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From the Trenches of Electronic Voting

Avi Rubin, an expert on electronic voting systems, worked as a judge in two elections in 2004, and he worked the chaotic Maryland primary election yesterday. His blog article about a day spent with Diebold voting machines gives impressions from the trenches of electronic voting. From the article: "The least pleasant part of the day was a nagging concern that something would go terribly wrong, and that we would have no way to recover. I believe that fully electronic systems, such as the precinct we had today, are too fragile. The smallest thing can lead to a disaster... I can't imagine basing the success of an election on something so fragile as these terrible, buggy machines... As far as I'm concerned, the 'tamper tape' does very little in the way of actual security... I hope that we got it right in my precinct, but I know that there is no way to know for sure. We cannot do recounts."

37 comments

  1. Re-Count? by neonprimetime · · Score: 0

    I hope that we got it right in my precinct, but I know that there is no way to know for sure. We cannot do recounts."

    Ok, correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't such a system keep a master table of every vote that was recorded, at what time, on what electronic ballot, what location, and by whom? Therefore, in truth, they could in some manner confirm every voters vote with the voter themself? I know they're not going to do it, but wouldn't that data be available, therefore recounts are possible by confirming each voters vote with the actual voter? Example: The master record says you John Doe voted for Patty Sue, is this correct?

    1. Re:Re-Count? by gEvil+(beta) · · Score: 1

      You're wrong. One of the basic tenets of our democracy is that voting should be anonymous.

      --
      This guy's the limit!
    2. Re:Re-Count? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Dude:

      RTFA

    3. Re:Re-Count? by rfc1394 · · Score: 4, Informative
      Ok, correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't such a system keep a master table of every vote that was recorded, at what time, on what electronic ballot, what location, and by whom? Therefore, in truth, they could in some manner confirm every voters vote with the voter themself? I know they're not going to do it, but wouldn't that data be available, therefore recounts are possible by confirming each voters vote with the actual voter?
      Okay, you're wrong. :) They do not do this, and it would probably be illegal if they did. Such a log would violate some state laws and state constitutions requiring that voters be able to vote in secret (which would include being anonymous as a result of what they voted). A log that showed who voted for whom would provide way too much loss of privacy and make it too likely that how a person voted could be tracked and discovered.

      There is a very simple, much more inexpensive and reliable method of providing secret ballots with anonymous voting. It's called using a printed ballot. Most precincts have a few hundred people voting, it can't take that long to count X's on a page. And having been a polling officer at a local election - twice - I know of what I speak. And yeah, we use electronic machines at our polling place. I'm not sure if they are accurate or not, but we do.

      The simplest answer would be for the machine to issue a slip with each ballot that is dropped into a hopper after the vote. The slip would only display the vote, not who did. And to make sure it was anonymous, the hopper could be rotated regularly to mix the slips.

      --
      The lessons of history teach us - if they teach us anything - that nobody learns the lessons that history teaches us.
    4. Re:Re-Count? by killmenow · · Score: 2, Informative

      Supposedly, No. The design is such that it is supposed to prevent mapping precisely who voted for whom. This is a basic part of voting in the US (if not the world over). If it is easy for the powers to be to figure out precisely who each and every one of us votes for, it plays into the hands of a horrible form of corruption. It enables retaliation, even the threat of which is sufficient cause for some people to change their vote. That type of vote manipulation is not supposed to be possible.

      Still, I may be wrong on this...but I would think any voting system that makes it impossible to do recounts would be unconstitutional.

    5. Re:Re-Count? by smooth+wombat · · Score: 4, Insightful
      Ok, correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't such a system keep a master table of every vote that was recorded, at what time, on what electronic ballot, what location, and by whom?


      You're kidding, right? The whole purpose of our election system is so no one knows how you voted. What you're questioning is the complete opposite of the way things are (supposed to be).

      Therefore, in truth, they could in some manner confirm every voters vote with the voter themself?

      See above. No, you cannot confirm with a voter how they voted. It's supposed to be a secret.

      I know they're not going to do it, but wouldn't that data be available, therefore recounts are possible by confirming each voters vote with the actual voter? Example: The master record says you John Doe voted for Patty Sue, is this correct?

      For the third time, NO! We DO NOT record the name of a voter with a vote. All that is recorded is a vote.

      However, what Avi is saying is completely correct because even when we are told they can recount the votes cast, there is no way, currently, to verify if the votes were recorded correctly when cast. For all we know there is code somewhere which takes every fourth vote for one candidate and records it for the opposite candidate.

      This is why a paper trail is absolutely, positively, 100% needed if we are going to be forced to use electronic voting machines.

      --
      We will bankrupt ourselves in the vain search for absolute security. -- Dwight D. Eisenhower
    6. Re:Re-Count? by ArmyLT · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Yes, in theory you could contact everyone. Why didn't they just do that in Florida? (that's mean, I'm sorry)

      Without a physcial paper trail, which I hope could be verified by the voter, recounts would take a VERY long time.

      Furthermore, even if you could reliably contact each person, who is to say they are going to tell you the truth? They may have voted for X, but once questioned can't remember and just say Y. That is why you have one chance to vote, no take-backs.

      Finally, without a physcial, voter-verified paper trail; the software could invalidate an entire election. With the software controlling every part of the voting system, even the backup (if it is only electronic) one bug and the whole vote must be done over. With a user-verified, paper copy; even if the software screws up, it is the users fault for not checking the paper backup, and their vote is their vote.

      Final note, really this time. If you give someone a reasonably simple voting mechanism, and they screw it up, that's ok. If you give them a reasonably simple, electronic voting mechanism, and it screws up, there goes the democracy.

    7. Re:Re-Count? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      The characteristics of a successful election are anonyminity and correctness. This is why electronic voting machines cannot be made like ATMs where a transaction record is kept that ties each transaction to an account and if anomalies are found, all changes can be backed out. In an election, the only thing that can be recorded is that someone voted, not who they voted for. Otherwise intimidation can be used against people willing to vote for an unpopular candidate. "Don't vote for Kerry/Edwards, WE'LL KNOW WHO DID" If that rambling makes any sense.

      -LumiNousiT
      (Posted anonymously because I can't remember my password to my account and the e-mail address I used is long gone)

    8. Re:Re-Count? by sakusha · · Score: 1

      My understanding of the theory of voting systems is that some of your ideas would be illegal. Specifically, it would be illegal to keep records of which voter used a specific e-ballot. This would allow precinct staff to track a single vote to a single voter. This is specifically illegal, as it would allow "pay for vote" scams where a politician (perhaps in collusion with precinct staff) would pay voters upon proof they voted for him.

      For more explanation of the theory of voting systems, I highly recommend Computer Science professor Douglas Jones' fine paper "Voting on Paper Ballots." There are rational reasons for some of the obscure aspects of our voting system, all of them could be solved by scrapping the high-tech crap and just using paper ballots.

    9. Re:Re-Count? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      As I understand it, they know that you voted and they know how many votes went to each candidate, but who voted for what is not kept. That is the way it is handled in Leon County, Florida, and I believe the rest of the country. No one except the person who voted knows what they voted for, to ensure freedom and the inability to persecute someone based on their vote.

    10. Re:Re-Count? by OldeTimeGeek · · Score: 2, Informative
      I've worked with these systems on three elections and I can only speak for how we did it in my county, but I can say that there that the way that the system is set up, it'd difficult to impossible to link a voter to a vote.

      After you sign in and are verified as someone is registered in the precinct (in California you can still vote a Provisional ballot even if you aren't registered, but it's a paper ballot), you are given an access card that has been activated by one of the polling place workers that allows you to use the voting machine. This card activates the machine and tells it, depending on the election, which ballot to display. It can also tell the system to display large text or to read the ballot to the voter, but that's incidental. Once the vote is cast, the card is deactivated and cannot be used to activate the voting system again until it is reset by one of the clerks.

      The encoder is very limited. Basically, all you can do with them is choose the ballot (if multiple ballots), choose special options for visibility and sound and then activate/deactivate the card. That's about it. Adding personal information on the voter really isn't possible.

      Now, I don't have full access to the internals of the system, but the only information that I can guess that the card passes to the ballot is the precinct number so someone can't bring in an encoder and vote more than once.

      So, unless you type your own name in as a write-in vote, you're safe from someone finding out how you voted.

    11. Re:Re-Count? by mOdQuArK! · · Score: 1
      There are rational reasons for some of the obscure aspects of our voting system, all of them could be solved by scrapping the high-tech crap and just using paper ballots.

      A lot of those mechanisms were designed _specifically_ because of problems that have occurred historically with corruption in voting schemes. All of this (voting screwup) is a direct application of the adage "those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it".

      All election supervisors & staff members should be absolutely required to study (and get a passing grade) in classes devoted to studying the history of voting, and how episodes in corruption led to advances in voting methodology. They should be required to do this before they are ever allowed anyway near the voting process, and if it's discovered that they haven't applied those lessons to running the election process, you can conclude that they did it on purpose and should be throw in jail.

    12. Re:Re-Count? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      To protect privacy, a record would probably not identify the voter (probably only the election official knows the voter's identity and the voter is given an anonymous ballot/device). Probably what the original poster was referring to was a printed record of each vote; sometimes this is implemented as a printed summary under a window (which the voter might be able to confirm by pushing a button), or a printed paper ballot (which the voter can read before placing in a box). The electronic machine offers fast counting and various user interfaces, while a paper record allows recounting in case of problems.

    13. Re:Re-Count? by sakusha · · Score: 1

      Yes, that is precisely my point. Doug Jones' site is full of papers with the history of voting systems. The current US system (well, in theory) is the result of a long history of evolution of voting systems, as they changed to eliminate corruption. Most of the corruption seemed to come from officials bent on subverting the vote, and operated at precinct levels, a corrupt election official could only corrupt the voting results in one precinct, and since precincts were never controlled universally by one party, it was presumed that petty corruption would cancel out across multiple precincts. But now with the power of modern computer technology, one corrupt voting official can subvert a whole state's election.

    14. Re:Re-Count? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Many will have fingerprints on them.

    15. Re:Re-Count? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      A log that showed who voted for whom would provide way too much loss of privacy and make it too likely that how a person voted could be tracked and discovered.

      Shouldn't they then give the voter a pair of rubber gloves first, before the voter begins handling the paper ballot?

  2. Misleading by Keebler71 · · Score: 0

    As discussed yesterday - the chaos in Maryland had nothing to do with electronic voting or the specific Diebold machines. The problem was one of logistics that just as well could have happened with any voting system. A necessary component (the smart cards) needed to activate the machines were not delivered to the polling stations. I suppose you could argue that since the system is more complex, it is easier to forget something like smart cards which are not required for mechanical voting... but I would counter that even with other systems, it is certainly plausible that critical items could be forgotten (I am sure at some point a "traditional" polling station somewhere has ran out of ballots or pencils or something similiar...)

    --
    "It takes considerable knowledge just to realize the extent of your own ignorance." - Thomas Sowell
    1. Re:Misleading by Daniel_Staal · · Score: 1

      He discusses other chaos besides what was reported. In fact, what was reported only slightly affected him. (His location had cards.)

      The problems talked about in this entry are seperate from that, aside from where he talks about helping another polling place out.

      --
      'Sensible' is a curse word.
    2. Re:Misleading by Knara · · Score: 1
      Except for, again as discussed yesterday, when the machines didn't properly read the access cards AND when people would pull up their electronic ballots WITH SELECTIONS ALREADY FILLED IN. That's not logistics, that's a definite implemetation problem from the vendor standpoint.

      Please read the entire discussion before commenting. thx.

    3. Re:Misleading by tkrotchko · · Score: 1

      While I voting, I watched the check-in station (Diebold) crash twice, in one case corrupting it's data based so it indicated I had already voted when I hadn't yet voted. They were missing critical information about what to do when this happened. They could not get through to the central office to find out what to do, presumably because the central office was getting a lot of calls.

      I think there was problems with missing cards, but I think they're not admitting to the full breadth of the problem.

      Which goes to show (once again) that reporters are lazy. They could have easily gone to a poll and asked people what was happening inside. Talk to election officials off the record. There's a story there, but I feel like they're sweeping it under the rug with "oh, they just didnt' distribute the cards". I promise you, that wasn't the main problem yesterday.

      --
      You were mistaken. Which is odd, since memory shouldn't be a problem for you
  3. PEBTSAU by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

    Problem Exists Between Touch-Screen and User

    I was one of those 'disinfranchized' in the Maryland primary last night. Being a junior, I share the same name as my father except for the title. I heard some of the horror stories from my parents when they voted at their polling place, located just inside Baltimore City. After I got up to the judges to get my card to vote, I learned that I was 'Cancelled'. They let me do a provisional, however.

    Chatting with my father, talking with a third election judge that was assisting everyone, and my own observations revealed a startling fact. Basically, the two judges manning the touch screens and the voter rosters are F-in' idiots. They had no idea how the touch screens worked. They didn't know you could scroll to see more names, so how many people were turned away, with them saying a voter wasn't in the system? My father had to point out and explain how to use the system. And he is NOT a judge, nor affiliated with the voting system other than by being a normal citizen voter. And that other judge 'politely' informed me of the other judges general intelligence as he was helping to set me up at another booth with the provisinal.

    Most likely, the two geniuses knocked my name out when they were dicking around earlier, leading to my provisional ballot. Thankfully, as a Republican (in a heavily-Democratic Balt. City), this was only a primary. Having my ballot lost here wouldn't be as bad as in the general election. I'm definately worried about the general election, however.

    I'm also curious as the the density of these 'voting irregularities', including the political makeup of the regions they are located. I'm not saying it's politically motivated; I'm just curious if the old addage about "Republicans have no heart, and Democrats have no brains" has any truth to it. :D

    1. Re:PEBTSAU by partisanX · · Score: 1

      I'm just curious if the old addage about "Republicans have no heart, and Democrats have no brains" has any truth to it. :D

      I won't offer my opinion on the adage, but something is seriously wrong with these two parties. I would love to be able to vote from my computer, right here, without having to go somewhere. If I had to go somewhere, it would be gee-whiz cool if there was a nice computerized system for me to use. But if either of these options came at the cost of losing the integrity, or even just perceived integrity of the vote, then I don't think they're worth it.

      And this is precisely what has happened, and yet there is no solid resistance coming from either party. The money coming from the corporate drive to sell these systems is just too great.

      Maybe in 20 years the tech will get there, but it ain't there yet and I think it's absurd that we're basically experimenting with the integrity of the voting system during a time of great political tension. Wise leaders would recognize that and put a stop to it.

      --
      "Our morality is good, theirs is repressive."- Partisanship Rule #3
    2. Re:PEBTSAU by mOdQuArK! · · Score: 1
      I'm just curious if the old addage about "Republicans have no heart, and Democrats have no brains" has any truth to it. :D

      From my perspective as an independent, it seems more like the Republican leadership has no heart(compassion), Republican followers have no brains (or refuse to use them), and the Democrats have no self-discipline or sense of cooperation (which leads to irrelevancy of having either brains and/or hearts). Not quite as catchy as the original, but it fits more of the behavior from both parties that I've seen lately.

    3. Re:PEBTSAU by inviolet · · Score: 1
      Maybe in 20 years the tech will get there, but it ain't there yet and I think it's absurd that we're basically experimenting with the integrity of the voting system during a time of great political tension.

      With the possible exceptions of a few weeks after WWI, WWII, and 09/11, there has never been a time that we weren't in "a time of great political tension".

      But that's okay. Political tension is a sign of a healthy democracy, in which people are willing to speak and push for their cause. Compare this to the sullen quiet of a dictatorship.

      --
      FATMOUSE + YOU = FATMOUSE
    4. Re:PEBTSAU by partisanX · · Score: 1

      With the possible exceptions of a few weeks after WWI, WWII, and 09/11, there has never been a time that we weren't in "a time of great political tension".

      Let me get this straight.... you don't think there is greater political tension in this country now that we are occupying a foreign country that we invaded on false pretenses, under the command of a president whose previous elections were called into question by irregularities at the polls, a president who has laid claim to powers of the judicial branch, who has engaged in illegal wiretaping, who has sought an expansion of executive power, even while according to polls a 1/3rd of Americans believe the government played a part in 9/11, while we continue to attempt to police and remake a foreign country in our own image?

      Do you really believe this is just like the political tension we had during the 80s and the mid 90s? Political tension is a sign of a healthy democracy, in which people are willing to speak and push for their cause.

      Which is why I used a qualifier such as "GREAT political tension". Political tension is healthy and normal, but not the kind we have now. You know, exercise is healthy and normal, but you can also drop dead of a corony event if you push it too far. It is not the sign of a healthy democracy when 1/3rd of the people believe the government took part or simply knowingly let happen a brutal assault on our own people:
      http://www.scrippsnews.com/911poll

      If that's the sign of a healthy democracy, then get it over with and crown George king because democracy is clearly madness.

      --
      "Our morality is good, theirs is repressive."- Partisanship Rule #3
    5. Re:PEBTSAU by curunir · · Score: 1
      I'm just curious if the old addage about "Republicans have no heart, and Democrats have no brains" has any truth to it.
      The way I've heard the adage is:
      "If you're not a Democrat when you're in your 20's, you have no heart. And if you're not a Republican when you're in your 40's you have no brain."

      Though I would put it (with apologies for mixing adages):
      "If you're ever a Democrat or a Republican, you're one of those people who's doomed to repeat the mistakes of others."
      --
      "Don't blame me, I voted for Kodos!"
    6. Re:PEBTSAU by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      "If you're not a Democrat when you're in your 20's, you have no heart. And if you're not a Republican when you're in your 40's you have no brain."

      I completely agree with the quote, except for the fact that full-blown nanotechnology will arrive in less than 20 years.

      So anyone about to switch to Republican might as well just stay Democrat and use social programs to help keep as many people alive as possible until we hit the Singularity, and nobody has to die any more.

  4. Hope by truthsearch · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I hope that we got it right in my precinct, but I know that there is no way to know for sure.

    Then you didn't get it right. There can be no "hope" in voting records. Either it's right and verifiable, or the voting system is a failure.

  5. Gnomes with EMP? by kherr · · Score: 1

    With this mad push to electronic voting the part of Neal Stephenson's Cryptonomicon keeps coming to mind, where some "gnomes" trigger an electromagnetic pulse from the street and fry everything in a building. How hard would it be to disable huge geographic areas with something like that, if and when such a thing is put into practice? It's a high-tech spanner in the works.

    At least when I voted yesterday I marked a paper ballot which was then read by an optical reader. Even if you fried the reader I could still mark my ballot and it could be hand-counted.

  6. Secret elections are important by ChaosDiscord · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Ok, correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't such a system keep a master table of every vote that was recorded, at what time, on what electronic ballot, what location, and by whom?

    We have secret elections for a number of important reasons. One of the most important is that your vote can't be used against you. There are a lot of people who would like to be able to see how you voted and would buy an illegal copy of the database you propose. A crooked politician might use voting records of people whose votes he should work to suppress. An amoral employer might fire employees who didn't vote as the employer wanted. The stereotypical example is that thanks to a secret ballot, if a deeply crooked politician hired thugs to intimidate voters, the voters could vote for his opponent, then lie about who they voted for to protect themselves from the thugs. I doubt this happens in the US, but it's probably a very real concern in Iraq.

  7. Diebold and expertise by symbolic · · Score: 1

    From the blog: Diebold must be held accountable for hiring people who know nothing about the machines and it appears, elections.

    At least Diebold is consistent....it doesn't know anything about voting machines and elections either.

  8. Paper, Pencil, and Power Failures by SpaceLifeForm · · Score: 2, Informative
    Disregarding the issues with insecure electronic voting machines, the main reason in my mind to not rely upon them is the possibility of a power failure.

    Besides the fact that voters could be disenfranchised due to a power outage, you also have the problem of hardware failure due to power outages or brownouts or spikes, which could result in the loss of the voting tallys that had been accumulated to that point.

    Paper and pencil are power-failure tolerant.

    For that reason alone, all voting should be paper and pencil based.

    --
    You are being MICROattacked, from various angles, in a SOFT manner.
    1. Re:Paper, Pencil, and Power Failures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Paper and pencil are power-failure tolerant.

      For that reason alone, all voting should be paper and pencil based.


      You've never heard of redundancy or possibly something like a battery or UPS system?

      Paper and pencil are easily defrauded.

      For that reason alone, all voting should be electronic with hard crypto backed up by a paper trail.


      There, fixed it for you (complete with bad grammar) - note, I do NOT mean the current electronic systems in place. A known SELinux or other very well known, audited, and open source system with hard crypto paper trails would be the ideal imho.

  9. A Fine American Tradition by Mekkis · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The current difficulties with touch-screen voting are really just a 21st-Century continuation of the fine, American tradition of rigging elections. It's been going on for most of the time the United States has existed; the only difference being that it is much harder to be able to prove it's been happening and even harder to get a court to hear the matter. To paraphrase Joseph Stalin: "It's not who votes that matters, it's who counts the votes that matters". The argument over voting goes all the way back to founding of the nation. Many of the original framers of the Constitution felt that the populace should be prevented from engaging in free and fair elections; that the voices of the governed should be muted if heard at all and public sway of government policy should be kept to the absolute minimum. Hence the reason for the foundation of the Electoral College.

    Voting has always been a class struggle. The democratic revolutionaries of the 18th Century were treated with much of the same disgust as any populist movement: the labor agitators or the original communist revolutionaries (I mean true communists, not totalitarianists, who simply re-instated a class system within a supposedly "communist" structure). Ruling minorities have always feared the "unwashed masses" would start considering self-governance. That very difference of philosophy forms the fundamental difference between "liberal" and "conservative" and the argument has gone on for centuries. For example: Martin Luther's proposed democratization of Christianity; the democratic revolutions in America and France; the anti-slavery movement; the labor movement; socalist & communist revolutionaries -- all sprouted out of the desire of the governed to have a say in their governance (if not do away with ruling classes entirely) and demand a greater share of the profits of their labor. Against which, of course, the ruling classes have fought with tooth & nail, sword & musket. And now, electronic voting machine. The rulers learned their lessons well: force is met with force, but if the masses are taught to believe they have a say in their governance, they'll tolerate all manner of injustice.

    The various populist movements in the United States made strides in circumventing the barriers placed between the governors and the governed. By the 20th Century, the most egregious forms of vote fraud had been minimized--though not totally eliminated. Unfortunately, thanks to Diebold, Sequoia and others, those achievements have all been discarded. We have to simply "trust" that these ultra-conservative businesses will count the votes accurately -- even when those votes are in direct opposition to their corporate agendas. In other words, we can't trust them. The first instances of massive voting fraud via touch-screen electronics occurred in 2002, and the lawsuits over those fraud cases are *still* tied up in courts. Furthermore, now that the Bush Administration, with full complicity of the GOP-dominated Congress has stacked the State Supreme & Federal Circuit Courts with hard-right partisans who basically adhere to Machiavellian ethics (the ends justify the means), I'll be surprised if this debacle can actually get the judicious consideration it deserves.

    America: Land of the Free Market and Home of the Brave Investor. Our "Democracy" is a sham and always has been.

    1. Re:A Fine American Tradition by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Voting has always been a class struggle. The democratic revolutionaries of the 18th Century were treated with much of the same disgust as any populist movement: the labor agitators or the original communist revolutionaries (I mean true communists, not totalitarianists, who simply re-instated a class system within a supposedly "communist" structure).

      The "democratic revolutionaries of the 18th century" were actually the wealthiest landowners in the US. The government which they established was largely designed to protect their own property and interests. Link.

      Once you understand this, it is clear that slavery was not written into the US Constitution in a moment of weakness or by mistake. It was one of the economic design goals of the people who drafted it.

  10. The supreme court will determine the outcome by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

    We're being set up again. This time, whether through incompetence or fraud or a combination of the two, many elections will be found to be invalid. With that being given, the Supreme Court will have little choice but to declare that the encumbents, "fairly selected" in a prior election, must continue to serve until the law suits are settled. That might be for one or possibly several more terms. Be prepared for several more years of shenanigans by the usual suspects.

    I wonder if this could backfire on the perpetrators that are hiding in plain sight. If the RICO Act were found to be applicable against the scoundrels that I'm suspecting, we could end up with a ruling that the most recently elected officials from an untainted election will be recalled to serve in office. Given that, We could end up with Bill Clinton back in the White House much to the chagrin of those who desperately want to remain in power and keep the country's money flowing into the hands of Halliburton and the Carlyle Group.