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Meteor Seen as Causing Extinctions on Earth

An anonymous reader writes "From the NY Times (I think you may have to register): About three dozen minuscule shards of rock unearthed in Antarctica may be the fragments of a meteor that killed most life on Earth 250 million years ago, scientists are reporting today. These rocks have yielded soccer-ball-shaped molecules known as buckyballs containing extraterrestrial gases, as well as grains of quartz with fractures that indicate a tremendous shock. The extinction 250 million years ago, in a period known as the Permian-Triassic boundary, was the largest of all. About 90 percent of species disappeared."

39 of 67 comments (clear)

  1. Pre-emptive correction by the+morgawr · · Score: 3, Informative

    No this was not the extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This occured earlier in time.

    --
    The policy of the United States is worse than bad---it is insane. -- Ludwig von Mises, Economic Policy(1959)
    1. Re:Pre-emptive correction by Vaevictis666 · · Score: 1

      Right. Dinosaurs disappeared 65 million years ago, this was 250. But going by the time period referenced, Permian-Triassic, isn't the Triassic about when the Dinosaurs first stared to appear?

    2. Re:Pre-emptive correction by the+morgawr · · Score: 1
      Yes, but I don't know how far into the Triassic that would be. Maybe google can help us: Try the first link

      From the lecture: "By Late Triassic (and maybe during the Middle Triassic), true dinosaurs finally appear"

      --
      The policy of the United States is worse than bad---it is insane. -- Ludwig von Mises, Economic Policy(1959)
    3. Re:Pre-emptive correction by Vaevictis666 · · Score: 1

      yeah, I don't remember the Permian era and the article talks about the boundary between the two, so likely it's very early Triassic.

    4. Re:Pre-emptive correction by Urkki · · Score: 1

      Yes, basically this event was what gave room for dinosaurs (and other new families) to develop. Much like whatever event caused dinosaurs to disappear gave room for development of more advanced mammals, eventually humans.

      I wonder what will take the dominant role after we humans are finished with Earth (we're in a perioid of very rapid extinction of species, thanks to human activity, and I don't really see the direction changing any time soon...)

    5. Re:Pre-emptive correction by the+morgawr · · Score: 3, Informative
      Paraphrased from palaeos (a little further down on that google query):

      Time scale works like this (from larger to smaller): Eon -> Era -> Period -> Epoch -> Age

      The Permian was the last period of the Paleozoic Era(which ending with the mass extinction). This was followed by the Mesozoic Era (whose first period was the Triassic). While Dinosaurs first appeared in the Triassic they become dominant during the Jurassic. Dinosaurs first appeared in the Carnian age (227 to 221 million years ago, durring the late Triassic) but were "small and insignificant: bipedal bird-like carnivores, insectivores, and herbivores. "

      --
      The policy of the United States is worse than bad---it is insane. -- Ludwig von Mises, Economic Policy(1959)
    6. Re:Pre-emptive correction by kalidasa · · Score: 3, Informative

      The dino extinction is called the K-T extinction, for Cretaceous/Tertiary (it makes sense in German, I imagine), and the one in question would be the P-T extinction, for Permian/Triassic. So this is the previous huge mass extinction event to the K-T extinction. The Dinosauria branch off from the Reptilia in early Triassic, and all Dinosauria except the Aves die off at the K-T event.

      The P-T was bigger than the K-T.

  2. Naturally-occurring Buckyballs? by GTRacer · · Score: 2, Interesting
    I mean, I remember reading about fullerenes in Discover like 10 years ago, but I never knew they could occur naturally, or in the case of a cataclysmic impact, spontaneously.

    I thought it took precise conditions to get them to form. And for these to have captured gases inside...

    Weird...

    GTRacer
    - Go-o-o-o-al!

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    1. Re:Naturally-occurring Buckyballs? by einstein · · Score: 3, Informative

      my understanding is, once we learned how to make them, we learned how to look for them, and they show up all over the place. lots of ash from wood fires have buckyballs in them, for instance.

    2. Re:Naturally-occurring Buckyballs? by DrLudicrous · · Score: 1

      This is true (about the ash). Thanks for mentioning that. Someone should mod both parents posts up.

  3. Another article by DjReagan · · Score: 3, Informative

    The BBC had an article on this also.

    --
    "When I grow up, I want to be a weirdo"
  4. Impact-caused volcanic activity by Vaevictis666 · · Score: 2, Interesting
    If the evidence for an impact does become more compelling, that would raise another geological mystery, whether meteor impacts can set off huge volcanic eruptions. Huge eruptions in India coincided with the Yucatan meteor impact 65 million years ago, and Dr. Basu sees a clear link between the Antarctic shards and the Siberian eruptions.

    Something to note is that both cases here involves a meteor impact on the opposite side of the earth from the eruptions. Coincidence?

    1. Re:Impact-caused volcanic activity by MystikPhish · · Score: 1

      Not coincidence at all.

      If there's an impact on one side of a sphere (or oblate spheroid, the Earth) shockwaves are going to travel along the surface boundary. As the waves radiate away from the impact site, they end up converging on the opposite side of the sphere (the antipode).

      If the eruptions are directly linked to the impact and the tectonic stresses from it, the stress is greatest at the impact site and second greatest at the antipode of the impact site.

      The new Scientific American has a great article on the K-T impact and they theorize the antipode got a double whammy as not only the shockwaves converge there, but a lot of the ejecta from the impact re-enters the atmosphere at or near the antipode. In addition, the falling debris heats the atmosphere several hundred degrees long enough to set fire to most vegetation. So you get lots of ash (and buckyballs) in the geologic record to look at as well.

      --
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    2. Re:Impact-caused volcanic activity by Yazeran · · Score: 2, Informative

      Something to note is that both cases here involves a meteor impact on the opposite side of the earth from the eruptions. Coincidence?


      Coincidence? Nope. When a spherical body like the earth or any other of the terrestrial planets is hit by a suficiently large meteor the shockwave is focused by the spherical shape and arrive at the exact opposite side of the planet resulting in a massive earthquake (actually 3, one from each of the three types of vibrations (sound) that travel through the earth with different speeds). The large one would be the surface vibrations as they would be completely focused whereas the P and S vibations which trave through the planet would be less vell focused. The P and S vibrations however vould interfere with the mantle and lower crust on the far side which is the origin of most magmas.

      One spectacular evidence of this is found on Mercury where a large crater (The caloris basin) has an area on the directly opposite side which was named 'wierd terrain' by the people analysing the Mariner 10 images of Mercury.

      Yours Yazeran

      Plan: To go to Mars one day with a hammer.

    3. Re:Impact-caused volcanic activity by fluffy666 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Your hypothesis has a few problems..

      a) The Earth is not perfectly spherical, and it is distinctly non-Isotropic.

      b) You need to include some calculations on how much energy would actually be available from the known crater. Even under generous assumptions, we are looking at a magnitude 10.5 earthquake at best.

      c) Surface waves are strongly attenuated in the crust, which is strongly anisotropic. The energy arriving at the other side of the planet would be negligable. P and S waves would not be focussed at all.

      Mercury is interesting.. but you will note that this feature is 1300km across, and the impactor would have been around 150km across - 15x the diameter and therefore over 3000 times as massive; and Mercury is smaller and more isotropic than earth.

    4. Re:Impact-caused volcanic activity by Yazeran · · Score: 1

      The energy from the impact is not the problem. I was not assuming that the energy from the meteor strike formed the volcanic eruptions in India, but only that the seismic vibrations influenced the upper mantle causing more extensive melting than is usually the case (the asthenosphere is partially molten, or at least very close to the solidus as P and S wave velocities are lower in this part of the mantle). It is therefore possible that a large vibration could influence this part of the mantle.

      I agree that P and S waves will be largely unfloused, but the surface waves would be focused to some degree even accounting for the unhomogenity of the crust. Although they are damped by the earth, the low frequency wawes (which would be the ones which could influence the upper mantle) would have so long wawelength, that they would not be that much attenuated. Granted, for formation of relally long wewelength surface wawes to form you need a large impact, but the one in Yucatan is at least 300 km in diameter, which is propably large enough.

      Yours Yazeran

      Plan to go to Mars one day with a hammer.

  5. I once had a theory.... by DeionXxX · · Score: 1

    ... that these really really large extinctions happen all the time throughout history and we're essentially in a cycle. Ie... nothing.. then something.. then more somethings.. then dinosaurs then us... then we all die somehow (meteor ... nuclear war... etc) and it starts all over again.

    Technically I see no reason why this can't be true, since the time span is so long between mass extinctions (not like the dinosaurs one but more like the one described in this article where almost all life is destroyed), that any evidence of a previous civilization or life forms would eventually degrade into basic elements.

    Heh just an idea I've always had.
    --D3X
    NeoX3.com: Changing the adult entertainment industry for good.

    1. Re:I once had a theory.... by Sloppy · · Score: 1
      any evidence of a previous civilization or life forms would eventually degrade into basic elements.
      The problem is that they don't fully degrade. That's what the Pabodie expedition to the Antarctic discovered in 1931.
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      As copyright owner of this comment, I authorize everyone to defeat any technological measure which limits access to it.
  6. I know slashdot is slow on news but.... by waterlogged · · Score: 2, Funny


    I know slashdot is slow on getting news but...

    250 million years? ;)

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    I couldn't fail to disagree with you any less.
    1. Re:I know slashdot is slow on news but.... by Leroy_Brown242 · · Score: 1

      Too busy at Free6 to post, I'm sure. :)

  7. It's amazing... by Zapper · · Score: 1

    what you can smuggle through customs.

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  8. Re:Tragedy of this all by derdesh · · Score: 1
    Dude, criticizing a popular science (NY Times, after all) article for use of "about" rather than an exact number is petty. Does the average NYT reader care if the exact number is 34 or 38?

    The article itself emphasizes the speculative nature of the conclusion by rating the probability of the P-T extinction/asteroid link as a 3 or 4 on a scale of 10, as opposed to a solid 10 for the dinosaur-killing K-T extinction 65 million years ago.

    And bringing evolution into the discussion qualifies your post as a bona fide troll. If you don't believe the earth is billions of years old, why did you even bother to read the story? The dating techniques are the best available; in the future we may develop better methods. What sort of accuracy would it take to convince you that the technique is accurate and the earth really is older than Bishop Usher calculated?

  9. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    + or - 5 in 10^6 for accuracy for 250*10^6 is still only 5% error - that's 95% accuracy if I read the best of intentions into your post.

    To believe in a technique whose calibration results are incorrect by six or more orders of magnitude is so absurd that it defies comprehension.

    The number of years in orders of magnitude really doesn't matter if the total years is similarly scaled.

    If you are suggesting the entire technique gives results that have errors that are off by that order of magnitude for all results, you are wrong.

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  10. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    5% error - should be 2% error

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  11. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    Oh - a calibration sample - used to check equipment and the results get tossed.
    How ah -
    ("comforting, you were thinking?")
    - but then again -
    I was hoping for something to turn my head around.
    As a person with a sense of adventure, I am always hoping for results that don't 'fit' - I think you'll find most scientists think that way - Quite the opposite of having a - what is it a faith at the center of their belief system (quite the oxymoron there - eh?)

    You can start here. (Follows pre-Enlightment model by placing conclusion in middle)

    And perhaps you will claim understanding these only comes through faith. Perhaps for you it will.

    Perhaps you may it of interest that many students at CalTech often pass a sign that says - 'The truth shall make you free.'
    Perhaps you will not.

    I suspect that you will want to have the last word here, in some from or another - Something about a certain need I perceive.
    Sufficient references that you seek are provided in the link above. Post Modern simplification by restating the obvious.

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  12. Minor Planets Currently Known by ear2ground · · Score: 2, Informative

    This animation shows the known minor planets in the Inner Solar System presently.

    This page updates regularly on newly discovered objects.
    There are many more to be found. Though the risk of an impact like the one believed to have been involved is very slight.

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  13. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    from the site you referenced

    and

    Another claim:

    Maybe you found a different link?

    Discussion obviously ended - Perhaps you're writing to/for someone else?

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  14. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    I suspect that what you are alluding to is the K-Ar dating of Hawiian and St Helens Basalts/Andesites.

    There are two explanations you haven't mentioned. One is that we are measuring the ages of crystallisition of xenocrysts (crystals incorporated from the country rock) or xenoliths (rock fragments from the country rock). Without references and thin sections, we can't know this.

    The other is that we are measuring the amount of Ar incorporated at formation, giving a falsely old age. If this is the case, then the error (say 3 million years) becomes less significant the older the rock is; this would be a 1% error in a 300 million year old rock.

    I have to wonder why you didn't point that out

  15. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    That is a good possibility too - the person you're responding to has such a wild eyed zeal - It's not worth it - I was thinking they were talking about something to do with calibration - But you may be right. If you want to see how poor their logic becomes - follow the other thread - Then we have to admit - Perfectly self-contained - and bullet-proof. Truth be damned!

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  16. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    An ad hominem is an attack against the person. My posting says follow the thread to see the fallacy in the argument, just as you have failed to see it again. Thinking perhaps that by wasting my time you have done some royal service for the creator by distracting a scientist. Instead this same technology, you may someday be looking towards to save a life. Sad person. Toodles.

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  17. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by ear2ground · · Score: 1

    In general - thousands or more samples are run to assess a method.
    When a *strange* result comes back - it's looked at. Not simply chucked for a dogma - in fact - finding a flaw in an established procedure would be the biggest break a 'tenure-minded, publish or perish' researcher could hope for. A break to a new methodology - early in their career - sounds good to me.
    Choosing a *flawless* (in your context) method instead of choosing something the data can back up is a sure way to *perish* in the research environment.

    --
    Subduction leads to orogeny
  18. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    Take known age rock. Test it radiometrically. Answer is absurd.

    Fair enough - since the answer is not absurd, there is no problem.

    Try this:

    Take a 1 meter rule.

    Use it to measure the width of a hair, previously measured with a microscope micrometer, using your eye and rounding to the nearest mark. (say, 1cm or 0cm)

    Answer is 'absurd', or inaccurate.

    Therefore this concept of 'Meters' is useless!

  19. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    Potassium-argon dating is accurate from 4.3 billion years (the age of the Earth) to about 100,000 years before the present.

    So using it on 10 year old rocks would be absurd, then.

    By the way, radiometric dating (and 'old earth geology', as you would put it) is used commercially by the oil industry. Do you think that they would be willing to waste 10s of millions of dollars drilling dry wells just to prop up some conspiricy?

  20. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    How can you miss a point that is so simple?

    How can you continue to ignore the explanations? A more complete reference if here.

  21. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    They miss the point because their religion (humanism) and its core value (evolution) demand it of them.

    This is called 'projection'. And by the way; humanism is a set of values, not a religion, and evolution is a scientific theory, not a value.

    she needs prayers, lots. Won't go into why.

    Oh. Please do.

  22. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    I answered that, explaining why it was precisely the method we must use to falsify K/Ar dating.

    No; using a technique inappropriately does not falsify it. You could falsify it by finding a place where the relative ages of rocks as determined by structural geology failed to match K-Ar ages on those rocks.

    Regarding the more recent one.. you really should read the papers you cite. ALL it is saying is that phenocrysts (Which are slowly grown crystals in the magma chamber) will date older than the groundmass of a volcanic rock, thus giving an anomolusly old age to a 'new' volvanic rock.

    This is, of course, well known and covered in Geology courses. Indeed, it offers a way to date the history of magma prior to eruption.

    It also cites some other examples. You will note that all of the ages obtained are small relative to geological time; after 50 million years, the errors thus caused will be insignificant.

  23. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    But Humanism is a religion by its own descriptions. From here:

    Ther're talking rubbish, or just trying to make it palatable to a US audience.

  24. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    You may not like the fact that humanists call humanism a religion, but they do.

    No, some American humanists want to call it a reliegon. Certainly I wouldn't, and many people who describe themselves as humanist wouldn't.

    I take it that you've abandoned your uninformed attack on radiometric dating, since you've started witnessing. Out of interest, if you are so protected and stuff, why do you have to post anomously? To me that reeks of cowardice and insecurity.

  25. Re:Tragedy of this all - What tragedy? by fluffy666 · · Score: 1

    First, your analogy is wrong; it's more a case of the speedomoter saying 10 when you're doing less than 10.

    Second, you haven't demonstrated radiometric dating doing what you claim; as I have repeatedly pointed out, IF you want to date something, you have to know exactly what it is you are dating. If you date a crystal in a volcanic rock, you are dating the time of crystalisation, NOT the time of eruption. Do you understand this? Do you realise that in a course on radiometric dating, the majority of the work concentrates on sources of systematic error and how to avoid them?