Is it Copyrighted or a Trade Secret When Using DRM?

rcpitt writes "In a discussion on the Digital Copyright (Canadian, but relevant world wide) list I subscribe to, we were discussing the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) treaty. In thinking about an article that I subsequently wrote I came up with this thought: If 'publishing' (in the context of when the copyright act takes effect for a work) were taken (by the courts for instance) to be defined only as that done without any rights management or extra contractual ties, then all works not so published would then become trade secrets (or something to that effect), and would lose (or never gain) the protection of the government via the copyright act and have to go after civil damages for individual transgressors. I'm interested in others' thoughts on this concept in light of Digital Rights Management, distribution of binary/source code (software), or music/video (multi-media) with an EULA that is restrictive might be construed as 'not publishing' in the context of whether the (insert your country) Copyright Act can be applied."

Comments

Well

[rhadamanthus]

This was my concern/confusion too when I posted this question to the DOJ IP Lawyers:
See here
Reprinted here:

3) Question regarding the DMCA and copyright terms - by rhadamanthus

If DRM-included hardware does become the law via the CBDTPA (SSSCA) or any other legislation, how does this interact with regards to copyright expiration? The DMCA makes it illegal to circumvent such DRM, thereby basically enforcing perpetual protection of the work. If the work is perpetually protected via this combination of law and technology, how can it be copyrighted legitimately, since the work will never *really* be able to join the public domain? This is analogous to trade secrets vs. patents, unless measures are taken to ensure the DRM encryption is removed once the copyright term is over. Or would that be illegal through the DMCA as well? The DMCA states, "No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title." The title referred to is title 17 of the US Code, which covers copyright. I can therefore assume that removing copyright protections on expired copyrights would not be against the law. However, the DMCA also forbids the selling of tools to circumvent the very same DRM. I find it hard to believe that the RIAA/MPAA would let these tools become available regardless of the user's intent and/or rights under copyright expiration rules. Any comments about this apparent paradox?

O'Leary:

I don t believe that the CBDTPA is under consideration in the current Congress, nor are we aware of other pending bills that would mandate the use of digital rights management systems. However, your question seems more focused on the DMCA, specifically the portions of the DMCA that govern anti-circumvention technologies, i.e. Section 1201 of Title 18. For purposes of answering this question, the term DMCA refers specifically to Section 1201.

The DMCA prohibits trafficking (which includes manufacture, sale, distribution, importation, etc.) in tools (i.e., technologies, products, services, devices, etc.) that:

(a) are primarily designed to circumvent,

(b) are primarily marketed for use in circumventing, or

(c) have limited commercially significant purpose or use other than circumventing, either one of the following:

(1) a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title [i.e., the Copyright Act] (see 18 U.S.C. Section) 1201(a)(2); or

(2) a technological measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright holder under this title (see Section 1201(b(1)).

The first type of control above will be referred to as an access control, the second as a copy control. In addition to the restrictions on trafficking, the DMCA also prohibits actual circumvention of access controls (see Sec. 1201(a)).

The DMCA s main purpose is to help protect the rights of copyright holders. However, the DMCA was also designed in part to protect and preserve the rights of people who use copyrighted works. First, the DMCA expressly states that it is not intended to affect limitations on copyright or defenses to infringement such as fair use. Second, the DMCA contains a number of exceptions and exemptions that, for example, allow in some circumstances reverse engineering, encryption research, and certain actions by libraries and certain educational institutions. Third, while the DMCA prohibits the actual circumvention of access controls, it does not prohibit the actual circumvention of copy controls. As the district court in the Elcom case noted, Congress omitted a prohibition against circumventing copy controls specifically so that users could engage in fair use (and, presumably, to use works that enter the public domain). (See U.S. v. Elcom, Ltd., 203 F.Supp.2d 1111, 1020