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From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog
From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog is a history of the software industry in the United States, down to 1995. It avoids technical details -- there's little about software engineering and programming languages, for example, or developments in computer science -- to focus on the economic and business accompaniments of technological change. And Campbell-Kelly is an academic historian, providing full references and a discussion of sources and avoiding hype or dramatisation. But From Airline Reservations is never heavy going: the less interesting tables can easily be skipped over, the references are out of the way as endnotes, and short, focused case studies make for compelling reading.
An introduction discusses industry statistics, other sources, and the restriction to the United States. The basic structure is then chronological and sectoral, with a three sector division into software contracting, corporate software products, and mass-market software products.
Two chapters cover software contracting. In the 1950s, IBM's Technical Computing Bureau and SHARE user groups were important players and FORTRAN and COBOL were developed. The Systems Development Corporation, set up to produce software for the national defense network (SAGE) required thousands of programmers and became a kind of "programming university," while the SABRE airline reservations system was the most important civilian project. As well as large systems integrators there were small software contractors, some of which were to grow rapidly.
The 1960s saw consolidation, with an increasing need for marketing and project management skills as well as casualties from a computer "utility" fad (early Application Service Providers) and the computer stocks crash of 1970. New firms continually appeared, however, with high turnover. Coverage of software contracting stops there, with a closing comment that: "Software contracting remains the most popular way of participating in the software industry, programming services enterprises outnumbering software products firms by 2 or 3 to 1."
There are three chapters on the software products industry. The first covers its origins between 1965 and 1970, with extended case studies of two leading products: ADR's Autoflow (flow-charting) and Informatics' Mark IV (file management). The significance of IBM's 1969 unbundling of hardware and software is also treated at length.
Next comes a survey of software products through the 1970s. These were classified by supplier (computer manufacturers and independent vendors, with some turnkey vendors, software brokers, and time-sharing services) and by category. The latter included systems (database systems, IBM's CICS, Unix) industry-specific (banking, manufacturing), and cross-industry (accounting, office automation, CAD) software. Campbell-Kelly suggests that the increasingly fine classification of software was itself significant.
The period from 1980 to 1995 saw "the United States' lead in software products become seemingly invincible." This is illustrated with case studies of IBM (a manufacturer) and three big independent vendors: Computer Associates (a consolidator), Oracle (databases), and SAP (ERP software). One reason for the success of the latter, a German company, was that European companies lagged those in the United States and had not yet invested in company-specific software.
Then come three chapters on the personal computer software industry. The first covers the pioneer period from 1975 to 1983, beginning with the origins of the microcomputer and the "first mover" advantage in operating systems held by Digital Research and then Microsoft. Also covered are programming languages and VisiCalc and other productivity software packages. In production and distribution "there was almost no point of contact between the booming microcomputer software industry and [that] for corporate mainframes and minicomputers."
The second chapter continues the story down to 1995. Much of this involves Microsoft, of course, but the chapter title is "Not Only Microsoft" and Campbell-Kelly argues that it has received disproportionate attention. Topics covered include the IBM PC standard, Autodesk and AutoCAD, the race for a GUI, battles between Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel and between WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, Adobe, and others. Success in the PC software industry came not just from luck, but from exploitation, deliberate or not, of the economics of increasing returns.
A third chapter looks at home and recreational software, in particular at games (and game consoles), CD-ROM encyclopedias, and personal finance software (Quicken versus Microsoft Money). Here Campbell-Kelly sees "a historical trend for software to become subordinate to the intellectual content or the complementary services offered".
Campbell-Kelly himself is British and there are occasional references to British and European companies, but the focus is on the United States. A final chapter looks at reasons for the success of the U.S. software industry: an early start and market size, clustering effects, and government support for R&D.
On "political" issues, Campbell-Kelly takes a more positive view of Microsoft than some: "Microsoft's monopolies and abuses do not seem any worse than some of the others described in this book." He also ignores free software completely, which is perhaps reasonable given the end-point in 1995, though the GNU Project and its antecedents would have made a interesting topic -- and hindsight suggests that the idea of free software was more significant than any specific product.
From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog should command a wide audience: participants in the industry, both programmers and managers, students of economics and business, and the interested general public.
Danny's book reviews cover many other business, computing, and economic history titles. You can purchase Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog from bn.com. Slashdot welcomes readers' book reviews -- to see your own review here, read the book review guidelines, then visit the submission page.
Ah, so this article would be the obituary of this. I'm sorry to see you go Software Industry! RIP!
"And hindsight suggests that the idea of free software was more significant than any specific product."
I assume he means that the concept of "open software" is more significant than any particular open project, not that it is more significant than any particular software, period (open/free or not). If it's the latter, I'd have to disagree. Singular apps like VisiCalc, WordStar, Lotus 123, dBase, Windows, PhotoShop et al helped to create what the software industry is now, which in turn has helped to create an environment in which open software could even exist.
It was a stupid comment regarding his confusing use of the term "from 1995".
And yes, I am a dumbass.
You think that I'm crazy, you should see this guy!
These book reviews on Slashdot, at times informative, really just are letting people know about the book and not as much reviewing that.
This demonstrated is that in the last two months, no book has received less than a 80% approval rating by the author (unless you rate a 'very good' This (book) gets my lowest rating ever, seven thumbs up.
I mean honestly, a review needs to have a few lemons on its record. I think someone should review a Wrox book on Linux and have it summarized with, "This book really gobbled the cob. it wouldn't be fit to like the kitchen floor for my puppy to soil in the evenings."
Instead of calling it 'Slashdot Book Review', it should just be called 'Slashdots list of books that rule'.
That's just my opinion though, I could be wrong.
It's interesting, particularly in this post-.com, "oh my god their outsourcing!" environment to see a historical perspective that ends just when the madness started spreading. While the technical issues may have changed over the years, the overall industry trends often seem to come back time and again in familiar form. I think too often those involved with tech business fail to take a long-term historical view of things, but are instead focused solely on the few steps that appear ahead in the road...
Stop by my site where I write about ERP systems & more
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"From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog is a history of the software industry in the United States, down to 1995. It avoids technical details"
Technical details like "Sonic is a product of the Japanese softawre industry"...
It's sad that the author didn't focus on OSS. How few times in the history of any industry did a group of people actually force huge companies to focus on increasing quality without a lawsuit. Many of the big companies didn't care what they forced on users until open source software came along and made them and us remember why competition is a good thing.
Hasn't the history of the software industry been discussed enough?!? We've had books, TV-movies, newspaper articles, colorful three-page timelines in Wired magazine, ad nauseum. In times like these, we should be having serious discussions about what kind of future our industry has instead of huddling 'round the campfire roasting marshmallows and reminisching.
I am a firm believer that you have to know about your past to plan your future AND that if you don't remember history you are doomed to repeat it blah di blah di blah. But PLEASE, maybe the reasons the software industry is floundering is because people sit around and talk about how revolutionary Xerox was to come out with a GUI instead of trying to be revolutionary themselves!
What's that? you say!?! What, what!!!?!?!? Things that happened in 1980 are important to modern software blah blah blah.
Whatever...
i think i'm going to have to stop reading comments until I see the damn movie
Ummm...
That doesn't look very American to me.
SEGA was founded by an American, I have not read this book- but it never says in the title that Sonic was American.
Sonic, I'm sure, had a huge impact on the software industry in the U.S. as well as other big franchise games, so just because it was made in Japan does not mean that it didn't impact the USA.
is not mentioned in the review but is owned
by archie comics.
- Dr. Robotnic
down seems like the right direction.
"...battles between Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel and between WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, Adobe, and others."
I would contend Novell's battles and missteps are equally important; and certainly worth mentioning.
Everyone will start to cheer when you put on your sailin' shoes.
1995 was not exactly a banner year for the blue blur. In fact, with the exception of 1997, it may have been his worst year ever.
Interestingly I was just playing with old media this last rainy weekend, and a 1983 copy of MultiMate (Word processor) run just fine on an 180Mhz pentium once I put the 1.2Mb 5.25" floppy disk in. It had no idea of the 'fixed' disk, kept asking to insert disk for drive b: etc.
I'd love to find: PL/M-8 (pl/m for the 8008) and a SCELBAL book.
try { do() || do_not(); } catch (JediException err) { yoda(err); }
As a former employee of SDC (late 70's to early 80's), the correct name is "System Development Corporation", not "Systems Development Corporation". This is because the company was spun out of Rand to develop one system; the first computer system for NORAD. SDC disappeared in the 80's after Burroughs bought it. There was a free software community back then. An informal group of people in organizations with Unix source licenses swapped tapes. There was an "informal" national Unix users group meeting the summer I graduated from UCLA; I remember playing with the tape from that meeting.
I agree, I first used Free software in 1987, at least Emacs, GCC, and a pile of BSD software. GCC was already considered one of the leading compilers out there, and the BSD software considered the way to go when it came to networking computers. It was at Carnegie Mellon, and they were just finishing up phasing out a TOPS network for a predominately BSD-licensed Unix network with a lot of home grown bells and whistles called Andrew.
In 1987, Sun Microsystems, the "young upstart" company of the data center, was shipping all of their Unix servers and workstations with SunOS, their own take on BSD Unix. They were beating established companies by strategic use of heavy cost cuts both in hardware and in software, partially by co-opting large amounts of Free Software code for their commercial ends (mostly BSD software).
By 1995, Fortune 500 companies were already seeing Linux in their companies. 1994 also was the year that the Free/Open/NetBSD codebases were truly freed of all the prior legal complications, increasing the freedom and popularity of those systems.
Free Software was certainly a very real and growing part of the American computer industry in the 80's and 90's, and the author does his readers a disservice by ignoring this.
Open Source? That was a marketing term invented in 1998, not particluarly relevant for a book that stops in 1995.
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Open mind, insert foot.