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The MPAA's Lobbying-Fu is Stronger Than Yours

georgelazenby writes "The Frisco Chronicle reports: While the music industry has been clumsily bullying its way through the federal government, the movie industry has taken a more subtle -- and more effective -- approach. The MPAA has been lobbying individual state legislatures to pass laws reaching far beyond the original DMCA. The proposed laws would permit cable TV companies to 'limit subscribers to using only certain brands of VCRs and could ban TiVo in favor of their own proprietary PVR technologies.' According to one expert, the bills are 'tremendously open-ended and create theoretical and potential criminal liabilities for just about anybody on the planet.'"

27 of 398 comments (clear)

  1. Good for the MPAA by phr2 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Let's encourage them. I'd love to see the MPAA convince some state to ban Tivo's. That will be the end of them, and good riddance.

  2. Diversity of the **AAs by Snover · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Interesting dynamic that these two groups are taking.

    The RIAA is doing a loud, "hey, look, we're gonna erase files and crash your computer" thing, whereas the MPAA is going around quietly passing bills without any press releases or announcements. Wonder which one will be more successful... from the sounds of it, the MPAA has already had a fair amount of success, having their "super-DMCA" laws passed in 6 states and pending in five more. It certainly seems a more proactive approach than the RIAA, but I don't think either will end up working in the end, since MPAA's plans are basically monopolising (you can ONLY use THESE) and the RIAA's plans are basically hacking (you aren't allowed to have these files! DELETE DELETE DELETE)

    --

    [insert witty comment here]
  3. Hats off to them... by neksys · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Without sounding like I'm supporting the MPAA on this (which I most certainly not), one has to at least appreciate the MPAA's awareness of the future of piracy. The fact of the matter is that widespread piracy of DVDs and movies on the scale of MP3s -- that is, copies of the movies that are of such quality as to be almost indistinguishable from the original, as with MP3s -- just isn't here yet. The average user simply does not have the capacity or ability to simply hop on some p2p network and download and burn DVD-quality full length feature films -- yet. A few years down the road, it might not be such an issue to download say, a 1 gig movie, burn it to DVD-R, and watch it in your DVD player with no appreciable loss of quality. The MPAA isn't so much concerned about the (relatively) low quality movies floating around Kazaa today -- they're concerned about tomorrow. And one at least has to respect, however grudgingly, their foresight and awareness of the future -- contrasted with the "catch-up" that the RIAA is playing right now.

  4. DVD's schemes SUCK by westyvw · · Score: 5, Interesting

    First a quote from Dinsdale "DVDs are protected to the hilt," he said "It plays by the rules and ends up being a great consumer experience."

    My ass. It makes it a way for me to have to sit through a FBI warning, and as is the case from some of the newer DVD's to have to watch trailers, (read commercials). I dont want that in something I have bought, or rented.

    So what can a legal owner or renter of a DVD do? Play it with Linux? Yeah, but then I break the law.

    These folks gotta get with the program (pun intended) I want to watch the damn movie!

    As an aside: I have not been to a movie theatre in 5 years and I am not about to go anytime soon. When all of them became tiny little multiplexes I just couldn't enjoy it anymore.

    Screw you MPAA.

  5. On Demand House Inspections by mindpixel · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Actually, that's just what it will take if media corporations expect to survive.

    There are two futures:

    1) Corporate IP dies and we move to a gift economy.
    2) We have to be able to prove ownership every binary string we control on demand.

    I vote for a gift economy.

    1. Re:On Demand House Inspections by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Hell, if that's the choice in front of us (it's not), then I vote for #2. I'd rather have to have a digital signature wrapped around every piece of data I possess than to have to live in an economy where the digital representation of an artistic or informational work is considered valueless.

      But the point, of course, is that that's NOT the choice before us. Realistically, what's going to happen is this: either the current culture of lawlessness (I mean that literally; people are IGNORING the LAW, which boggles the mind if you think about it) is going to continue and the information and entertainment industries are going to disappear (net result: bad for everybody), or the culture is going to shift and people are going to start paying for things again instead of stealing them (net result: good for everybody). Those are our choices.

    2. Re:On Demand House Inspections by AndyS · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Both of you seem to be very black and white on this.

      I download a fair few things - Macgyver, old eighties cartoons that are impossible to find, Buffy and Angel episodes and Futurama. Why? Because I can't watch most of them.

      I own Buffy seasons 1-4 on DVD, I want Angel as soon as I can afford it, and Buffy season 5. I'm waiting for some bright soul to realise that releasing the Mysterious Cities of Gold on DVD with English audio would be really smart, I'll still buy stuff. However, if I can't find something or watch it, then I will obtain it through other means.

      I see the future as containing significantly more DRM, but also not a complete absolutism. People will cheat - they will always have friends who can obtain something, but it will be so much easier to obtain something legally, rather than trying to find an obscure film on Kazaa - you'll be able to select it in the same way that the iTunes library works, possibly even better. And when these systems fall down, piracy will fill in the cracks. Much like today.

      The only really massive downsides is that this might really limit the difference between the theatrical release of a film and when it appears on DVD/Interest stores. But I think that all of the industries will adapt - they've done it before.

    3. Re:On Demand House Inspections by Piquan · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I'm not weighing in an opinion on whether illegal copying is right or wrong, but your argument has problems.

      However, if the seller doesn't want to sell me a copy, I'll just steal it instead.

      The MPAA/RIAA justify their losses due to piracy by implying that each copy represents a lost sale. In your widget scenario, you have lost a widget. If the widget were data (and was not secret), then you have lost nothing at all from somebody copying. You can't even use the MPAA's argument of losing a sale, because you have already refused the sale at any price.

      If you have refused the sale, then how can you claim a loss was incurred from somebody making a copy? If there is something that caused him to gain, and nobody to lose-- even the loss of a potential sale-- then how can this be considered wrong?

  6. Welcome... by Black+Parrot · · Score: 5, Interesting

    ...to the world's first IPocracy.

    --
    Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
  7. Re:You can have my TiVo... by silentbozo · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Given that many commercial PVRs call home, if the MPAA has it's way, they'll get all the subscriber lists and track down each and every unit.

    They'll treat PVR owners like criminals (look at law-abiding gun owners for examples of how your basic rights can be abused), and unless you can come up with enough money to buy a law keeping them from sticking it to you, you're going to have to take it. Or else, become a criminal, and hide your PVR in your basement...

    I find it ironic that there's a Ad Council spot with a bunch of parishoners holding church services in somebody's basement because they're afraid they'll be arrested, and then afterwards a little blurb about how we should be thankful for freedom of religion. At the rate our rights are getting bought out by the corporations (who although are legal entities, aren't even voting citizens, damnit) freedom of religion is probably all we'll have left - and that's if we're lucky.

  8. AMERICA THE DISGUSTING by temporarily anon cowie by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

    As with everything in life there are exeptions but as far as the general impression I get from USA these days..I'm simply disgusted.. disgusted in that the american people let Bush steal the election (YEA HE DID!!).. disgusted in how the american government has abused the WTC catastrophy to get all sorts of severely abusive laws in place and how the public has let them.. disgusted at how fucked up the american so called justice system is, they call it justice but it does nothing but fulfill a lot of triggerhappy gunslinging angry revengeful peoples thirst for blood.. America has gone from admireable to just downright disgusting.. I pray and hope that the majority of the American population will see the light soon and DO something about the situation instead of just sitting idly by. I get blased with ppl telling me that the general american population does NOT agree with what the government is doing but until all those who claim to be part of that need to GET OFF THEIR ASSES and DO something about the situation and then you need to come join the rest of the world instead of seeing yourself as superior to everyone else, as history proves over and over and over again.. whenever someone think they're better than anyone else.. there will be revolution. I feat that WTC was just the start of that.

    Please dont ruin the world and freedom for the rest of us.

  9. The New Millineum same as the Old Millineum by l0ungeb0y · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Back in the day, the commoners were only allowed to read the bible. People were persecuted for writing books with "subversive" or "heretical" thoughts and others for reading them. Scientists and scholars alike lived under the yoke of the church.

    Fast forward back to today.
    We are on the precipace of a technological dark age.
    Basic freedoms are being summarily dismissed when it comes to anything "technological" under the guise of "Intellectual Property and Copywrite Protection" as well as "Security Considerations"

    Think I'm paranoid?
    Maybe, but here's a couple quick comparisons:

    1600AD: All one has to do is cry " Witch!!" and the accused was immediately persecuted.

    2003AD: All one has to say is "MP3 Pirate!!!" And that person is immediately subject to persecution.

    1632AD: Galileo's The Dialogue Concerning the Chief World Systems was printed -- The ideas in this book leads to his arrest/trail/imprisonment

    2001AD: Dmitry Sklyarov arrested for writing software that was alleged to violate the DMCA

    Ironic ain't it :)

  10. Re:Doesn't sound like an 'expert' to me.. by aarondyck · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Now that presupposes that the decriminalisation of cannabis will lead to increased drug exporting. On the contrary, I personally expect that it will increase tourism. Why would someone risk getting arrested for transporting pot across the border when they could simply smoke it in Canada?
    Walters said a flood of Canadian pot moving south becomes an American problem, meaning increased border patrols.
    Increased border patrols? Moreso than they already are, what with the terrorist attacks and general threats that the US always seems to be coming up with, I don't see how they could increase border patrols, or even security at border crossings!

    If we were sending toxic substances to your young people, you would be and should be upset.

    Now this begs the point be made of what a toxic substance is. THC bonds naturally to receptors found in the brain--a perfect fit. Other drugs (the more 'serious' drugs) do not fit perfectly with the genetic structure of the human body, but pot does.

    If the American government wants to, they can certainly exert pressure on other governments into changing their laws

    Again, this is untrue. When was the last time that Canada changed their laws, simply because the US wanted them to? Canada is a free country and our Government (which, unlike the Bush administration was elected) is fully able to hold their own in any battle with the US government. Right now International sentiment is against the US, particularly the Bush administration, and I don't think that the US gov't has any effect on Canadian laws, be it either digital media laws or drug laws.

  11. Damnit... by Mac+Degger · · Score: 2, Interesting

    "theoretical and potential criminal liabilities for just about anybody on the planet"

    I was going to say that as someone in the EU, it wouldn't criminilise me....but then I rememebered how all those bad laws are slowly trickling down to the rest of the world. DCMA->EUCD etc.

    Just goes to show what kind of influence you can excert when you spend 40-50% of your national budget on defence^H^H^Hoffense, even when most of your policies aren't well thought out or even just plain wrong.

    --
    -- Waht? Tehr's a preveiw buottn?
  12. Re:Laws are a disease by zmooc · · Score: 4, Interesting

    True. Europe is working on this. But our juridical (is that english?:)) system has more ways to protect individuals than in the USA. We don't have tons of blackmail agreements ("You pledge guilty and get 5 years or you go to court and possibly get 20 years") to handle a case outside of court or a point-system - a case without a trial is considered not done in Europe. Furhermore in our system a case against a large company won't leave you bankrupt even before trial. So I'd say Europe is suited a lot better than the USA to protect individuals against such ridiculous legislature.

    --
    0x or or snor perron?!
  13. Re:You are missing the point. by setmajer · · Score: 2, Interesting
    Having a system where everybody is a criminal and anybody can be arrested whenever the government want to is scary beyond imagination.
    You mean we don't have that already?

    --

  14. Re:AMERICA THE DISGUSTING by temporarily anon cowi by DoorFrame · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The majority of the people in the United States support the current government. Look at the poll numbers (67 percent as of last week). Hell, even 71% of Americans were supporting the way in Iraq. To believe that the majority of Americans do not support the current administration is foolhardy.

    That doesn't, of course, mean that they're right about everything. They certainly aren't, but they're also not in the minority. Pretending that they've stolen the popular will, or unfairly snatched an election (the election was too close to call and within the margin of error, neither side would have been able to claim a clear victory, no matter what any court, or any liberal, might want to say) just isn't fair. If you've got a problem with policies, argue the policies. Calling the President names and implying that he's illegitimate isn't practical.

    I don't see any more problems in America then I do in the rest of the free world. I've seen enough "human rights" cases going before the EU Court to make me want to retch. I've seen Australians constantly having ridiculous laws passed by their parliament. And hell, don't get me started about the messes in Asia, Africa and South America. I don't think that my country is perfect, but it's damned better off than most countries and will continue to be so as long as we're able to maintain our national charachter.

    The MPAA is a red herring. Don't worry about silly DMCA laws quite so much. They're bad, but they're not the end of the world.

  15. Worst-case scenario by Tomster · · Score: 4, Interesting

    You put the latest James Bond movie in your player, and your player (by law) automatically connects with your bank and credit card accounts. It sees you have made several purchases of Pepsi products in the past year, but no Coca Cola products. Unfortunately, as Coca Cola is a major advertiser^Wsponsor of the movie, you are barred from watching it -- it's required by law that you purchase products associated with "sponsors" in order to "protect the artists" who are making films. A pleasant voiceover says you must make a purchase of at least $45.83 in Coca Cola products to be qualified for the film.

    Joking aside, the disrespect these organizations (and their backers) show for their consumers is astounding. This bunker mentality is resulting in an unnecessary war which both the recording/movie industries and consumers will lose. The industries will lose because people will stop buying their products. The consumers will lose due to the laws restricting their legal rights.

    Move over government, this is the century of the mega-corp.

    -Thomas

  16. Re:Laws are a disease by archen · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Strange how everyone cites Bush as being a bad guy, but funny thing is that he wasn't in office when stuff like the DMCA started getting passed (around the world I might add). Realize that it's not BUSH and HIS cronies. Does Hillary strike you as being one of Bush's cronies as well?

  17. Bad J00 J00 by Zebra_X · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The following scenarios are why the MPAA and this corporate IP nonsense needs to be stopped.

    Your cable provider sends a notice to all of its customers. It says that due to recent changes in local legislation that only Dell GX150 Desktop machines can be used with their cable internet service. All other equipment is no longer authorized to connect to the internet via the cable service. This then qualifies all non Dell GX150 devices that are communicating with the cable network as "unauthorized"[1]. Depending on how the courts interpret the law - this could make all "unauthorized communications devices"[1] (non-GX150), "unlawful access devices"[1]. A user in possession of an unlawful access device could then be prosecuted under this law for using a system that is not a Dell GX150.

    Certainly that is an extreme example though not completely implausible under the current stipulations in the law. It would be useful though to examine a more realistic scenario:

    The law is passed in your state legislature - but there are no apparent changes in policy with your service provider (the aforementioned cable provider). In the coming months and years after the law is passed, the MPAA and RIAA find out that there is a "malicious" user illegally "swapping" large amounts of "unlicensed" music in the form of MP3's over the cable provider's network. The RIAA and MPAA approach the cable provider about this user and threaten legal action against the cable company if it does not terminate the user's connectivity. The cable company, would have an easy time under this law finding "unauthorized" devices that are connected to their network,. There are provisions that make it a "crime to "receive ... transmit, [or] re-transmit" any communication service without the "express authorization" of the communication service provider."[1] The benevolent provider when pushed to find a reason to terminate the user's connectivity - can easily find one. And then the MPAA and RIAA can do as they wish with you.

    The real problem with this law is the broad terminology used and the fact that it can be so easily used to deny ANYONE communications services. The term "communications device" can mean anything. The dictionary definition of the term "device" could be argued to include network protocols as a "device for communicating", or even software that you have written that uses a network provided by someone else. The ambiguous terms defined in most of the versions of this law such as "communications devices" are dangerous for end users because they leave so much open for definition and interpretation. They are designed to target end users, so that the creators and proponents of this bill may engage users in direct or indirect legal action. An area where individuals are not well equipped to defend themselves.

    These scenarios listed here are just the beginning - the implications of this facet of the law are not limited to just the Music industry or consumers. They apply to communications everywhere.

    The simple matter of it is - this law is an "Exploit". The MPAA and RIAA are implementing the law and variations of it in the state legislatures because they are lower profile areas where legislators are less cognoscente of the implications of this bill. As a result this law will/has already grant the RIAA/MPAA the ability to influence those who do not have significant legal clout to do as they would see fit. Though, the MPAA and RIAA are only the most immediate concerns - the broad and general definitions laid out in this law can be used by any entity to deny communications services to an individual or organization. Fred von Lohmann speaks of transferring law enforcement from public to private hands, this is exactly that. Though, law enforcement is the exclusive domain of the Government. This law bypasses our legal system and allows other parties to prosecute under the guise of a "law". The only reason this can happen is that the state legislators have and insufficient understanding of the implications of s

  18. Abraham Lincoln Quote by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

    "I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. ... corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed."

    -- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 21, 1864 (letter to Col. William F. Elkins) Ref: "The Lincoln Encyclopedia", Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY)

  19. Re:Laws are a disease by Snover · · Score: 2, Interesting

    As we have seen, unfortunately, the US has no problem breaking international law. Just look at what we did in Iraq -- went in without support of the United Nations, violated the Geneva Convention by showing and holding prisoners of war in sensory deprivation, all for the sake of finding these mysterious weapons "of mass destruction" --of which, I might add, a whole 0 have been found.

    It doesn't even stop there. The United States government uses propaganda tactics to make what they're doing look legal to the US public, when, most obviously, it is not.

    --

    [insert witty comment here]
  20. Re:You are missing the point. by Thing+1 · · Score: 4, Interesting
    Having a system where everybody is a criminal and anybody can be arrested whenever the government want to is scary beyond imagination.

    Ayn Rand said it far better than I could, here:

    "Did you really think that we want those laws to be observed?" said Dr. Ferris. "We want them broken. You'd better get it straight that it's not a bunch of boy scouts you're up against - then you'll know that this is not the age for beautiful gestures. We're after power and we mean it. You fellows were pikers, but we know the real trick, and you'd better get wise to it. There's no way to rule innocent men. The only power any government has is the power to crack down on criminals. Well, when there aren't enough criminals, one makes them. One declares so many things to be a crime that it becomes impossible for men to live without breaking laws. Who wants a nation of law-abiding citizens? What's there in that for anyone? But just pass the kind of laws that can neither be observed nor enforced nor objectively interpreted - and you create a nation of law-breakers - and then you cash in on guilt. Now, that's the system, Mr. Rearden, that's the game, and once you understand it, you'll be much easier to deal with."
    --
    I feel fantastic, and I'm still alive.
  21. whatever, you're to blame Hollywood! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The music and entertainment industry for years has overcharged consumers and exploited all but the most successful artists. I agree that in principle, the entertainment companies do have some rights, but they constantly seek to take away fair use rights of consumers. It is the consumers who have the power, not them. Just remember that just because something is a law, doesnt mean that it is morally right. We try in society to match laws to moral principles, but when the public sees the greed and avarice of the Industry, they figure, well when in Rome... Im not saying two wrongs make a right, but if the industry showed more respect throughout the years to the buying public, maybe we wouldnt be in this situation. Also consider too maybe the definition of Intellectual property itself is up for grabs? I agree that if no one bought anything, in principle, no one could sell such goods to make a profit. This same industry which glorifies violence, promiscuous sex, nihilism and the concept that there is no higher value than whetever one desires is now reaping the harvest of their own marketing disaster. Wanna know why kids think its ok to steal thousands of mp3's and laugh about it? Because they can easily imagine their favorite rap artist or movie star in a movie or music video doing the same thing, and laughing about it. I think Hollywood and the entire industry needs to step up and take responsibility for what THEY'VE done over the past 40 years. THEY are responsible for destroying the moral fabric of society and promoting lawlessness. The industry plays a huge role in the shaping of society. From the Roman Empire onwards, it was the Catholic Church that supplied this same moral guidance, now it is the entertainment industry that's become the new Church. Hollywood thinks they're only in it for the profit, and the art of making media, but they inherited a whole lot more than they realized.

    People ultimately become what the media tells them they should be. If we've become a society of petty thieves, then its the media industry's own damn fault! You reap what you sow, you reap what you sow. Just remember next time when you see someone on Kazaa downloading warez, they're only acting immoral, hedonistic and greedy like they've been taught to be so their entire lives.

  22. Re:You are missing the point. by merlyn · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I'd say we do.

  23. Re:Is it always going to be necessary? by drdanny_orig · · Score: 2, Interesting
    Thanks....couldn't have said it better myself, and I'm a similarly marginalized ex-worker. I'm still looking for what to do instead, tho.

    Losing a job that way is much like a death, and as a survivor, I've got to do quite a bit of grieving until the acceptance phase arrives. I think I'm there now, but I _still_ need money to survive, and I've yet to find anyone willing to trade it to me for anything I'm willing to do.

    Once my unemployment benefits stop (which are barely minimum wage), I'll have to seriously consider a life of crime. Alas, that, too, is better done by younger, stupider men.

    --
    .nosig
  24. Re:Is it always going to be necessary? by cpt+kangarooski · · Score: 3, Interesting

    WRONG. Shakespeare sold his plays to companies of players who performed them. The performances themselves netted Shakespeare nothing, but the sale of the play is where he made his living.

    Really? I can't imagine why you don't let everyone else in on your thorough knowledge of his history. Is the deer poaching story true?

    As far as the rest of the world knows, Shakespeare more or less appeared on the London scene suddenly sometime around 1592, with his popular Henry VI. Henslowe had been performing it. The theaters shut down on account of plague pretty much through the beginning of 1593 through spring of 1594; Shakespeare wouldn't have been able to support himself with the stage, so he worked on Venus and Adonis which was basically supported through patronage. He also probably was writing sonnets around this time.

    The way that Shakespeare finally made his fortune though was that as the playing companies reassembled in London, he became a shareholder in the newly formed Lord Chamberlain's Men (so named because their patron was Lord Hunsdon, who was the Chamberlain of Queen Elizabeth). Though he was a minor shareholder (fitting, given that he hadn't invested as much as others), he got a cut of the profits made from EVERY performance. He still acted in the plays, and fortunately for him, the L.C.M. became very popular. But bear in mind that they were a repertoire company.

    Due to various problems with their landlord and their neighbors, the L.C.M. found themselves needing a new playhouse. So they dismantled their favored one, The Theatre, hauled it across the river, and rebuilt it as The Globe. The Globe was owned by a group of investors: the Burbages, and five of the L.C.M. including Shakespeare. The Burbages paid half the lease and took a half share, and the actors paid the other half of the lease and took the other half share. Thus Shakespeare got 10% of the profits from ANYTHING performed there. This money was then invested in real estate back in his hometown of Stratford.

    He _did_ sell the plays he wrote to the acting company, that's true. But his pay for that was, again, based on attendance. Playwrights got a share of the admissions paid. And that was payment basically for his labor. It could not be expected repeatedly, and why should it? There weren't any copyrights. And other actors would sit in the audience, memorize the lines, or get ahold of copies of the script, and put on their own performances without paying a penny.

    Frankly, I'd imagine that Shakespeare made more money as an actor than he did as a playwright. And it's certain that he made more money as an investor than he did as a playwright either.

    Creators have perpetual rights to their creations. Our society seizes works after a time "to promote science and the useful arts."

    Well you're just the stupidest person alive.

    Riddle me this: Where in the Constitution does it say that copyrights MUST be granted?

    Never mind, I'll answer for you, since you're such a moron. It doesn't say that. It gives Congress the POWER to grant them, but doesn't require any action to be taken. It is like the power to declare war, or raise taxes, or establish a post office; it is something that may be done, or not, at Congress' whim.

    The first act, of 1790, only granted copyrights to Americans. If they were alive. And applied for a copyright. And only if it was for a book or a map.

    Everyone else -- foreigners, dead authors, people who created but didn't apply for a copyright, people who weren't authors or cartographers (e.g. painters, sculptors, musicians, architects, etc.) -- could kindly go to hell.

    They had no rights to their creation. And they certainly had no perpetual rights; that's madness.

    And nothing was ever seized. The author could, at best go from having NO rights, to having ONLY those rights granted to him by the government, to having no rights again on account of his artifical rights coming with an expiration date attached.

    Think of it

    --
    -- This and all my posts are in the public domain. I am a lawyer. I am not your lawyer, and this is not legal advice.