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Short Coding Projects?
sapped asks: "Whenever somebody advocates a new programming language for you to try, they will usually suggest writing something in it that will take you an hour or two to code, so that you can get a feel for it. My problem is that I tend to go from extremely trivial ideas straight to stuff which will keep me busy, for at least a few days. I don't seem to have a handy in-between size project that I can test stuff in. The closest I came to this was writing a little ad-blocking proxy for my browser, a few years back. Any ideas on neat small non-trivial projects?"
Try to get your hands on some programming exams. The programs there are usually designed and written within one or two hours (to fit into a typical lesson). Also they touch all subjects that are of interest in your case, for example the 8-queen-problem for recursion, simple algebra (prime numbers) for number handling, pointers, etc without going to deep into details not necessary if you are not writing productive software.
Keep open minded - but not that open your brain falls out...
A friend of mine suggested a reverse-polish notation caclulator. It's a pretty good project since you'll have a chance to use a common data structure (stack) along with all the basic features of the language.
What I do first of all after the basic "hello world" examples and stuff when learning a new language is a simple "guess the number" game - computer randomly generates number between 1 and 100.
User then guesses, and computer replies if the guess is higher or lower until number is guessed. Teaches use of loops, random number generation, text input & output etc. Can also go on to store lowest number of guesses in "high score" table etc, or use TCP to make it playable over telnet, if you so wish.
Linux Wireless Hardware in the UK
Something simple like a basic Webserver (GET/PUT/HEAD) or a FTP server.
You get:
a) simple string parsing/processing/manipulation
b) File I/O and filesystem manipulation
c) Network I/O
Optionally or language dependent:
d) Threading
e) Packaging
If a dynamic language (e.g. lisp):
f) Write something like JSP on top of it: dynamic dispatch to handling method/function
Optimizations are easy as well. Caching will give you a good overview of data structure speed.
A random idea generator?