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Galaxy Sans Dark Matter

ChromaticDragon writes "Astronomers have crunched some numbers on a galaxy to discover that its rotation can be fully explained by the gravity of the observable matter — in effect, this galaxy seems to lack dark matter. This shouldn't come as a total surprise given that one of the stronger observations of Dark Matter was the Bullet Cluster where supposedly a good deal of Dark Matter and good old fashion regular matter had separated."

23 of 92 comments (clear)

  1. A good link by The+Empiricist · · Score: 5, Informative

    I'm not sure if it is the story the submitter was trying to link to, but this article seems to cover the subject.

    1. Re:A good link by Architect_sasyr · · Score: 3, Informative

      It's truly indicative of how well the firehose and editorial system really does work here on /. when we can get something as glaringly obvious as a screwed link through to the front page...

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  2. Re:Broken link? by Vectronic · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I thought that was supposed to be a joke... would have been much more effective if it immediately shutdown your computer when you clicked it though...

    Black Matter [Click Here]

    Black Screen...

  3. Back of the Galaxy by chill · · Score: 4, Funny

    All the Dark Matter is there, it just was told to move to the back of the galaxy.

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  4. Another argument for variability of "constants" by Ungrounded+Lightning · · Score: 3, Interesting

    No (or negligible) dark matter in our galaxy, eh?

    When we're looking farther away, we're looking back in time, too. So perhaps the observations could be explained by "constants" of physics (notably the gravitational constant) varying with the age of the universe, rather than by the gravitational pull of some otherwise-unobservable dark matter.

    Let's see if "dark matter" is "more dense" the farther away we look... B-)

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    1. Re:Another argument for variability of "constants" by arotenbe · · Score: 4, Informative

      No (or negligible) dark matter in our galaxy, eh? That's what I thought when I first read this story, too. The summary is confusing:

      Astronomers have crunched some numbers on a galaxy to discover that its rotation can be fully explained by the gravity of the observable matter -- in effect, this galaxy seems to lack dark matter. Here, "this galaxy" refers not to the Milky Way but to the other galaxy mentioned in the first part of the sentence.
      --
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    2. Re:Another argument for variability of "constants" by Remusti · · Score: 2, Funny

      Your galaxy? Are you posting from NGC 4736, or just visiting Earth for a while?

      Either way, I'm sure you can see that Earth isn't worth invading, right? Right?

    3. Re:Another argument for variability of "constants" by Pikoro · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I was always curious. If looking farther away is looking back in time, the conceivably, we should be able to find the milky way just by looking for it. It's not stationary, but not moving nearly the speed of light. Could there be a light "echo" somewhere out there and we're really looking at ourselves through a temporal colored lens?

      This post brought to you by beer.

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  5. Impact on gravity theories by Dice · · Score: 4, Insightful

    This is another nail in the "dark matter can be solved with a modified theory of gravity" coffin. If we can find a galaxy composed of stars whose observed motion is entirely explained by the mass of those stars and known theories of gravity (Newton, Einstein) that's a serious blow to theories like MOND.

    1. Re:Impact on gravity theories by syousef · · Score: 5, Informative

      I'm not the GP but can answer your question.

      You measure the dopler shift of the stars on each side of the galaxy. Waves from stars travelling towards you compress, waves travelling away from you so it helps if galaxy is seen more edge on than top or bottom towards us.

      (Of course it won't be perfectly edge on so you have to calculate the component that is edge on to work out actual speeds around the galactic center. The less edge on the more accurate you can be because the component that's edge on is larger). ...which leads to how do you measure doppler shifts.

      One way is to look at the spectral lines of light in a star (ie split the light through a prism or diffraction grating). Chemicals that make up the star's surface absorb at precisely known wavelengths. It's actually really easy to do some calculation once you know what wavelength these lines have shifted to. (I did it when I did my astronomy masters. It's basic algebra andsimple equations). The difficult part is building equipment that can measure spectra so accurately. In the early days they'd be literally measuring the difference between wavelengths on glass plates.

      http://aether.lbl.gov/www/science/galrotcurve.html
      "To make a rotation curve one calculates the rotational velocity of stars along the length of a galaxy by measuring their Doppler shifts, and then plots this quantity versus their respective distance away from the galactic center."

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    2. Re:Impact on gravity theories by NeoSkink · · Score: 2, Informative

      When we say "Galaxy Rotation Speed" we mean a measure of velocity as a function of distance from the center. To get this, you just measure the speed of stars and measure how far they are from the center. As to how you get a stars velocity, well you look at the red shift relative to the galaxy, that if the whole galaxy is moving away it will have a redshift, but stars rotating away from us in the galaxy will have a higher redshift on average, and stars rotating towards us have a lower redshift.

      At least that's how I imagine they do it... IANAABIAAC (I am not an astronomer but I am a cosmologist), so I'm a little rusty on all this nearby stuff.

  6. Re:Fascinating! by Vectronic · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I'm certainly no expert on the subject, but as far as I am aware Dark matter is matter that fills the equasion when the visible matter doesn't compute...

    If a galaxy without dark matter computes, and a galaxy with visible matter with the addition of dark matter computes...

    Whats the difference? wouldnt a galaxy made up of entirely dark matter be equal to a galaxy of entirely visible matter?

    If you have 3 fish, and two of them are transparent zebrafish, and one is a normal opaque one... they are still 3 fish... as far as im concerened, this doesnt really prove anything other than matter effects other matter wether its visible or not which we already know... however it may disprove that dark matter is neccisary to create a galaxy? (if anyone was actually pondering that?)

  7. Re:Fascinating! by tirerim · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Sure. But most of the galaxies we have observed seem to be made up of a mixture of dark matter and visible matter, given their gravitational characteristics. Finding a galaxy with no matter isn't any sort of physical impossibility, but it's surprising because it's not the norm. If most galaxies contain dark matter, then something unusual must have happened to this one for it not to contain dark matter, and that's interesting; beyond that, the fact that such a thing even could happen may give us insights into the nature of dark matter.

  8. Re:Broken link? by RuBLed · · Score: 3, Funny

    Broken link? I don't think so..

    It says 404.. Not Found.. Pretty much in line with TFS...

  9. Blond matter by flyingfsck · · Score: 2, Funny

    'Let's see if "dark matter" is "more dense"' I dunno, usually blond matter is more dense...

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  10. Re:simplest thing ever by logicnazi · · Score: 3, Informative

    Umm, no.

    There are some good reasons to believe it isn't normal matter that isn't making light. For starters one would still expect it to absorb light and thus be observable. Additionally our models of galaxy formation would suggest it should have a certain distribution which doesn't conform with what is necessery to explain the rotation behavior. In fact it may even need to be relatively free from interactions to be as spread out as needed. Most relevantly the observations that suggest that dark matter doesn't collide with itself or normal gas when galaxies collide suggests it isn't normal matter.

    Of course your general sentiment is right. There are reasons to believe dark matter isn't made up of neutrinos but it isn't any more mysterious than they are. It is probably just some weakly interacting particle much like those we have already discovered.

    --

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  11. Re:Fascinating! by EvanED · · Score: 2, Interesting
    Nature, you have once again awed me with your incredible weirdness.

    Every time I read a story like this, I can't help but think of the following quote from Hitchhiker's:

    There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarrely inexplicable.

    There is another theory which states that this has already happened.


    I sometimes wonder if perhaps there is a God, and he is changing the rules on us. Like maybe until the time of Newton, it was the case that mass didn't vary with velocity, and that you could continually apply a force and accelerate to infinite speeds. And then Newton came around, discovered those rules, and God supplanted them with relativity. And then Einstein came along, and God said "hmm, let's add dark matter and make things more interesting."

    Sort of like when I was a kid playing battleship, I would track my opponent's guesses on my lower board. And if they guessed where one of my ships was, I would discretely move the ship to somewhere they didn't guess yet and announce a miss. Except with physical laws.

    I don't think this is a reasonable thing to actually believe, but it would be amusing. If I were God I would totally do that.
  12. Re:Awesome by Jugalator · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Only that dark matter isn't necessarily a new particle or has to be a product of fantasy. That's among the debated things. All it seems to be is some sort of particle with a mass that doesn't reflect light or emitting much else that can be detected, making it dark. So some theories have said it could be neutrinos, or maybe neutralinos, that are actually predicted to exist by modern theories.

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  13. Firehose was NEVER a good idea by dreamchaser · · Score: 2, Insightful

    It's just a way for the editors to abrogate their responsibilities while blaming the users when crappy submissions get posted.

  14. History of Dark Matter by foxpaws · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I thought I could contribute a bit to the discussion by giving some background on why the theory of dark matter came about.

    Vera Rubin's work on galaxy rotation rates is still pretty compelling evidence for dark matter... OR, at least, it shows us that all galaxies do not behave they way we think they should, to be more accurate. People much smarter than my own self have decided that "dark matter" or some sort of mass/force/something that does not emit light or radio waves, etc. (which is why we never noticed it before) must be responsible.

    When we look at a solar system like ours, we see that the farther a planet is from the sun, the slower it travels. Not only does it have a much longer way to go, but it doesn't - and according to what we understand, shouldn't - travel as fast.

    Vera Rubins decided to check a whole galaxy. What she found did not hold with our understanding. The solar systems, stars and other observable matter near the outside were traveling faster than expected.

    Vera Rubin's work, combined with the discovery that the univers appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate, rather than slowing down, kind of kicked off the whole dark matter/dark energy thing.

    --
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    1. Re:History of Dark Matter by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Dark matter is the same as epicycles. It's total garbage. Dark matter is not the same as epicycles; it makes specific testable predictions concerning a number of independent phenomena. The key point is that it simultaneously accounts for all kinds of diverse observations including galactic rotation curves, galactic cluster behavior, large scale structure formation, anisotropies in the cosmic background radiation, etc. Lesser theories such as modified gravity can explain maybe ONE of those at one time; to explain any of the others you have to introduce extra ad-hoc theories. It's not dark matter which is epicyclic in nature.

      Note, by the way, that you could apply your same argument to the people who claimed that an unseen planet was perturbing the orbit of Uranus. "You're just adding new garbage to explain away the failures of Newtonian gravity!" But there really was "dark matter" detectable through its gravitational effects: Neptune. On the other hand, Mercury's perihelion precession was not explained by new unseen matter ("Vulcan"), but by a new theory of gravity (general relativity). The lesson: you can explain gravitational anomalies by either dark matter or modified gravity, and both can be right: it's up to Nature to decide.

      The original calculations of galactic rotation used _Newton's_ equations! That is why they came up with answers at odds with observation. They completely ignored General Relativity, the accepted law of gravitation. This has been pointed out many times. It's been pointed out many times by people who obviously have never calculated anything using general relativity.

      Someone who has calculated orbits in general relativity would tell you that GR is utterly incapable of producing observed galactic rotation curves — GR is only a second order correction to Newton, i.e., it's too similar to Newtonian gravity on those scales to produce such a large discrepancy as what is observed. Explaining galactic rotation curves using modified gravity requires a first order correction, i.e., not just a small addition to the Newtonian acceleration GM/r^2, but rather a replacement of it. That's why the main competitor to dark matter has been MOND, which is Modified NEWTONIAN Dynamics. (They use a gravitational acceleration of sqrt(GMa0)/r, where a0 is a new physical constant.) Unfortunately MOND fails observational tests such as the Bullet Cluster dynamics. (Well, it's still possible that MOND is true if there is also dark matter to account for things like the Bullet Cluster, but that kind of defeats the purpose: MOND alone is no replacement for dark matter.)

      It turns out that GR can produce some measurable deviations from Newtonian dynamics at the galactic scale, with the right matter distribution, but it doesn't come close to getting rid of the need for dark matter, and using it to fit galactic rotation curves screws up galactic cluster observations, so you can't win. As I said, dark matter is unique in that it's compatible with observed phenomena on many different scales.

      Now, GR is relevant to other gravitational phenomena, such as cosmology, but the point is that you can't use GR as a replacement for dark matter. Believe it or not, astrophysicists do know about GR. The reason why they don't use it instead of dark matter is not because they are mind-bogglingly stupid and somehow managed to forget that GR exists. It's because it doesn't explain our observations.

      Incidentally, if you're thinking of the preprint by Cooperstock and Tieu which was reported on Slashdot 3 years ago, which claimed that galactic rotation curves are explained by GR, that was disproved a couple weeks after the preprint was posted. Sadly, they keep posting the same arguments in the form of unpublished Internet preprints every year ...
  15. What if all the dark matter is smart? by LarsBB · · Score: 2

    If the universe was full of life what would it look like? Just roll the idea around for a while. Look at what current SF writers are thinking about, that we may soon be starting on our own primitive Dyson Sphereshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere. That we may eventually use all the energy from our sun and give of no visible radiation. It might seems impossible now but imagine we are going to work on the problem for a million years. If the universe was full of intelligence, I think it would look just like what we see now.

  16. Re:Fascinating! by IndustrialComplex · · Score: 2, Funny


    The cool thing is, if I were God, I could create an alternate universe in which I invented the finglonger.

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