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Designing a Municipal Wireless Service?
EvilTwinSkippy asks: "I am on a team generating a proposal for the Wireless Philadelphia Initiative. In short I have to figure out how to cover 135 square miles of city with Wifi. I'm reading through the requirements. (Not linking to them, no fair slashdotting the customer, or my employer.) I have already figured out that supporting Wireless B and G simultaneously has to go. As does supporting cars traveling at 60mph. And getting 1MB sustained across the network is a pipedream. In the end, I'm looking down the barrel of designing a network this is projected to have 160,000 users in 5 years, over at least 3000 nodes. I know that Rooftop mesh networks are going to be a large part of the design, as will Linux boxes acting as routers and access points. What massive network issues has 4 years of electrical engineering, and 10 years of hacking routers and servers not prepared me for?"
Simply wait and copy Minneapolis' solution :)
Consider using dumb access points with battery backup, the kind that can be replaced easily and without much configuration. Centralize your authentication mechanism on the back end.
Actually, thieves will likely take more than two...
Correct me if I'm wrong, but I thought G appliances were backwards compatible with B appliances.
Seems G would be the way to go. Higher cost, but better longevity and compatibility and potential bandwidth.
As for concerns about speed: Here's the thing that gets me about WiFi speed potential (or Ethernet for that matter) when it comes to an open network: What difference does the speed of the line to the node make as long as it's at least as fast as the pipe you'll be using on the back to connect out to the world? Sure, this will matter to the municipal government, who presumably will have lots of internal point-to-point traffic, but not the public, who just want to surf the net.
Here's another question: Are municipal governments still subject to regulations on output, or being governmental, can they crank up the wattage? One wonders if metropolitan WiFi would benefit from greater output allowances. You'd need less APs, etc; instead of trying to put a city-owned piece of hardware on every downtown building, you could increase their range and put them further apart.
Terrorists can attack freedom, but only Congress can destroy it.
Not for a city the size of Philly but for cities of 200k people.
Find the highest point in a particular region of town, and get the rights to put a weatherproof box and an antenna up on a tower near there. (cell phone companies are very good at finding the best points to place a tower or antenna. you should follow their lead.) in the weatherproof box put a soekris board running linux and two wireless cards and antennas on them. One card will be a backbone 802.11g link with a directional, high gain antenna, the other a customer link with a 802.11b omni antenna.
do that for every region that needs coverage.
Find points where multiple region APs can see, and do the same as above, but get a horizontally polarized omnidirectional antenna. they're expensive, but worth it. Connect all the regional APs to this. Run a T1 into whatever computer controls this antenna.
do that for every group of regions.
viola! citywide wirless. a true star topology.
there are some details i'm leaving out, but this should give you a good idea.
run zebra on the linux APs to handle routing.
use backbone redundancy where possible, the APs will fail occaisionally.
2.4 GHz isn't "unregulated".
The primary allocation is to amateur radio; other users are there on a Part 15 basis, which explains your experience with your neighbor's phone. You're required to accept any interference from other devices on the band. Since I hold a licence for that band, I'm a primary user, and if interfered with by a Part 15 device can require that they fix the problem or shut down.
If I can find them.
-=Maggie Leber=-
Now put this in context of deplying a city-wide network. See the problem? As wifi, would it classified as amateur radio or as a part 15 basis? If part 15 (as the sticker on my USB wifi adapter says), that means that if this city-wide network messed with Amateur radio services, then the city's network would have to shut down, correct? Doesn't sound safe to invest time and money into by me.
Are the good citizens of PA shelling out tax dollars to fund a setup of someone who has to Ask Slashdot how to set up a municipal wi-fi network?
3000 full-blown linux servers? Jiminy Christmas. Probably COTS PC hardware, right? Please tell me there are competing bids from experienced networking outfits?
I am no longer wasting my time with slashdot
Just some thoughts from days from working at an ISP.
Know your scope, technically you are setting up WiFi but you need to forget about the technology for a moment and have AT LEAST a prioritized list of what this network is to be used for. Without that guiding light it will do what it does, but it may not do what anybody (or perhaps a particular high ranking somebody) will want it to do. You won't have anything to guide your decisions or your priorities.
Second, LATENCY!
I haven't played with WiFi meshes so this may not come in to play but from past experience with Wireless solutions ala ISP you have to remember that cabling and bandwidth is VERY IMPORTANT. Donot be tempted to use wireless repeaters with abandon. You need to be able to have a greater amount of backbone, node to node bandwidth than the nodes themselves will provide. If the wireless nodes get overloaded and TCP retransmissions (or retransmissions by the WiFi repeaters themselves) will climb and there will be a point no packets will move. The latency of WiFi will cause this packet storm (if you will) way quicker than wired solutions. Without a good amount of bandwidth behind the nodes, or even a backup landline for administration bringing it back could be quite a pain.
The ISP I worked for tried to deploy point to point wireless bypassing the telco. Rather than run cable to the tower, they used point to point to the tower and then point to point to their customer. It didn't take long (since all of the point to point links were rated the same) for the whole solution to get snarled up bottlenecked on the point to point between the ISP and the tower. With the latency of wireless it would be unusable REALLY quick. (If only we had SQUID and bandwidth limiters back then... SIGH...)
Lastly, you have the greatest opportunity to win through control. Your watchwords should be metrics and design. As you roll out your nodes you best be pulling metrics so you know how your design will handle load and how it will fail. This will be knowledge that is good as gold, and will allow you to re-design and re-deploy. Your first attempt will be a guess but if you capture the metrics and track as most information as you can, whether that be the temperature of the wireless nodes (do they overheat, are they sheltered, is there a pattern to failure) or the packet retransmissions; all of that information will be vital to learn how to tune it up, engineer it and deploy it.
Have fun... I'm envious...
"Don't fear death... fear not living..." -me
There are solutions from commercial providers for reliable metro-scale Wi-Fi mesh networks. These are installed in Philadelphia (pilot) now, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Oklahoma City, Corpus Christi, and Chaska, MN, to name just a few. Check out muniwireless.com for info about how communities around the world are doing this.