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NASA Scientists Simulate Black Hole Collision

Krishna Dagli writes to tell us Yahoo! News is reporting that NASA scientists have managed to simulate the merger of two massive orbiting black holes. Using technology from Silicon Graphics, Inc. built from 20 SGI Altix systems the team was able to show how the resulting gravitational waves would interact with surrounding space.

63 comments

  1. didn't know processors have memory by uioreanu · · Score: 3, Funny
    By linking four, 512-processor Altix systems .... NASA enabled the scientists to access all of the processors' memory at once.
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    1. Re:didn't know processors have memory by eliot1785 · · Score: 3, Informative

      They actually have several layers of memory (registers, L1, L2...), it's just not called that.

      I don't think that's what they meant though.

    2. Re:didn't know processors have memory by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      sure they do. it's called cache, although that's probably not what they're talking about.

    3. Re:didn't know processors have memory by barry_the_bogan · · Score: 1

      "I don't think that's what they meant though."
      Really??? If you look down the bottom of TFA it says "Source: SGI" Given that TFA talks more about the SGI systems than than the actual experiment, and SGI wrote TFA, they should know better. But then again, it is just marketing....

    4. Re:didn't know processors have memory by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      What they mean is that they were able to join the address spaces of the different machines to form a single, unified one. Without any extra software, a processor can thus execute load and stores to the memory of a different machine simply by using an address that is mapped to the memory of another SGI Altix - the machine does all the rest.

      In other words, you're able to use shared-memory forms of multi-processor programming, such as threads, instead of message-passing, as is used e.g. by clusters (think pthreads instead of MPI).

    5. Re:didn't know processors have memory by prefect42 · · Score: 3, Informative

      I think you need to relax your terminology a little. On an Altix box you have what used to be called C-Bricks. Basically a unit that contains processors and RAM. Those all link together over NUMAFlex (with appropriate routers) to form your large shared memory machine. But the RAM is still localised (as it's a NUMA architecture). So 'main memory' should be considered as 'owned' by a processor (or processors). If you'd made an OpenMOSIX cluster to match you'd refer to it as a machine's memory, but since all these C-Bricks form a single machine whole, you can't do that.

      --

      jh

    6. Re:didn't know processors have memory by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      sure wish the boys at openmosix would hurry up with the 2.6 kernel userland package... i would love to be able to build that into the next cluster I am about to build.

  2. imagine by Criliric · · Score: 2, Funny

    imagine a beowolf.... nevermind :)

  3. Black holes colliding? by MindCheese · · Score: 4, Funny

    Man, that would suck.

    1. Re:Black holes colliding? by MickDownUnder · · Score: 3, Funny

      I think you meant.... that would be heavy man !

    2. Re:Black holes colliding? by Elitist_Phoenix · · Score: 1

      Sounds like someone's living in the past! Contemporize, man!

      --
      "I'm going to f***ing bury that guy, I have done it before, and I will do it again. I'm going to f***ing kill Google"
    3. Re:Black holes colliding? by frosty_tsm · · Score: 1

      Don't your remember High School physics?

      Nothing sucks. Everything blows.

    4. Re:Black holes colliding? by spongman · · Score: 1

      AFAIK black holes aren't any heavier than the original stars (plus any matter they accrued) and the gravitational attraction (at a distance) isn't any stronger than that of the original star...

  4. Summary by miikrr · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The first video is looks pointless. It just shows two black holes circling around each other doing nothing, and then the clip just ends. Einstein's clip shows two black holes merging into one big-ass black hole, which shows a much more interesting theory than "nothing really happens when two black holes meet, but here's a video anyway!"

    1. Re:Summary by mikael · · Score: 1

      Well, that's the way these things act out in the real world - they orbit each other for several millions years, gradually losing orbital energy, then they merge within minutes (at least to an observer, for someone on the surface of each black hole it's probably going to seem like an eternity).

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    2. Re:Summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      > The first video is looks pointless. It just shows two black holes circling around each other doing nothing, and then the clip just ends.

      Precise in mood, if not in particulars: the video actually shows two /galaxies/ orbiting each other, doing nothing, and then just ends. Pretty pointless. If you watch Space [or Hyperspace, in America], a documentary with Sam Neill, they have a much better quasi-simulation of colliding galaxies. Looks more-or-less like you'd expect two giant point-clouds to act under the influence of gravity, anyway.

      > Einstein's clip shows two black holes merging into one big-ass black hole, which shows a much more interesting theory than "nothing really happens when two black holes meet, but here's a video anyway!"

      Well, something really happens, it's just not something we could ordinarily see; the wavery lines surrounding the event - the gravitatational waves - are what you're really supposed to be looking for, and what the whole point of this simulation was: to see what we're probably looking for with LISA.

    3. Re:Summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Surface," of course, being a convenient label, and not a real description, obviously.

  5. Boom! by jarg0n · · Score: 0

    Boom!...?

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  6. How? by squoozer · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I wasn't aware that we understood how one black hole worked so how can this team perform a simulation of two coming together and hope to get anything useful out? I admit there is an outside chance they will stumble on the correct result but can they prove it's correct?

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    1. Re:How? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I admit there is an outside chance they will stumble on the correct result but can they prove it's correct?

      There's the possibility of scientists eventually creating black holes to experiment on. That's a favorite of science-fiction disaster stories like David Brin's Earth , or Roger MacBride Allen's The Ring of Charon. Then you'd have the proof right in front of you.

    2. Re:How? by ooze · · Score: 1

      Without those kinds of spending no kid would ever have heard of a computer, since their wouldn't be any, since noone got the funds to develop some.

      --
      Just because I can imagine doing a hippopotamus, doesn't mean I'd like to do it.
    3. Re:How? by amRadioHed · · Score: 2, Informative

      The thing we don't understand about black holes is the singularity itself. The observable behavior of the black hole is mostly understood and I think that is what is being simulated. The stuff that is truly mysterious is hidden away within the event horizon.

      --
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    4. Re:How? by squoozer · · Score: 1

      The problem with your argument is that it can be used to justify any research no matter how hair brained. It could be used to justify research into perpetual motion machines or ID. I freely admit some money needs to be spent on blue sky research but even that should be justifiable. If the results that we get out of this experiment are nothing more than one researchers opinion then they are worth no more than a (very expensive) work of fiction. It's great that we are probing these things but there comes a point where too many assumptions have been made for the results to have any real worth. I suppose that's why we have peer review though - to keep out the worst of the crack pots.

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    5. Re:How? by NotZed · · Score: 1

      The observable behaviour of black holes? Everyone seems to have forgotten that black holes are just limits of a purely hypothetical mathematical model - and have never been observed, ever.

      The supposed effects which have been observed as "indirect evidence" of black holes is a fantastic leap of faith with no basis in observable or testable reality (nor even in the above-mentioned mathematical models, i'll wager).

      --
      _ // `Thinking is an exercise to which all too few brains
      \\/ are accustomed' - First Lensman
    6. Re:How? by Chris+Snook · · Score: 1

      while (1)
      {
      expected_phenomena = simulate(current_theory);
      observed_phenomena = look_for_similar(expected_phenomena);
      current_theory.refine(expected_phenomena, observed_phenomena);
      }

      --
      There's no failure quite as dissatisfying as a complete and total solution to the wrong problem.
    7. Re:How? by sauron_of_mordor · · Score: 1

      "The problem with your argument is that it can be used to justify any research no matter how hair brained. It could be used to justify research into perpetual motion machines or ID."

      Not really thats why research proposals get generally peer reviewed - which isn't always an ideal process, but it does generally get the perpetual motion machines, I've discovered the ether, and CPT violating transportation devices type projects thrown out.

    8. Re:How? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative
      I'm a physics student and have to complain a bit.

      The "purely hypothetical mathematical model" is known as General Relativity - a theory which has sustained every test physicist could conceive so far.
      Blacks holes itself not only were found to be the fate of any superdense object in this theory but are widely accepted by almost any physicist as real.

      Wikipedia gets it right:
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole:
      The existence of black holes in the universe is well supported by astronomical observation, particularly from studying X-ray emission from X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei.


    9. Re:How? by MindStalker · · Score: 1

      Well we understand general relativity which we can model on a computer. We also have a pretty good grasp of particle physics which we can also model with a much bigger computer. Now from my understanding these two theories create different results in things like blackhole simulations. It would be interesting to simulate the two and eventually someday we may observe this actually happening and find out which simulation was more correct.

    10. Re:How? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      > I wasn't aware that we understood how one black hole worked so how can this team perform a simulation of two coming together and hope to get anything useful out?

      We have a pretty good idea. The equations being used to produce these simulations fit with observed evidence. About which, more:

      > I admit there is an outside chance they will stumble on the correct result but can they prove it's correct?

      See, this is the tricky part. We have a set of equations which look good mathematically. The equations fit with what we have observed so far, but we want to make more observations. Therefore, we have to apply the equations to a simulation, to give us an idea of what to look for. Then we look for this with our new instruments, and if we get something different, either our simulation or our equations are wrong, and then we go back and revisit them. It's not as simple as, "We understand black holes, now we simulate them, and then we look for evidence to confirm it." If we understood them so well, we wouldn't need the simulation! This is long science.

    11. Re:How? by Chelloveck · · Score: 1

      This calls for empirical methods! Fire up the cyclotron, it's time we started smashing black holes into each other!

      --
      Chelloveck
      I give up on debugging. From now on, SIGSEGV is a feature.
    12. Re:How? by Alsee · · Score: 1

      We do not understand the inside of black holes, and we have a limited understanding of the surface of black holes. What we do have an excellent understanding of is the space between black holes, and the motion of the black holes through space. Relativity gives us the (very complicated) equations for everything outside of the black hole.

      And an interesting thing about Relativity is that the interior of a black hole cannot have any causual effect on anything outside the black hole. So we don't know what happens inside the black holes during this process, but that's OK because we can leave the insides out of the calculations because they cannot have any effect on any other part of the calculations. It's kinda like saying we don't understand atoms and don't understand the interior of pool balls, but we can still do calculations on the exterior of pool balls and how they will move and collide in a typical game of pool.

      -

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  7. Dude ... by Savage-Rabbit · · Score: 4, Funny
    Man, that would suck
    ... don't be so dramatic, intellectual and moral black holes collide on Capitol Hill every day and we still haven't been sucked in.
    --
    Only to idiots, are orders laws.
    -- Henning von Tresckow
    1. Re:Dude ... by peragrin · · Score: 1

      I don't know about that, we are going down pretty damn fast.

      --
      i thought once I was found, but it was only a dream.
    2. Re:Dude ... by mikael · · Score: 1

      As the saying goes "never battle wits with an unarmed opponent".

      --
      Vintage computer adverts: http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/computers-and-software-ads
  8. That was just a simulation. by Don_dumb · · Score: 1

    Now lets do it for real.

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    If this were really happening, what would you think?
  9. Your sig... by hackwrench · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Your sig just a moment ago said "404 error: sig not found". Now it says simply "sig not found". I was just now going to suggest changing it to "404 error: sig not found. Additionally, a 404 error was encountered why trying to locate an errordocument".

  10. Dup? by RobotWisdom · · Score: 1

    The date on the Nasa page is 18 April.

  11. That's good... by countach · · Score: 1


    That's good to know, in case one is ever caught in the middle of two colliding black holes and you need to figure a way out of that sticky situation....

    1. Re:That's good... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Poke them in the eye, just don't get your hand stuck

    2. Re:That's good... by infolib · · Score: 1

      Black hole life preserver to the rescue![*]

      Ok, maybe not entirely rescue, but it would buy you time. Only 0.09 seconds to tell the truth, but it's something.

      [*] Not tested in dual hole configuration, use at your own risk, no liability implied.

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced libertarian utopia is indistinguishable from government.
  12. Re:Money well spent by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

    Hey champ: NASA is about real research too, not just strapping yourself to rockets and aiming for the nearest rocky, spherical object.

  13. How did they do it? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    By having two NASA scientists smashing their butts against each other?

  14. Some more info. by Stoutlimb · · Score: 4, Informative

    I actually went to a seminar years back by one of the individuals working on this. The equation alone filled pages, and was something he had to derive by hand. He showed us a cgi video of the results. The 2 black holes approached, snapped together, and the resulting larger black hole temporarily oscillated. The strange part was partway through the oscillation, the black hole just popped out of existence, and then reappeard several seconds later.

    In the question and answer period, a student asked why this gap in the calculations. The professor explained there was no gap in the calculations, but rather, the result of the calculations was non-euclidean in nature, so it was physically impossible to display it in a 3d model. At about that time, half of the undergrad audience whispered a Keanu Reeves style "whoah..."

    Don't ask me any of the details, this was years ago in a course on stellar astrophysics that I have mostly forgot. This is just something anecdotal. Astrophysicists have been working on this black hole merger thing for a very long time. The computer labs at the time had P133's running. I'd love to see what they're doing now, but that site wasn't very big on actual information.

    1. Re:Some more info. by budgenator · · Score: 1

      My gut hunch is that's a good approximation of the big-bang, two half universe sized black-holes kissing!

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
  15. Addendum by Stoutlimb · · Score: 2

    I went through the videos on that site I missed. I could swear I saw the EXACT SAME videos at the 1993 conference. Especially the one that showed the gravity waves of the two merging black holes. I swear I even see the resulting black hole wink out for a frame or two. They really don't show the actual merger in very much detail at all, I think this is on purpose. I think that's why they havn't posted anything that clearly shows the merger, because I very much doubt an observer at the merger of 2 black holes would just see it wink out of existence like that. (Not that an observer would survive that kind of event, but that's neither here nor there.) For public release I guess it's bad to admit they don't have all the answers yet.

    1. Re:Addendum by Garin · · Score: 1

      I was at that conference I think (U of C, CUPC?) and I saw the same videos. I also believe they were the same thing. Maybe they've been recreated with more precision or something? I hope so.

      --
      In any field, find the strangest thing and then explore it. -John Archibald Wheeler
    2. Re:Addendum by Stoutlimb · · Score: 1

      Cool, what U were you from? I was from U of A.

      Call me a cynic, but my guess is the prof took out his old promo material, and is asking for more funding by showing what he's done so far. Either that, or they have recreated the same computing, but with more resolution or something.

  16. This is 3 month old news?! by azav · · Score: 0, Redundant

    This is new news?

    This article and movie was featured in New Scientist on 4.18.06.

    Black holes collide in the best simulation yet

    18:29 18 April 2006
    NewScientist.com news service

    Enlarge image
    Black holes distort space-time (yellow lines) and emit gravitational waves as they spiral towards each other (Image: Henze/NASA)

    Enlarge image
    Simulations of the ripples in space-time produced when two black holes merge could help astronomers interpret future gravitational wave observations (Image: Henze/NASA)

    The ripples in space-time created when two black holes merge have been modelled to unprecedented accuracy, according to Einstein's equations, by a powerful new computer simulation. The "waveform" signatures produced in the simulation should help researchers identify the ripples in the data from gravitational wave detectors.

    Powerful gravitational waves are thought to shake the fabric of space-time when two black holes spiral towards each other and eventually merge. The waves have not yet been observed, but researchers have been trying to simulate the process on computers in order to predict the expected signal. That will help the nascent searches now in progress.

    The signals, called "waveforms", are shaped by factors such as the frequency at which the two black holes orbit each other, their relative masses and their spins. But modelling the merger has proven exceptionally difficult because the process is governed by Einstein's theory of general relativity.

    "People have been trying for years to follow the coalescence of two black holes where you treat general relativity exactly," comments David Merritt, an astrophysicist at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York, US.

    John Baker of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, US, agrees. "Part of the complexity of simulating Einstein's equations are the equations don't come in a unique form," he told New Scientist. "You have a lot of choices to make when you approach the problem." ...

    --
    - Zav - Imagine a Beowulf cluster of insensitive clods...
  17. Link to the paper and some comments by celticryan · · Score: 1

    The arxiv.org original paper can be found here. From what I understand of the original paper, they only did a non-rotating black holes. This paper is a significant step forward in numerical relativity because they were able to actually get information out about the gravitational waves that carry the energy away from the two black holes and allow for the inspiral to happen.

    As mentioned in the paper, a lot of previous work has been done on this problem. Up to this point, one of the methods used was a circular orbit approximation.

    The detection of gravitational waves will be a huge step forward for General Relativity and these simulations are very important for the groups doing the data analysis like the LIGO Scientific Collaboration Group at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee who work on the data analysis of the scientific runs from LIGO. It allows them to test their detection algorithms more accurately so that when(if) they detect an event, greater confidence can be given about the detection.

  18. This whole article* without by drachenstern · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    a reference to John Titor?

    for the uninitiated: http://www.johntitor.com/

    *and apparently the prev dup article as well, but I could've been wrong.

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    2^3 * 31 * 647
  19. I need to learn how to read by kko · · Score: 0, Troll

    I read the title as NASA Scientists Simulate BackHoe Collision...

    Hoek on phoniks woerk for me!

    --
    No, seriously, I just come here for the articles.
  20. Ob. Spinal Tap by anaesthetica · · Score: 1

    It's like, how much more black could this be? and the answer is none. None more black.

  21. *sigh* problems by drDugan · · Score: 1

    so I have a few problems with this type of article.

    first off, the result is an obvious PR piece for SGI. Such a slant taints the reason for the piece - making it impossible to really judge the significance of the computation. The contactacts ARE the SGI PR folks.

    next, the article frames this an achievement in simulation that was "made possible" by the computer. This framing shows the lack of understanding about simulation by the author. In all computer simulation, there is a tradeoff between realism/accuracy and what is possible computationally. There is no hard line beyond which you get to claim, "this was a "realistic" simulation" as they do - especially for black holes, which we have almost no measurements. There is always tremndous guesswork and tradeoff that have to be made.

    I tend to wonder if the computer scientists who built the system had much input on this article. I would guess not.

  22. Re:Money well spent by HTH+NE1 · · Score: 1

    I wonder how many computers you could buy with $2 trillion dollars. Heck, you could buy a PC for everyone in the world with that kind of money.

    I think I'd want a PC that can do more than what $333.33 would buy.

    --
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  23. SGI Altix Systems? by Lally+Singh · · Score: 1

    Wow, they must've spent nearly $2000 on all those SGIs on ebay.

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  24. Re:Money well spent by Tweekster · · Score: 1

    Kids dont need better computers at school, i would go as far to say, they need less computers because they are largely unused as it is. A computer in every classroom was the greatest scam of the 90's

    --
    The phrase "more better" is acceptable English. suck it grammar Nazis
  25. String Theory - Gravity Waves by browe · · Score: 1

    No expert here, but I do recall reading some commentary about string theory predicting multiple universes. The potential importance of this research is that gravity waves may be the only way to communicate between multiple universes!!!! (unless T-mobile installs some new cell towers in the other universes). Understanding and detecting them could lead to some future communication revolution.

  26. Request Clarification by drachenstern · · Score: 1

    how is this offtopic? because I didn't state that john titor talks about the use of two micro black holes to travel through time?

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    2^3 * 31 * 647
  27. do we really know that much about black holes? by batmanmn_m · · Score: 1

    This is nice and all, i mean im glad to see great minds working together but this just didnt interest me that much because of how little we know about black holes.

    anyways thats just my opinion

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