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Gamma Ray Burst Visible At Record Distance
Invisible Pink Unicorn writes "A gamma ray burst detected on March 19 by NASA's Swift satellite has set a new record for the most distant object that could be seen with the naked eye. The burst had a measured redshift of 0.94, meaning the explosion took place 7.5 billion years ago. The optical afterglow from heated gas was 2.5 million times more luminous than the most luminous supernova ever recorded, making it the most intrinsically bright object ever observed by humans in the universe. The previous most distant object visible to the naked eye is the nearby galaxy M33, a relatively short 2.9 million light years from Earth."
If I read correctly, a GRB of this magnitude occurring 2700 light years away would be as bright as the sun. Ouch.
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so long as it isn't 100-900 light years away, the earth wouldn't be destroyed. still, it is going to be in the night sky for at least a few months
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I don't know...looks photoshopped to me.
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Or perhaps it concentrated its energy in a narrow jet that was aimed directly at Earth. They're shooting at us!
Anyway, it's a good thing that this occurred so far away, instead of nearby. There are a few hypergiant stars known to exist in our galaxy like Eta Carinae and the Pistol Star which are inherently unstable. And in 2004 a GRB was emitted by a magnetar half way across the galaxy that, were it visible, would have been brighter than a full moon. Its been proposed that GRB's may be a factor in past extinction events here on earth.
When asked to comment about the event, Doctor Banner was not immediately available.
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For you newcomers, a record was like a mechanical CD but larger. The diameter of a CD is about half that of a Long Playing Record, so "Record Distance" is a distance comparable to the width of two CDs. I don't know why astronomers are the ones studying lights at that distance.
The Universe is, in fact, at least 156 billion light years wide:
http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_040524.html
Just re-member that you're standing on a planet that's evolving and revolving at nine-hundred miles an hour.
That's orbiting at nineteen miles a second, so it's reckoned, a Sun that is the source of all our power.
The Sun and you and me and all the stars that we can see, are moving at a million miles a day, In an outer-spiral arm at forty-thousand miles an hour, of the Galaxy we call the Milky Way.
Our galaxy itself contains a hundred-billion stars, it's a hundred thousand lightyears side to side.
It bulges in the middle, sixteen-thousand lightyears thick, but out by us it's just three-thousand lightyears wide.
We're thirty thousand lightyears from Galactic central point, we go round every two-hundred-million years.
And our Galaxy is only one of millions of billion in this amazing and expanding Universe The Universe itself keeps on expanding and expanding in all of the directions it can whizz. As fast as it can go, the speed of light you know, twelve-million miles a minute and that's the fastest speed there is.
So remember when you're feeling very small and insecure how amazing unlikely is your birth. And pray that there's intelligent life somewhere out in space, 'cos there's buger all down here on Earth!
Ask not what you can do for your country. Ask what your country did to you
You can tell the difference by looking at the spectrum. The light spectrum of any distant source will have absorbtion bands from passing through various elements such as hydrogen. These bands form recognizable patterns and so astronomers can determine the red shift by measuring how far the absorption bands have been shifted from their normal location.
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(Just for reference, I am doing an MSc in this field.)
Your definition would be what cosmologists call 'comoving distance'. I have never seen a light year defined in this way however. The rate of expansion changes with time, so under your definition you would end up with things like that 2 * 1 light year != 2 light years, etc.
It also means that a light year now, would be a different distance (in km) than a light year was a year ago, etc.
Update:
I emailed the author, and they have now corrected the article.
The article now just says:
The explosion was so far away that it took its light 7,500,000,000 (7.5 billion) years to reach Earth! In fact, the explosion took place so long ago that Earth had not yet come into existence.
And the title has also been changed to "A Stellar Explosion You Could See on Earth!" (Instead it was something about that it happened half way across the universe from us)
For anyone interested, here's the email that I received from the author:
Hi John,
Thanks for your message. I was the principle author of the press release, so I will try to answer your question. I should note that the press release was reviewed by numerous scientists. But it was edited at NASA headquarters before it was made public.
In my original draft, I purposefully avoided making the statement that the GRB was 7.5 billion light-years from Earth, because as your message implies, it is problematic to express specific distances when one is talking about events that happened in the very distant past, because the universe is rapidly expanding. Such is the case when trying to express a "distance" to GRB 080319B.
The most relevant direct "distance" measurement is the object's redshift, which was measured to be 0.94. As the press release explained, this measurement tells astronomers how much the GRB's light was "stretched" by cosmic expansion. I used this popular website from a renowned UCLA cosmologist to convert the object's redshift to a light-travel time:
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html
When I entered the redshift and the cosmological parameters based on the latest results from the WMAP satellite and large-scale galaxy surveys, the calculator gave me a light-travel time of 7.5 billion years. In other words, the light from this GRB was emitted 7.5 billion years ago.
But at the time the burst occurred, Earth didn't even exist, so how does one express a "distance" between one object and another object that does not exist? In addition, 7.5 billion years ago, the visible universe was a much smaller place than it is now, because cosmic expansion has made the universe much bigger during those intervening 7.5 billion years. The GRB's host galaxy and the Milky Way Galaxy would have been much closer back then than they are today (please note that the Milky Way would have been a lot different back then, but it undoubtedly existed at that time). In fact, back then, the two galaxies would have been much closer than 7.5 billion light-years. And yet because of cosmic expansion, the two galaxies are currently much farther apart than 7.5 billion light-years. So there really is not an ideal way to express such a huge distance.
In my opinion, the best way to express such a huge distance in a rapidly expanding universe at the level of a popular audience is to express distances in terms of light-travel time, which is what I did in the original draft of the press release. And because our best current measurements suggest that the universe is 13.7 billion years old, an event taking place 7.5 billion years ago is roughly halfway across the visible universe. Some of the scientists at NASA probably felt that it was important to specify a distance in a unit of distance rather than in a unit of time, so they translated the light travel time to a distance in light-years. I realize this is imprecise from a strict scientific perspective, but the NASA scientists concluded that there is no better way to express it, and I cannot think of a better way to do it.
The problem, of course, is that the most precise way to express the distance is to state the redshift, which I did in the press release. Unfortunately, the term "redshift" has little meaning to the media and public, and the general public does not have the familiarity with astronomical terminology to be able to translate a redshift of 0.94 into a distance that has any deep meaning.
Best regards,
Robert Naeye, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
If I read correctly, a GRB of this magnitude occurring 2700 light years away would be as bright as the sun. Ouch.
Ouch indeed. (I'm sure somebody will check your math and adjust the distance if necessary. So let's go with the premise of a solar input's worth from nearby.)
At that sort of distance the red shift would be virtually nonexistent. A kilowatt per square meter of gamma rays would make you toasty warm all the way through, not just on the skin.
Also: Goodbye DNA and RNA. Presuming you're still alive (for some value of alive) after the flash you'd be running on the proteins you've already got for your last few days. Then the deep ocean and rift vent critters get their chance. (Presuming, of course, that an associated neutrino flux didn't get them and the planet has to start from scratch.)
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