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The Basics of EULAs
Garthilk writes "Blizzard recently made a bit of press when they announced that they would be actively enforcing their End User License agreement and prohibit the third party sale of game items and characters. Many people don't believe these clickthrough EULAs to be enforceable contracts. Thankfully Don Shelkey from the Corporate Finance and Technology section of the law firm Buchanan Ingersoll stops by to give us the low down. Mind you he is speaking on his own behalf and not on behalf any of his clients."
RTFA.
EULA's have been enforced.
The standard disclaimer applies that this is not legal advice and is only offered for your viewing pleasure.
The law of contracts is the law of promises. Long before computers were invented, people were making promises. At some point, the law had to designate which promises it would enforce and which promises it would let slide. The former are called "contracts." That is, a contract is simply a legally enforceable promise.
To have a contract, you have to meet certain elements. I refer to the terminology of my professor and renown expert, John E. Murray, Jr., author of Murray on Contracts, a first year law student's bible on the matter. To have a contract, you must have 1) an offer, 2) an acceptance and 3) a validation device, most often, consideration.
The offer and acceptance parts are quite simple the vast majority of the time. Usually one party says "I will provide you with X if you provide me with Y," which qualifies as an offer. The other party says "I agree" and the deal is done. Consideration is sometimes a little bit tricky, but in order for a contract to be valid, there must be a bargained for exchange. Lack of consideration is why gift promises, even in writing, are not enforced. I say "I agree to give you $100 because I love you." We put it in writing signed by 10 nuns, each of which testify that I fully intended to give you $100. That is not a contract because there was no bargained for exchange of value. Promises to make gifts are simply not a type of promise that the law chooses to enforce.
Ok, so lets look at the typical EULA to see if it's a contract. The gaming company makes you and offer to play the game. In exchange for playing the game, you must agree to pay a fee each month and follow the EULA. That is the offer. You accept the offer by clicking "I Agree" when you log in. You technically do not need to do it each time that you log in, but most companies do this simply to remind the consumer that it is bound by the agreement (and to provide notice of any modifications). The promise is supported by consideration, namely the company permits you access to the service, and you pay the fees.
Tada, contract! So, what is all the fuss about? Well, you see there is good reason for confusion.
When software companies first started, it was easy. They had a product that they made. They wanted to license it to someone else to use, so they drew up an agreement, and said "sign on the dotted line." Those were the early EULAs and they were no doubt enforceable. But then software companies wanted to make its product easy to buy, so they threw it in a shiny box and popped it on a shelf. They certainly couldn't ask the clerk behind the counter to execute contracts for them, so they simply tucked it inside the shrink wrap and included "acceptance language" stating "by opening this box, you agree to these terms."
Wow, now wait a minute here?!? There is something messed up with the timing of the whole thing. It doesn't jive with standard contract formation process. So, I pay the fee, get the thing that I paid for home, open the box, and accept the offer before I see it? Hmm. Well that didn't make much sense, and judges weren't really familiar with how this whole thing worked, so cases came down that said these types of agreements, shrink-wrap "EULAs," are not enforceable. They aren't enforceable because they do not meet the elements of a contract.
But wait again! Some smart guy decides "this is great" and he goes and buys a piece of software that contains something like a telephone directory of the entire United States. He rips the contents off the CD and makes his own CD that does the same thing, and competes with the original company. The original company says "we will see about that" and the ProCD case is born. In that case the court determined that EULAs are enforceable because everyone knows what's in them, and everyone reasonably should expect to be bound by certain terms and conditions. Later cases came out, however that said EULAs are a special kind of c
Ceci n'est pas une signature.
Many people don't believe these clickthrough EULAs to be enforceable contracts.
And in Germany they are 100 percent correct. After all, a contract requires a clear volition from all parties. And a click on a virtual button or opening the shrinkwrap is not sufficient for that, as you can't even tell who made the click (maybe my cat stepped over the keyboard while I was out of the room).
Incidentally, if you look at point 2, you will see that Valve claim that all Steam accounts sold on eBay are "either Stolen accounts or opened with stolen credit cards". So, bear that in mind if you decide to sell your legally purchased HL2 on eBay.
If I can view the EULA online, for example, as with GPL'd software, then why shouldn't it be legal?
GPL'ed software has no EULA, and the GPL does not rely on contract law, rather it uses copyright law as it only covers distribution of the program, not how it is used.
Standard disclaimer : IANAL
"Backups are for wimps. Real men upload their data to an FTP site and have everyone else mirror it." -- Linus Torvalds
The section you quoted was not the relevant section of the article. as he says, a shrink-wrap EULA is enforacle with "reasonable" terms. but a MMO does not have that limitation because it acutally uses a TOS to define the terms you are concerned with. As the article states TOS are entirely enforceable. You have a clear option to read and understand the TOS _BEFORE_ you use the service, so the contract is valid and enforceable. end of story. Play the game by blizzard's terms, or don't. Your choice.
We can kvetch all we want about EULAs, but the big question here revolves around ethics.
On the most basic level, I think we all perceive that just compensation for work is wholly reasonable.
Yes, I've used software that I didn't have legal right to, but I understood that it isn't really kosher.
The only person capable of stopping anyone from doing anything is the individual- to my mind, EULAs are general reminders that make you consider the nature of what you are doing in the first place.
befuddled (noun) 1. Unable to create a pithy sig
I will believe that EULAs are enforcable as soon as the first EULA is enforced, but not sooner.
While I realize it's a Slashdot tradition to not RTFA before posting about it, you really need to go RTFA. EULA have been enforced by court decisions, and apparently they go back a fair ways, there's plenty of legal precedent to enforce them now, under the right conditions.
In this case, talking about MMORPG EULAs, it's even more clear cut. You're shown the EULA every time you log in (even just the first time is enough) and have to agree to it before playing. That constitutes a legal contract even without the legal precedents already set. That's the gist of this guy's discussion.
So time to start believing they're enforceable, since they are.
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It really doesn't matter if click-through is binding or not. Most companies just play the "Right or wrong, we'll sue your ass into the ground and bankrupt you on court costs."
Depends on the state, but in some of them they can get hit with fines in addition to having to pay the defendants full legal costs for filing a SLAPP lawsuit. (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) Mattel found this out the hard way when they sued that artist using Barbie dolls in his art. Mattel didn't like the way he used them and sued. A judge threw it out, fined Mattel a large amount and made them pay the guy's full legal fees.Who does an 800 pound gorilla sue? Anyone he wants.
Sadly not all states have anti-SLAPP laws on the books, they all should.
A judge threw it out, fined Mattel a large amount and made them pay the guy's full legal fees.
Which is all fine and dandy if you can get your lawyers to work for free until the judgement. Otherwise Mattel didnt pay the legal fees they just gave him back what he had already paid. This, of course, relies on you having the money to mount a defence and take the risk of waving goodbye to it if you lose.
The GNU General Public License is not an EULA. Please read it:
"5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. [...]"
Now, back yo your question: "If I can view the EULA online [...] then why shouldn't it be legal?" You should have asked: "If I can view the EULA online [...] then why shouldn't it be legally binding?" And the answer would be: do you consider everything that you read a legally binding contract? When you see a sign in the store saying that when you touch anything then you have to buy it, do you think it is true?
Sincerely,
Pan Tarhei Hosé, PhD.
"Homo sum et cogito ergo odi profanum vulgus et libido."
Don't forget:
"You are not allowed to publish anything negative about the software on any medium" (Especially on reviewer copies)
"We don't care if the software causes damage to your computer hardware"
"We can revoke your right to run this software at any time for any reason without refund"
"You may not give this software to anybody else, even if you uninstall it from your machine and everything"
"Don't even think about installing it on two machines in your house. You need to buy a second copy buddy--it doesn't matter that you only run it on one machine at a time!"
and so on.
I read the internet for the articles.
A license is revocable at the will of the licensor and therefore is not a contract.
Where did you ever get that idea? Yes, there are time-limited licenses, licenses that can be terminated for various reasons, but that is the exception not the rule. If you want that, you have to put it in the license terms.
A license as commonly used is simply a special form of contract, where rights are traded for money. Assuming it holds up to the legal standards, it is as good a contract as any other.
Kjella
Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
World of Warcraft EULA http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/legal/eula.htm
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I work at an office that is attached to a major university and we regularly get educational discounts on software we buy. They sell education priced software at the university book store and you are supposed to have a student or facultly ID to buy it, but I'm not sure if they check. I'm sure the sticker is for sales purpose more than use. I don't see how they would control use once the software is bought and installed. If you live near a major university it may be worth checking their bookstore if you are buying high-priced software. It is usually about 1/4 to 1/2 of regular price. Just use your old Jedi mind trick on the sales clerk so they don't check for student ID.
As the article pointed out, the courts have already decided this. The decision was that EULAs (shrink wrap or otherwise) are enforceable contracts.
For more information look into the bnetd court case. Last year the court found in favor of Vivendi on all counts. The basis of the entire decision was that since the EULA was a valid contract.
Some companies actually place their EULAs on the web, allowing you to read prior to purchasing. As stated, Blizzard offers a full refund if you do not accept the EULA. Finally, I'm not sure if it happens with WOW, but some online games I've seen state something similar to "By logging onto our server, you agree to the EULA." While you have paid for the game, you are using their servers, so you have to abide by those terms.
If two people make some deal, what would Blizzard have to do with it?
Nothing except that they are the ones holding the item for you. Think of it like a valet parking garage. You give your car over to the valet dude to park your car and he crashes it. He doesn't care that you just sold the car but he is now responsible for the loss of the car. So he has insurance to protect himself should he damage a car that he is parking.
Blizzard is afraid that they may be blamed for any faults that happen while they are "valeting"/housing your things.
It means that they are going to have to be insured for losses(if the server crashes) as selling the "items" on ebay is proof of value. If they can stop that from occurring or make it illegal they avoid the legal necessity of liability insurance.
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I got news for ya, most of the 'people' doing this are not individuals but companies... Often companies in foreign countries, with US 'contact points'...
I played Lineage 2 for quite awhile and you really couldn't help encountering these grous of (mostly) chinese people with US contact points (web and a few personel for delivery purposes).
Now I bring this up for two reasons:
A) They make quite enough money that the could defend themselves in court just fine.
B) They will never go to court because they don't live in the US, nor are the contact points actually bussiness style branches.
So this will do nothing except put the person trying sell their character off when they leave the game (Which I did for Lin2) in the potential line of fire...
we are all invisible unless we choose otherwise
When a lawyer's compensation is deferred until after judgment and is predicated on winning the case (and the phat lewt which accompanies it), that's called taking the case on contingency. Pro bono is when a lawyer works for free -- as in beer -- as it's generally working "for the public good", hence the latin abbreviation of "pro bono publico".
The answer to the question of whether a EULA is enforceable cannot be yes given the lack of case law in most jurisdictions on this point (contrary to his suggestion that most jurisdictions have ruled on this issue). I am willing to bet the vast majority of states have not addressed this issue. Contract law is a matter of state law. So the 7th Circuit's opinion in ProCd is really only valid until the Wisconsin Supreme Court rules on this isssue. If the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled tomorrow that EULAs were not enforceable as a matter of Wisconsin law, it would in effect overrule the ProCd holding that the contract at issue in that case was enforceable. The 7th Circuit in the future would be bound to follow the Wisconsin Supreme Court's ruling, and not the ProCD holding.
If an attorney in Nebraska (a quick example - I am sure there are more) stated that EULAs were enforceable, they would be doing so without any binding case law to support that statement. Not a position I would want to be in....