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Which RAID for a Personal Fileserver?
Dredd2Kad asks: "I'm tired of HD failures. I've suffered through a few of them. Even with backups, they are still a pain to recover from. I've got all fairly inexpensive but reliable hardware picked out, but I'm just not sure which RAID level to implement. My goals are to build a file server that can live through a drive failure with no loss of data, and will be easy to rebuild. Ideally, in the event of a failure, I'd just like to remove the bad hard drive and install a new one and be done with it. Is this possible? How many drives to I need to get this done, 2,4 or 5? What size should they be? I know when you implement RAID, your usable drive space is N% of the total drive space depending on the RAID level."
For personal use, a two-drive RAID 1 is probably the easiest way to go, and involves the fewest drives, but loses the most space (half). Raid 5 is the standard, but the hardware is more expensive and it involves at least one additional drive.
For simplicity and low expense, even though you lose a full drive worth of capacity, go with RAID 1.
You might want to read The Tech Report's recent article mentioned on Slashdot if you haven't already.
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Try RAID 5 or RAID 10 (not to be confused with RAID 0+1). This site has a nice overview of all the RAID options. And, of course, Wikipedia has some info.
Quick overview:
RAID 5 - Requires at least 3 HDs (many times implemented with 5 - can be used with up to 24 I believe). Data is not mirrored but can be reconstructed after drive failure using the remaining disks and the parity data (very similiar to how PAR files can reconstruct damaged/missing RAR files for the Newsgroup pirates out there). % of total space available dependent on number of drives used.
RAID 10 - High performance, but expensive. You get ~50% of the total HD space as it is fully mirrored. So, 1 TB total disk space nets you 500 GB total storage space. Your data is mirrored so if one drive fails you do not lose everything. However, if you experience multiple drive failure you can be in big trouble.
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Whatever you do, never have more than one disk on an ide channel. Only one disk per channel can be written to at the same time, so you will get absolutely horrible performance if you get more than one hd per channel. If possible, get an ide raid card (if you can afford it) or a SATA card/mobo and drives, which dont have this problem
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I went through this last year and here's what I came up with for the best benefit to cost ratio with the lowest hassle. In short, take an old PC and put a four channel raid controller card in it to do RAID 5. Add a big extra fan for safety and you're done.
Here's what I came up with: Total cost about $1200 (probably less by now).
0) Red Hat Linux, ext3 filesystem.
1) 3Ware Escalade 7506-4LP card (64 bit card, but fits in 32bit slot)
2) 4x 250Gb Western Digital drives
3) Big fan.
At RAID 5 This yields 750gigs (715Gb after crappy GB conversion).
The 3Ware software has a nice web monitor interface and does daily or weekly integrity checks. It emails me if there is a problem - I did have one drive die already and replaced it easily.
Pat Niemeyer
Author of Learning Java, O'Reilly & Associates
A quick note - if you re-initialize the RAID, it will erase everything you have. You should 'rebuild' the drive, unless you have a hot-swap, in which case you just take out the bad drive, pop in the good one, and ur good to go.
You also never touched on the possibility of him having only 2 drives, in which case RAID 1 would be the way to go for data redundancy.
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Raid 5 runs just fine in degraded mode until your extra drive gets there. I have one right now using software raid 5 in linux with a dead member waiting to be replaced. 0 downtime or data unavailability so far.
And here's the definitions:
RAID 0: This is a striped set, there is no redundancy. One drive goes, everything's gone. Useable space = 100%
RAID 1: This is a mirrored set. Typically this involves 2 drives. One drive is an exact copy of the second. If a drive fails, you replace it and rebuild the set. Life goes on. Useable space = 50%. Most IDE raid cards only support RAID 0 AND 1.
RAID 5: This is a striped set with parity. You get the performance associated with a striped set. Particularly on reads. If you have 4 drives, there are 4 stripes. 3 of those stripes are data stripes, the 4th is parity. Lose 1 drive and the parity information is used to rebuild the set. Useable space = (n-1)/n. To do this in hardware is typically fairly expensive.
There's a lot of hardware solutions out there. It can also be done in software. Windows supports creating disk sets in software. Other options include the purchase of a Snap! server, or other brand of NAS. If you've got a little $ to throw around, NAS is the way to go. Plug it into your network, minimal setup, and your off and running. Not very upgradeable, and somewhat problematic if your drive does actually die, but I use them at the office for a zero maintenence file server.
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True story...had a personal fileserver with a Promise RAID card. I got the Promise card because it was cheap and had a good rating on a couple of review sites.
What I didn't know at the time, but learned the hard way, is that Promises's RAID monitoring program "PAM" is a user-mode only application. That means that if you don't login, it doesn't run. Care to guess what happened to me?
At some point while I was gone for the weekend, I can only guess something crashed and rebooted Windows 2000. When it rebooted, I didn't have it set to automatically login (why would I? it's a server). So "PAM" wasn't running when one of the drives in the RAID 5 set failed. Maybe it even had something to do with the crash, I don't know.
Now, the point of PAM is that if a drive fails, an e-mail gets sent, in this case to my mobile phones textpage address. Since PAM wasn't running however, nothing was sent. The drive failed and, I can only guess, put off so much heat that it cooked the drive above it (why do so many cases mount hard drives horizontally above each other anyway?) and next thing I know, I can't login to my server from where I'm staying. I call a family member with a key to come by and they are unable to restart the server. It wasn't until I came home and read the BIOS messages that I understood why. Everything gone.
I had a lot of stuff on CDR, but let me tell you, I was plenty outraged that Promise could design something so utterly stupid as a monitoring utility that doesn't know how to run as a service. Even to this day, PAM still will only run as a user-mode program, and even worse, you actually have to login to the program now to start it, which can't be scripted.
F Promise. Only a complete and utter fool would be stupid enough to buy any of their products. May they rot in that special place reserved for child molesters. (Yes, I'm still bitter about it)
- JoeShmoe
.
-- I wonder which will go down in history as the bigger failure: the War on Drugs or the War on Filesharing
Don't get too fancy with yourself on this one...
You definitely don't need any type of RAID solution because it doesn't offer you what you really need. You say you want RAID, but what you really want is backup.
All RAID solution deal with disaster recovery, but they don't deal with the situation where you accidentally rm -rf a directory that you wanted. If you mirror or RAID 5 your drives, you're still hosed because both drives will delete the files. In the end, this is more important and much more convenient.
Instead, go with a better approach which is copy or tar your files every night (or every week) to a backup drive, preferably over the network on a completely different machine. This will prevent the problem of a power surge or accidental shutoff from corrupting both drives at the same time.
I've run software RAID-5 on Linux for several years on two of my home fileservers.
The only problem I ever encountered were hardware failures (Promise *ack* *spit* PCI IDE cards) and one drive failure. Performance is not really an issue for home use; I can easily saturate my 100Mbps network card.
My Fileserver: AMD Duron 1300MHz, 768MB RAM
This device was built from 4x 160GB 7200rpm SW RAID-5 for online storage (including all of my digital photos, and my collection of CD's ripped to MP3).
For backup I have an old Celeron 433, 512MB RAM box with 4x 120GB 5400rpm SW RAID-5
The main fileserver is rsynced to the backup server once a week. CPU on the backup server is a bottleneck; the Celeron is a bit underpowered for rsync, but it works ;)
My $0.02:
- Software RAID is perfectly usable, especially for typical home use. Performance is adequate.
- With RAID-5 you "lose" only one disk to parity so it is quite cheap to build
- Yes, I'd really like a 3Ware Escalade but if the card fails I need to get a new one pronto; software RAID sets can be migrated to most PCs.
-- Gxis! Ed.