Court Finds Part of Copyright Act Unconstitutional

I Don't Believe in Imaginary Property writes "A US District Court in the Southern District of California has found the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act to be unconstitutional. That act is what removes the sovereign immunity for infringement that state workers have in their official capacity, something many argued would jeopardize universities with liability for faculty infringement, not to mention other state agencies. In a rather dense legal ruling (PDF), the Court found that the Clarification Act was not a valid exercise of congressional power under the 14th Amendment. For those of you who have absolutely no idea what I just said, I recommend either being glad that a small piece of copyright law may soon bite the dust, or hoping that NYCL will explain this better."

Comments

This subject is VASTLY more complex than you know

[CajunArson]

OK: I'm a 2L at a law school ranked in the US snooze & world reports top 20. But more importantly I'm in Fed Courts and have my final in less than 2 weeks. This case has NOTHING to do with copyrights whatsoever. It instead involves an insanely complex topic called "state sovereign immunity". What I am about to say is hopefully accurate, but is by no mean a deep analysis of sovereign immunity doctrine. Many scholars actually think (and I agree) that the Supreme Court has massively overconstitutionalized Sovereign Immunity doctrine and that it should be much more rooted in common law which would allow Congress more flexilibility in abrogating it in some circumstances. Before going any further: This ONLY applies to dragging a state into a FEDERAL court, the state court systems have their own sovereign immunity that can be different:

What is state sovereign immunity? An ancient concept that basically says "you can't sue the state unless the state gives you permission to do so". It goes all the way back to the days of Kings, and was imported into the US too. In the Constitution the states have sovereign immunity from 1. a basic "postulate" of the structure of the constitution (this is extremely fuzzy and not well defined) and 2. The 11th amendment which ONLY created sovereign immunity in diversity actions (correcting a blunder put into the original Article III language). Now, there are still plenty of times that you CAN sue a state, the courts have carved out an exception for suing a named state official, and doing so only for future prospective relief (like I want the state to stop harming me, but I can't sue to collect big money from the state).

So you might say: What about all my rights, can the state get away with everything? The answer is no. It is possible for Congress to (in limited circumstances) abrogate or take away state sovereign immunity. The problem comes from the above "postulates": State sovereign immunity is INHERENT to the Constitution (not just to common law which would be easy for Congress to override with legislation). Think of this in programming terms: In the ORIGINAL base class (constitution) there is no real way for Congress to abrogate sovereign immunity unless there is an express exception in the base class itself. However, when the 14th amendment came along LATER and amended the constitution (think of the constitution as a new inherited class with slightly different properties) it DID give Congress a window to (sometimes) abrogate a State's sovereign immunity.

To abrogate you need 2 things that the Court in this case found lacking: 1. Congress has to very clearly state in statutory language that it is abrogating state sovereign immunity (not every bill relating to the 14th amendment abrogates, section 1983 of the civil rights act is a notable case); 2. (and this is where the act failed): The right granted has to PROPERLY be rooted in the 14th amendment section 5 grant of power to Congress. This law was not rooted in the 14th amendment even if Congress said it was. The Copryight power has nothing to do with the 14th amendment. There is one exception in the original Constitution that Courts have recognized, and that is the bankruptcy power (which has some funky text associated with it in ARt I), aside from that the Court has basically held that state sovereign immunity could be abrogated for bankruptcy).

Why have all this sovereign immunity? Well there are good reasons for it, the biggest one being that it would be way too easy to sue the states for petty money in federal courts. It should be no surprise that abrogation came with the 14th amendment which was passed after the Civil War when the trust of the states was at an all time low. Remember: In a federal democracy like the U.S. the states DO have trust and sovereignty, but not absolute sovereignty, and the level of trust they get has gone up & down over the years.

Now