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Microsoft's "Immortal Computing" Project

SeenOnSlash writes "Microsoft is working on a project they call 'immortal computing' which would let people store digital information in durable physical artifacts and other forms to be preserved and revealed to future generations, and maybe even to future civilizations. The artifacts would be designed to make the process of accessing the information clear with instructions in multiple languages or hieroglyphics. In one possible use, messages for descendants or interactive holograms might be stored on tombstones. The project was revealed when their patent application recently became public."

57 of 316 comments (clear)

  1. misread title by pimpimpim · · Score: 5, Funny

    Did anyone else also read 'immoral computing'? :)

    --
    molmod.com - computing tips from a molecular modeling
    1. Re:misread title by Weirdbro · · Score: 3, Funny

      Microsoft's been work on that one for a long time.

      --
      I'm so lazy, I had my computer write this comment for me.
    2. Re:misread title by blowdart · · Score: 5, Funny

      I believe the internet has enough prior art to make immoral computing unpatentable.

      (But dear it's "art". Honestly. Pass the tissues)

    3. Re:misread title by bitt3n · · Score: 4, Funny

      'Immortal computing' must be a euphemism for the fact that eventually all Windows machines turn into zombies.

  2. yeah, I went there by macadamia_harold · · Score: 5, Funny

    Microsoft is working on a project they call 'immortal computing'

    As far as projects like this are concerned, there can be only one.

  3. A bit rich by turing_m · · Score: 5, Insightful

    This is from the company whose business model is built around proprietary document formats - the sole purpose of which is to lock users into a never-ending upgrade cycle.

    --
    If I have seen further it is by stealing the Intellectual Property of giants.
    1. Re:A bit rich by MichaelSmith · · Score: 5, Funny

      They can sell upgrades to the dead.

    2. Re:A bit rich by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2
      the sole purpose of which is to lock users into a never-ending upgrade cycle.


      Yes, an upgrade cycle that lasts for ever, and ever, and ever... Sounds like immortality, don't you think? I'm not sure why they'd need a patent for it, they've done so much prior art already.
    3. Re:A bit rich by LaughingCoder · · Score: 4, Insightful
      This is from the company whose business model is built around proprietary document formats - the sole purpose of which is to lock users into a never-ending upgrade cycle.
      I look at it a little differently. Microsoft is a company that has consistently put an extremely high priority on backwards compatibility, thereby allowing people to access their data and run their application even though they were produced decades ago. I think MS may be uniquely qualified to tackle a problem like this because of that experience. Contrary to what you assert, people *are not* forced to upgrade *because* MS provides backwards compatibility. I can send an old Word 6.0 document to someone with Word 2007 and they can read it. I am not forced to upgrade unless I want the new features of Word 2007, or unless I want to read Word 2007 files. Further, I can request the sender to write out a Word 6.0 file so that I could read it with my ancient application. Where exactly is the forced upgrade? In fact, many on these boards have commented that Microsoft's big problem is convincing people to upgrade - why buy the new office when the old one works just fine. This would be a much easier task for MS if they took the easy road and abandoned backwards compatibility.
      --
      The more you regulate a company, the worse its products become.
    4. Re:A bit rich by Shimmer · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I know you're trolling, but just for the record:

      Scenario 1. There's a free Word viewer you can download if you don't want to pay for Office.

      Scenario 2. You can still save Word documents in good old .doc format if you want users of prior versions to be able to use them.

      --
      The most rabid believers in American Exceptionalism are the exact same people whose policies are destroying it.
    5. Re:A bit rich by BalanceOfJudgement · · Score: 2, Insightful
      Using formats easily understood by unknown technology is a non trivial task, and will require a vast amount of work. While microsoft may start the effort, its doubtful the will complete it without assistance from other companies, if only because those companies may employ someone with important insight into the problem.
      I am very much bothered by the fact that you seem to think this must be undertaken by companies. Humans have engaged in the process of legacy-leaving for tens of thousands of years and while it may take time, we still figure out how to read alot of the messages they've left us.

      I seriously do not comprehend how putting this sort of endeavor in the hands of a business is in any way culturally beneficial. What's next, patenting the very idea of civilization?
      --

      We are the fire that lights our world.. and we are the fire that consumes it.
  4. tombstone by mbaudis · · Score: 4, Funny

    in tombstones? i start to understand the vision behind the zune ...

  5. Yuh huh... by Greyfox · · Score: 5, Insightful

    They can't even manage to preserve "digital artifacts" between two different versions of Word, much less forever. If you want to preserve a document forever post it in plain text on the Internet and hope that other people find value in it. You can still find 20-year old documents from the BBS era on the Internet because people found value in them and kept reposting them. And none of those documents are in a proprietary document format!

    --

    I'm trying to teach myself to set people on fire with my mind... Is it hot in here?

    1. Re:Yuh huh... by kestasjk · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The great thing about digital information is that it doesn't need to be stored on immortal storage; if people care about the data it can be copied again and again to and from storages which die while the data lives on.

      This has the nice bonus that usually no-one cares about information that's boring, so as time goes on the good stuff lingers while the blogs die; it's very similar to natural selection, right down to the immortal digital information being stored in temporary bodies.

      --
      // MD_Update(&m,buf,j);
    2. Re:Yuh huh... by dangitman · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This has the nice bonus that usually no-one cares about information that's boring, so as time goes on the good stuff lingers

      Popular != good.

      More importantly, what we find interesting today, might be totally worthless to people in the future, while stuff we consider useless and boring could be immensely valuable. That's the big problem with backups - you never really know today what you might want tomorrow. In many ways, the reverse is true - what is not backed up will gain value because of its rarity. Imagine how much you could make if you found a lost Shakespeare sonnet today - discarded by Shakespeare because he thought it was utter crap.

      --
      ... and then they built the supercollider.
    3. Re:Yuh huh... by smartyhall · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Very true... One of the guys originally involved in managing one of the world's largest USENET servers in days of yore, was talking about the decisions he and others made as to what was worthy of being moved to a long-term archive. He now deeply regrets preserving primarily technical discussion while discarding reals of messages about abortion, women's rights, Communism, and _many_ other historically significant issues from the very time they were still living issues. Just try searching Google Groups for any of these subject with a time constraint that puts you back to the dawn of USENET. However, a search for say the eccentricities of some mod to System V on some peculiar piece of hardware will probably have survived.

    4. Re:Yuh huh... by grand_it · · Score: 5, Funny
      More importantly, what we find interesting today, might be totally worthless to people in the future, while stuff we consider useless and boring could be immensely valuable.

      John?
      John Titor?
      Is it you?

    5. Re:Yuh huh... by Lodragandraoidh · · Score: 2, Funny

      This was actually a smart move - this caters to the needs of our future robot overlords.

      --

      Lodragan Draoidh
      The more you explain it, the more I don't understand it. - Mark Twain
  6. The key to durability... by killbill! · · Score: 3, Insightful

    ... is not to make the material support last forever, but to make as many copies as possible, and replace them often.

    If the goal is to keep valuable information for future generations, a regularly upgraded, Internet-based distributed storage system would be a better bet.

  7. Jurassic Sparc anyone? by Half+a+dent · · Score: 3, Funny

    Have your PC encased in a block of amber so your descendants can marvel at how primitive our coding was.

    1. Re:Jurassic Sparc anyone? by dangitman · · Score: 2, Funny

      a block of amber so your descendants can marvel at how primitive our coding was.

      Nah, you don't need amber to do that. One day the future civilizations will find all the E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial cartridges for the Atari buried in the Arizona desert. And then rapidly bury them again.

      --
      ... and then they built the supercollider.
    2. Re:Jurassic Sparc anyone? by Ingolfke · · Score: 2, Funny

      Have your PC encased in a block of amber so your descendants can marvel at how primitive our coding was.

      No, the sentient machines will marvel out how primitive their ancestors were.

  8. This is Microsoft we're talking about by tehSpork · · Score: 4, Funny

    "The artifacts would be designed to make the process of accessing the information clear with instructions in multiple languages or hieroglyphics"

    This is Microsoft we're talking about, their idea of clear seems to be a bit muddy at best. Besides, doesn't Windows already come with unintelligible hieroglyphics, otherwise known as "error messages?"

  9. What do you wish YOUR ancestors recorded for you? by MoralHazard · · Score: 4, Interesting

    One of my aunts did a Civil War battleground tour, recently, on the tail of visiting relatives in Pennsylvania, and sent me a really neat letter about it. I have a really peculiar middle name, a gift from my great-grandfather, and she managed to find out that he got it from his grandfather, who enlisted in a Pennsylvania regiment about two months before the battle of Gettysburg and died, there. Found his name on the monument and everything. I thought this was one of the coolest things I'd heard in a while, just because I personally feel so little connection with history or my ancestors.

    It got me thinking about all the OTHER things I wish I could know about them. These were coal-mining Irish folks, not so much for the reading, writing, and 'rithmetic, so they didn't make a lot of efforts to record anything, at least not that's survived the years. In the other branches of my family, the more recent immigrants from Croatia and Spain, we have a few stories and a little jewelry, but past 1880 or so, there's just nothing.

    I want to know more. I want to know what they thought about the current events of their world (why DID my great-great-great grandfather enlist, anyway? ). What did they think of their jobs, and their families, and about why they were in their places in the world? Did they wonder what I'd be like? What did they wonder most about the future, and did they care?

    So... tell me, Slashdot, on this fine, dark, cold Tuesday morning: If this technology, or something similar, had been available, what do you wish your ancestors would have left behind for you to read, or watch videos of, or hear? And why?

  10. pun intended by macadamia_harold · · Score: 4, Funny

    They can sell upgrades to the dead.

    When dealing with the dead, it's really more of a service.

    1. Re:pun intended by A_Non_Moose · · Score: 3, Funny

      When dealing with the dead, it's really more of a service.

      True, but with Dead Restriction Management in place, it hopefully stays one way.

      (from behind the poster: BRRRAAAAAAAAaaaiiiinsss)

      Whooops, missed one.

      --
      Have you read the moderator guidelines? Well, have you, PUNK? (and I want a Karma: Gnarly option)
  11. Can Sci-Fi be considered prior art? by erroneus · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I have seen more than enough science fiction to have seen this application in many forms. How can this initiative be patentable?!

  12. Nice idea, but it doesn't deserve a patent by TheJasper · · Score: 4, Insightful
    I can't believe they are trying to patent this (well, I can, but I don't want to). Anyone heard of Frederick Pohl? Author of the Gateway books. The aliens (and later humans) archived themselves for posterity. There are plenty of other examples as well.

    It's a good idea, but not original. I read the article, but couldn't force myself through the whole patent. Still, it sounds to me like they are trying to patent the idea of a time capsule, with the only difference being that they are talking about information in a more interactive form.

    They aren't even trying to patent a specific technique, but the whole idea. From the patent application (all the way at the bottom which I did read):

    What has been described above includes examples of the subject matter. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the subject matter, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the subject matter are possible. Accordingly, the subject matter is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

    So basically they are claiming that any system which in any way is similar to theirs is covered. Ok, par for the course. It still isn't very original, and doesn't deserve a patent.

    What do they want to achieve anyway? Will you have to buy a renewable licensing scheme for accessing this information? Will it contain drm? Will sony end up owning your grandfathers immortal thoughts?

    So what if I write an interactive information system as described, with the one difference is that I'm still alive, and I just want my genius available to my friends and family without actually having to talk to them. Does the system all of a sudden owe licensing costs to MS when I die?

    This has to be one of silliest patent ideas I've seen. Of course, I haven't seen all that many and remain convinced that there are many more that are sillier.

    1. Re:Nice idea, but it doesn't deserve a patent by ozmanjusri · · Score: 2, Insightful
      This has to be one of silliest patent ideas I've seen.

      It's even funnier when you realise they're trying to protect their "immortal computing" insights with a patent that expires after 20 years.

      If they produce a product, I bet the EULA will guarantee they'll support it for 20 years, or eternity, whichever comes first...

      --
      "I've got more toys than Teruhisa Kitahara."
  13. Hubris? by kubrick · · Score: 5, Funny
    "My name is Ray Ozziemandias, king of kings:
    Look on my document formats, ye mighty, and despair!"
    Nothing beside remains: round the decay
    Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare,
    The lone and level sands stretch far away.
    (with abject apologies to P.B. Shelley.)
    --
    deus does not exist but if he does
  14. Prototype by spellraiser · · Score: 2, Funny

    Here's a snapshot of a prototype of what these artifacts will look like.

    --
    I hear there's rumors on the Slashdots
  15. Re:Makes no sense. by infestedsenses · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I doubt they'll lose interest. Sounds more like a compelling challenge to unlock the "mysteries of the past". A hard to read document is all the more interesting to a curious mind. In a few years a Word document may seem like digital garbage but add another 400 years to that and it will be insight into today's society, no matter how trivial. We do it all the time with ancient documents.

  16. Immortal Computing? by Otto-Marrakech · · Score: 2, Funny

    Clearly this is just the beginning of work whose logical conclusion is Bill Gates merging with the Helios core.

  17. Altruism by Tristandh · · Score: 2, Funny

    Wow, for a second there I thought Microsoft was doing something for the good of all mankind! Preserve data for future civilisations? Great! Then I clicked the link to the patent application. I almost forgot Microsoft's (or any corp) actions are solely driven by profit. Damn writeup.

    1. Re:Altruism by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      patents are not always driven by greed (not saying this is not the MS motivation here). Patent laws the way they are mean you MUST patent what you create. If they don't patent what they create you can bet every penny in Microsoft's bank account that as soon as they do create it and they haven't patented it, that someone else will patent it and with patent laws the way they are something that "could" be purely non profit motivated could cost them a fortune. patents are defensive as well as offensive.

  18. Re:What do you wish YOUR ancestors recorded for yo by CmdrGravy · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Good question and I think it depends on the number of generations they are removed from me, the information I'd like my parents to store is much different to the information I'd like a Great Great Great Great Granparent to store for me. This is assuming there is a limit to the amount of data they can preserve into the future.

    With the more ancient relatives I'd be more interested in the day to day trivia of their lives since their lives would quite likely be very different from the life I'm used to but the more recent relatives I'd like to know more about their relationships between other branches of my family. For everyone I'd like some insight into any large decisions they have made, e.g. going to war or whatever.

    I often wander to what extent my perception of the past is influenced by black and white photographs or grainy footage, it's strange that when I see some of the very rare pioneering colour film from the Edwardian period it seems a lot easier to relate to as the past being a real place than it does in black and white and I wonder what effect this will have on our ancestors as they view our lives today in full colour.

  19. absolutely hilarious by 2ms · · Score: 2, Funny

    Microsoft the one to finally bring to the world an absolutely universal and timeless standard of communication with which all future generations of not merely systems that humans create but also the humans that created them themselves will be compatible...

    HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA !!!!!!!!!

  20. Sounds like a job for ODF by giafly · · Score: 3, Insightful

    OpenDocument or ODF "became an officially published ISO and IEC International Standard (ISO/IEC 26300) on November 30, 2006 ... The OpenDocument format is intended to provide an open alternative to proprietary document formats so organizations and individuals can avoid being locked in to [and outlive] a single vendor."

    --
    Reduce, reuse, cycle
  21. If there's anything that should completely die out by toby · · Score: 3, Insightful

    ...It's anything relating to Microsoft.

    Erasing them and everything they touch from the face of the earth is one of the most helpful things we can do for future civilisation.

    --
    you had me at #!
  22. 10,000 years in the future by TrappedByMyself · · Score: 4, Funny

    "How interesting. This ancient culture seemed to communicate solely by using images of nude females."

    --

    Help me take back Slashdot. When did 'News for Nerds' become 'FUD and Conspiracy Theories for Extremist Nutjobs'?
  23. Karma Whore link! by erroneus · · Score: 2, Insightful

    http://free.patentfetcher.com/Patent-Fetcher.php?s ubmit=Fetch&PN=20070011109

    Go to the link above and it will get the patent docs into a PDF format so that you don't have to install that ridiculous TIFF plugin. And if someone out there knows an easier way to view the page without a ridiculous plugin (under Linux+Firefox) please tell?

  24. Hi There! by IchBinEinPenguin · · Score: 4, Funny

    It looks like you are tring to decypher this ancient artefact!

  25. Ozymandias of Egypt by hachete · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I MET a traveller from an antique land
    Who said:--Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
    Stand in the desert. Near them on the sand,
    Half sunk, a shatter'd visage lies, whose frown
    And wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command
    Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
    Which yet survive, stamp'd on these lifeless things,
    The hand that mock'd them and the heart that fed.
    And on the pedestal these words appear:
    "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
    Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!"
    Nothing beside remains: round the decay
    Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare,
    The lone and level sands stretch far away.

    --
    Patriotism is a virtue of the vicious
    1. Re:Ozymandias of Egypt by AndroidCat · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Posterity will ne'er survey
      A nobler grave than this;
      Here lie the bones of Castlereagh;
      Stop, traveler, and piss.
      -- Lord Byron, on Lord Castlereagh

      --
      One line blog. I hear that they're called Twitters now.
  26. I can see it now... by maadlucas · · Score: 5, Funny

    2000 years later...

    Archaeologist A: Wow! A graveyard from the early 21st century, and it's perfectly preserved!

    Archaeologist B: An awesom find!

    A: I can't begin to imagine how much we can learn from this...

    B: Yeah... oh look! This one has a kind of primitive digital inscription!

    A: Can you activate it?

    B: Reconfiguring my power source now... ah yes...

    A: What is it?

    B: A strange message..

    A: What?

    B: "This gravestone has performed an illegal operation and will be shut down. Would you like to tell Microsoft about this problem?"

    A: Who is Microsoft?

    1. Re:I can see it now... by chord.wav · · Score: 5, Funny

      Or:
      - "Hi there, I'm a Nigerian prince and I have something important to tell you: Buy V14GRA at the lowest rates and enlarge your pennis. 100% guaranteed!"

    2. Re:I can see it now... by digitalgoddess · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Archaeologist: *presses button*
      grave: "Use the force, Luke"
      Archaeologist: "How unoriginal..."

  27. What artifacts would store the info? by pjbass · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The patent surrounds the method of storing data on an device to persist indefinately. I want to know any hardware vendor today that makes some form of silicon or any other storage medium that lasts indefinately, or one that has announced plans to make such a device. Microsoft has some really interesting things coming out of their research labs, but this one makes me scratch my head, since they are not a hardware company, and no hardware company has anything remotely close to handling this research. While it's very interesting to be thinking of these things, I don't see why this is a big deal as compared to any other research project any other technology company may be working on.

    Honestly, this is making headlines because whenever Microsoft files for obscure patents that their rather talented architects and strategic planners can forsee, they are challenged on the basis of validity for their patent. If some startup somewhere was doing this research, it would have never made /. Compare this to all research being done in quantum computing arenas, where some rather radical advances and theories are being pursued, way more radical than this. Do you read about them here? Not usually.

    Then again, the ol' rock, chisel, and hammer seemed to hold information for a damn long time...

  28. Mod parent up! by dido · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Very, very clever. If I had mod points I'd give them! If Microsoft is really serious about doing this, then they will be doing the very antithesis of what they have been doing since, well, ever. Proprietary file formats anyone? Secret protocols? DRM? All of these things which they've been doing and promoting from the very beginning are precisely the sorts of things that will frustrate future digital archaeologists to no end. Consider the simple fact that we can still read Galileo's technical writings from the 1560's, but not Marvin Minsky's technical writings from the 1960's, thanks to proprietary storage hardware. Stuff is basically written on the wind these days, and Microsoft has done more than any single organization (largely because of their market monopoly) to make information as evanescent as it is now.

    --
    Qu'on me donne six lignes écrites de la main du plus honnête homme, j'y trouverai de quoi le faire pendre.
  29. What will we record for future generations?? by tezza · · Score: 2, Insightful

    * Paris Hilton Video
    * George Bush dropping the First Dog
    * Wikipedia: The Greatest Edits
    * Donald Trump's Hairpiece
    * Star Wars where Han shoots first

    --
    [% slash_sig_val.text %]
  30. Long Term Data Retention by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

    Magneto-optical storage technology uses a Natural phenomenon that allows geophysicists to determine the direction of the Earth's weak magnetic field, millions of years ago. Is that kind of data storage long-term enough for you? The sad thing is, because ordinary hard drives have so much more capacity these days than MO disks, the makers of MO technology are considering shutting down the production lines. I don't like this at all, and hope to stock up on spare drives and disks before they are gone forever. My personal needs don't require terabytes of storage; gigabytes are sufficient for me. MO is perfect for this. And long-term access to that data, no bit-rot allowed, is what I need the most.

  31. Re:Makes no sense. by itlurksbeneath · · Score: 2, Funny

    ...digital forensics in the far future reverse engineer the Word document format... And then, from the grave, rises a thousand ghostly lawyers that drag the future researchers into the depths of hell.
    --
    Have you ever considered piracy? You'd make a wonderful Dread Pirate Roberts.
  32. Read the article, first. by Bright+Apollo · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The key concept is the interactivity. The idea of interacting with a dead relative on a borthday is not so much creepy as it is incredibly sad. The primary reason we're able to carry on as normal people is the natural fade of intense emotions over time.

    If you were continually reminded every year of some tragic loss, with the same intensity as when it first occurred, would that be a benefit or detriment to your life? This is not a choice to be made lightly, and it's certainly not the promotional use case I'd like to hear if it does evolve into a product-service.

    -BA

  33. Data != Computing by Dan+East · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I think "Immortal Computing" is a misnomer. Maybe "Immortal Data Storage" would suffice, but when I think of computing I think of software - something that executes. Their term would better suite software designed to be highly portable, that survives independently of hardware (java?).

    Dan East

    --
    Better known as 318230.
  34. Re:What do you wish YOUR ancestors recorded for yo by flokati · · Score: 2, Funny
    when I see some of the very rare pioneering colour film from the Edwardian period it seems a lot easier to relate to as the past being a real place than it does in black and white
    My kids won't be able to relate to my standard definition, 4:3 ratio childhood.
  35. NOOOOO! Think of the Chaos Theory! by BlackCobra43 · · Score: 2, Funny

    At first they'll just try to run bits of our code...then more..and more..until they have a few functionnal applications. They will feel like Gods as they recreate our intriguing code and apply it to their system to ressurect the dreaded primitive beast known as "Windows".

    And then all Hell will break loose. The BSOD wil run rampant, terrorizing the populace. Somewhere along the way Ian Malcom will probably spout nonsense while high on morphine, too.

    --
    I never spellcheck and I freely admit it. Save your karma for more worthwhile "lol erorrs" replies
  36. And our brand name will be... the "Time Capsule". by popo · · Score: 2, Funny

    Sigh. Microsoft just patented the concept of people leaving information about themselves for future generations.
    What's the catch? Oh, yeah "electronically". WTF is wrong with the patent office that they allow applicants
    to append whatever the prevalent technology of the day is, to the end of their patent application as a sign of
    originality.

    The formula looks like this: [standard idea with which everyone is familiar] + ["The Web"] = [New Concept]

    Obviously in this case we're talking about consumer electronics and not the web, but the point is the same.
    Microsoft just patented the "Time Capsule", in fact I'll be amazed if they don't call it the "Microsoft Time Capsule"
    in a fit of creative brilliance. Never mind that the idea is a standard part of cultural awareness, they've added something
    new and its -- yes -- today's standard technologies for data storage. Sure there are plenty of time capsules out there,
    but there's no prior art for this one because Microsoft was the first to marry all those 'pre-personal-computing' ideas
    with their obvious 'post-personal-computing' counterparts.

    And with an army of lawyers, there's a whole lot of work out there applying that formula above to each and every
    concept on Earth.

    --
    ------ The best brain training is now totally free : )