some point in the future you will successfully save the lives of your loved ones with your gun, or that someone you love will be killed with it while they're goofing around?

    --
    So long, and thanks for all the Phish
    1. Re:Safety. by stoolpigeon · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Truly spoken with a lack of information.

      I know as one who carries daily- I don't ever feel a need to brandish a weapon. The day I draw it will be to shoot - to kill. It is not a macho thing- it is a rational, self defense thing. What brandishing a gun gets you is jail time.

      Yes- your neighborhood is that dangerous.

      3 people died in my city last night. They were killed by some guy on a street corner shooting at cars that drove by. One was a 20 year old woman- 2 months pregnant. Her and the baby died.

      I wouldn't kill someone to protect my property but I would do it to protect my wife - my children - or for that matter you. If I am driving down the street and see someone that is presenting the threat of death to another- I will step in.

      Our constitutional rights and the responsibilities of freedom extend beyond selfish needs. They extend to what an individual can do to maintain the body politic. If more able bodied/minded citizens would stop shirking their responsibility to make this world a safe place- it would be a much safer place.

      We could go on all day I guess. I doubt I'll change your mind but the folks who desire to own and use guns are not as simple minded as you imply.

      .

      --
      It's hard to believe that's how Micronians are made. Why don't we see it right now by having you both kiss one another?
  9. Re:We need to change the constitution by YrWrstNtmr · · Score: 5, Insightful

    On the off chance that you are not totally stupid, and the "third amendment" is merely an honest mistake for the "second amendment":

    How bout some facts to back up your thoughts?

    Removing guns from lawful, responsible people does nothing to keep them out of the hands of actual criminals. By definition, being criminals, they will not surrender the firearms in their posession. So they they have them, and no one else does.
    Not a good concept for self protection. And the police being what they are, they cannot be everywhere at once.

    A firearm in the hands (or closet) of a lawful, responsible person is no threat to you, if you do not break into his home or otherwise attack him.

    Would you, as a presumably anti-gun person, be willing to put a sign in your front yard "This house is gun free!" ?
    If not, you are reaping the benefits of allowing guns in the hands of lawful citizens. The crimnals do not know which household may or may not have a gun inside, and so may be less inclined to break in. You may not own one, but no one knows that but you.

  10. Re:Oh boy... by Darth+Maul · · Score: 5, Insightful

    No, the Bill of Rights enumerated *personal* rights that the gov't could not infringe. Why would just one out of the ten be a state right?

    Also, the concept of the militia is to form a military group out of your citizens. Therefore, you need a citizenry that owns and shoots guns regularly, so when you *do* need to form a militia, they are ready to fight. In fact, in a militia, the men were assumed to bring their own weapons.

    Also, it does not refer to the National Guard since that was formed by an act of Congress 140 years after the Bill of Rights was ratified.

    --
    --- witty signature
  11. Michael Moore got it wrong with Canada. by AndyMan! · · Score: 5, Insightful


    One important point that Michael Moore missed, is that while Canadians to have a higher gun ownership per capita then the US, they are almost exclusively long guns - rifles and shotguns used almost exclusively for hunting and protection from animals.

    It's extremely dificult to legally get a handgun in Canada. It's been like that the last 30 years, at least. Controls on handguns and assault weapons in Canada has a long history.

    Where I agree with Moore, is that Americans carry guns out of fear of people, where Canadians mostly use guns as tools against animals.

    The idea that people must carry guns to protect themselves from other people is largely unique to the US, and I think goes to the high rate of gun violence here.

    _Am

  12. Opinions by Phoenix · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I say it all comes down to an issue of responsibility. I've seen too many macho, knuckle-dragging rednecks owning enough guns to arm a terrorist cell but whose understanding on the proper use involves holding "grippy end", making sure the "pointy end" faces the thing you want a hole in and pulling on the little "squeezy bit" when you want the hole made. Other people buy a gun and learn how to use them from an accredited gun safty course (frontsight as an example) and
    actually know how to use, maintain, carry, and most importantly...when and how to present the weapon when it gets intense.

    Contrary to popular belief guns are no more or less dangerous than anything else you can find in a home as long as they are *properly* stored. A child running around with the turkey carving knife he pulled out of the knife rack on the counter has as much damage potential as an unsecured gun.

    Also there's the issue of guns and crime. Sure we've all heard the expression "If we outlaw guns then only outlaws will have guns" till we're sick of it, but it *is* a true saying nonetheless. We outlaw drugs and they're all over the place. We outlawed Booze once...that worked well didn't it? You can restrict and outlaw and ban all you want, but as long as there are criminals who will pay for the guns, other criminals will figure out how to get guns in from other sources.

    Guns used in crime. This is a tricky one as the facts differ from person to person. There is evidence that the "Wild West" wasn't as wild as people claim. This makes sense to me as only a fool would start something in a saloon where everyone including the showgirls are packing some sort of hand cannon. Also there are the anecdotes of the idiots who have tried to commit armed robery of gunstores (some with police officers picking up their sidarms) and the results of such encounter.

    Personaly I'd LOVE (not that I'm holding me breath) to see a law that requires everyone over 18 with no police record to start learning the proper useages of a handgun and to be expected to actually openly carry at the age of 21. It's a little harder to rape a woman who is packing heat and is trained in it's proper use. It's even harder to knock over a convience store when the clerk, the manager, the guy behind the deli counter and the guy picking up a pint of ice cream for the missus is armed.

    But that's just MY dream and my opinions

    --
    -- Wiccan Army, 13th Airborne Division "We will not fly silently into the night"
  13. Gun Licenses as hard as Drivers Licenses by benwaggoner · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Okay, we'll never get a consensus to ban firearms in this country (although some municipalities have).

    How about this: A gun license should be as hard to get as a driver's license.

    This would mean a written exam on safty, a practical exam on basic marksmanship, maintanience, and safety.

    Gun inspections like car inspections would probably be too difficult for existing guns. But at least an inspection for new firearms, to ensure they're being sold with triggerlocks and the like. I can understand why some people wouldn't want a triggerlock on (I think they're stupid, since they're much more likely to kill a family member than an intruder, but that's a compelling fantasy for many). But I think every gun should have one, so that it has to be a proactive choice to not use one.

    I'm sure the NRA would frantically hate this idea, but I'd feel more comfortable knowing that people who bought guns legally at least demonstrated that they could pick "no" on a multiple choice test asking "is it okay to leave a loaded gun in the bedside table."

  14. Re:Oh boy... by vondo · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Tell that to the Somalis who forced the U.S. out of their country with (mostly) small arms. Facts: 1) People willing to fight for something they believe in gain an advantage over hired guns. 2) A lot of the advantages of a high tech, heavily armed disappear in urban combat, especially when the high tech army doesn't want to cause incredible numbers of innocent casualties.

    Don't assume that every conflict against a poorly armed population will go over like Desert Storm, Kosovo, or Afghanistan.

  15. Re:News for Geeks? Stuff that Matters? by go-nix.ca · · Score: 5, Insightful

    "Guns were an essential part of the American Revolution. We as Americans gained our freedom by fighting for it. Without guns, we'd be a heavily taxed bastard colony of England still."

    Right, look at Canada and Australia. We're still bastard colonies of Great Britain, aren't we ? Not everybody has to go through a bloody battle to become independent.

    Clinging to such a dated and nowadays absurd idea that guns are still essential because they were essential in some long-irrelevant war, and, furthermore, that they are a RIGHT, not a PRIVILEGE, further promotes unneccessary and uncontrolled use of guns.

    I have a friend who applied for a firearms license here in Ontario. He had to go through a rigorous psychological examination at least, not to mention the background check. However, apart from the procedures, the attitude that owning a firearm is a privilege (like driving) rather than a right, probably contributes significantly to keeping Canada (not to mention Australia, Germany, France, South Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, ... ummm, shall I go on ?) much lower on the people-killed-by-guns scale.

    Is there any legislation in the States that would prohibit people from using guns if they prove negligent in their care or irresponsible in their use (before even killing or wounding another) ?

    You can lose your Driver's License if you are caught driving drunk, before you hit anyone or do any damage. You cannot lose your firearms license for keeping guns and ammo in the same closet or accidentally shooting a window pane to smithereens because, well, there is no such thing as a firearms license !

  16. Guncite is not objective by dachshund · · Score: 5, Insightful
    By far the most potent vault of gun facts on the Internet is GunCite [guncite.com]

    I'm on the fence with regards to gun control, but I shun statistical analysis like the plague. Especially the analysis from Guncite, which is loaded with partial interpretations, spin, and all the rest of it. Don't consider it anything approaching an objective source.

    For instance, one particular graph on the site contrasts the increasing number of guns in the public's hands with gun-homocide rates. Because the homocide rates don't rise with the number of guns in society, the conclusion is that gun "supply" has nothing to do with homocide rates*.

    I've thought of drawing a similar example in which I would graph kids' intake of milk on one axis and their rate of growth on the other. My conclusion? As you increase the amount of milk the kids drink to amounts like 10 gallons a day, you don't see a corresponding increase in the kids' rate of growth. Therefore, I've demonstrated that calcium intake has no effect on growth rates in kids. I'll call it the "Calcium Supply Myth".

    Of course that's a nonsensical conclusion-- I've just shown that if you're already providing enough calcium, adding excess doesn't necessarily have give you eight-foot tall kids. But if kids weren't getting enough calcium, would their growth rates slow down? Ditto for guns. Once there are enough guns in society to thorougly satisfy criminals' demands for weaponry, it doesn't matter so much how many more you add. Certainly it demonstrates that adding more guns to our already phenomenal supply doesn't seem to "turn people into murderers." But that's about all I can draw from that graph.

    What would happen if you actually reduced the number of guns in public hands to the point where criminals were going without? I don't know, and clearly neither does GunCite. Personally, I'm increasingly of the opinion that our liberal attitude towards gun ownership, combined with lack of regulation and training, does indeed result in deaths. That doesn't necessarily mean I want guns outlawed, however; there are good constitutional and moral arguments for gun ownership. But the "we can have it all" argument that our armed society comes without a price is just wishful thinking.

    * Incidentally, there are other problems with this graph: it doesn't say how the guns are distributed-- if one person buys a hundred guns, it's a little different from a hundred people each buying one gun. It also doesn't say how many guns are dropping out of supply, etc, and I'm not clear if it includes military/police purchases.

  17. Re:NRA is an extreme point-of-view? by ncc74656 · · Score: 4, Insightful
    I would consider the NRA's possition extreme because they are unwilling to compromise.

    As one gunmaker says in its ads, "in a world of compromise, some don't." Would you compromise your free-speech rights (say, the ability to write whatever software you want) in order to improve some group's security (such as the Media Mafia)? I didn't think so.

    With the sniper stuff in Washington D.C. they were talking about taking 'barrel prints' of guns out of the factory, and the NRA opposed. Why, because they thought it was one step closer to taking the guns away!

    That was a factor (and an important one), but there's also the consideration that so-called "ballistic fingerprinting" is nearly completely useless for tracking a gun from its manufacture to its possible use in a crime. Ordinary wear and tear will change the breech and barrel over time...and if a criminal wanted to accelerate the process somewhat, a few minutes with a Swiss file would make even more drastic changes.

    --
    20 January 2017: the End of an Error.
  18. Growing up in Gun Control Paradise by esm · · Score: 5, Insightful
    I was born and raised in Puerto Rico. That's a tiny little island in the Caribbean, 100 miles by 35.

    I grew up knowing nothing about guns, because they simply "don't exist" in PR. Gun control is tremendously strict, and mere mortals aren't allowed to own them.

    So why do all the houses have bars on the windows? Why is the murder rate higher than Detroit's? Why have friends of mine been mugged -- some killed in the process? Why did the PR legislature pass a law explicitly allowing you to run red lights after midnight to try to protect yourself against carjackings?

    It wasn't until I came to the US that I understood, and even then it took me a while. Criminals will get guns, regardless of the law. If they can get guns in PR (100x35 miles of border to patrol), and nowadays in the UK, how can we pretend that the criminals will ever be disarmed in the US?

    I now live in the most heavily armed county in New Mexico, Los Alamos. Guess what? The biggest crime spree in the last year was just stopped -- some kids were stealing CDs from cars, which most people leave unlocked. This made front-page news in our paper.

    There are precious few home invasions here -- criminals are cowards, and strongly prefer doing their crimes where people don't shoot at them. I've never heard of a mugging here. They sometimes happen in Santa Fe or Albuquerque, but not infrequently the criminal ends up dead.

    No, it's not the Wild West. It's remarkable how civilized we are when we know that everyone is armed. Heinlein said it well: "An armed society is a polite society". And it's not fear that keeps us polite -- it's responsibility.

    I hope never to use my weapons against another person... but if anyone ever presents a threat against me or my loved ones, I will not hesitate. And I will never give up my freedom to defend myself.

  19. My contradictory opinion by Sabalon · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I don't care much for guns, don't own one, don't go shooting, don't really care.

    I don't care much for the NRA - I think they go a bit overboard at times.

    I think the 2nd ammendment is outdated - we have a well armed militia and probably won't need to come running out of the house to keep the King of England at bay, or even the reds.

    That all being said, I think gun control is a waste of time. Much like the copy-restrictions on cd's/software/whatever, all it does is add a degree of difficulty for legitimate people - if I go to the store to buy a gun to shoot Bambi or coke cans, I have to jump through this hoop and that hoop to do something legal...meanwhile some hood or gangbanger will be getting some black market gun without all this hassle.

    About the only place that I see stronger gun control helping would be crimes of passion - getting pissed and shooting someone. However, I think if I was that pissed to kill someone, then not having a gun would not be a deterant...there are enough heavy blunt objects in this world to help.

    I think what is needed is sticter punishments (not a fan of the death penalty):
    Shoot someone during a crime, life in a 6x6 box - no parole.
    Shoot someone during a crime of passion, life in a 6x6 box - no parole.
    Shoot someone in a drive by, life in a 6x6 box - no parole.
    Get caught with an illegal gun, 20 years in a 6x6 box - no parole.

    Instead you get infinite trials, out in a few years, and a book deal or a rap record.

    Like I said - my views are mixed...don't own or want one, but don't care if others have one.

  20. What Happened to Personal Responsibility? by mustermark · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I'm sure no one will ever see this tiny comment buried in all the 2000 inane, opinionated, biased, and just plain ignorant comments posted thus far, but here goes ...

    I consider gun ownership part of the culture of personal responsibility that every truly honorable society should strive for. Life is a precious gift, and the taking of life one of the most serious acts a person can take. If you feel that owning a gun is your best bet to preserve life, especially that of you and your family, then go ahead and buy a gun. But part of owning a gun is taking responsibility for its use, including education children on its proper use, keeping it away from them if they are too young for it, and knowing how to use it yourself to successfully defend your family.

    The government may try to legislate behavior on this issue, but treating the nation like children will never solve the problem. Give people responsibility, and let them learn to use it. It may take centuries or millennia, but eventually we will do it. If someone dies from illigitimate uses of firearms, well then our society is still not there yet. We can't save every person from being shot, but with some slow change we can make society safer at a more fundamental level. And of course note that we will never save everyone from accidents, just as outlawing bathtubs is not the way to save kids from drowning in them.

    There will always be powerful weapons, given the progress of science to date, so outlawing them is not the ultimate answer. Education is the key of course to cleaning up our act. But personal responsibility is the particular goal I believe that could be accomplished.

    The government ought to view passing legislation with more sincerity and try to plan for 100-1000 years hence, rather than their own re-elections. Our society has changed quite dramatically on a period of 100 years, and those nations who don't recognize the continual decay of basic humanitarianism are not going to fare well.

    So gun control is not going to work, on a fundamental human level. Whether it will prevent a few deaths or not is not really the point.

  21. Re:Center for Disease Control by Vess+V. · · Score: 5, Insightful

    See, in the real world, we have something called criteria that decisions are based upon. Someone demonstrating that he is about to (intentionally) kill or rob you is a criterion in the decision that he must be stopped, with deadly force if necessary. "I think" is not. *Sigh* I didn't think that I would have to explain this. What is it that you're trying to demonstrate, again?