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Three ISPs Agree To Block Child Porn

Goobergunch and other readers sent in word that Sprint, Time Warner, and Verizon have agreed to block websites and newsgroups containing child pornography. The deal, brokered by New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo, occurred after Cuomo's office threatened the ISPs with fraud charges. It's of some concern that the blacklist of sites and newsgroups is to be maintained by the Center for Missing and Exploited Children, an NGO with no legal requirement for transparency. Here are two further cautions, the first from Lauren Weinstein: "Of broader interest perhaps is how much time will pass before 'other entities' demand that ISPs (attempt to) block access to other materials that one group or another feels subscribers should not be permitted to see or hear." And from Techdirt: "[T]he state of Pennsylvania tried to do pretty much the same thing, back in 2002, but focused on actually passing a law ... And, of course, a federal court tossed out the law as unconstitutional. The goal is certainly noble. Getting rid of child porn would be great — but having ISPs block access to an assigned list isn't going to do a damn thing towards that goal."

35 of 572 comments (clear)

  1. Block for all? by gmuslera · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What about providing *optional* proxies that does that filtering to their users?

    1. Re:Block for all? by Gavagai80 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      And then arresting everyone who chooses not to use the filter, on charges of seeking child pornography?

      --
      This space intentionally left blank
    2. Re:Block for all? by spidrw · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I think it's more about "How can we actively stop our sick bastard pedophile users from doing this?" rather than "Oh how can we keep Timmy from stumbling across some kiddie porn when all he wants is Go, Diego, Go?" The latter goal would just require an *optional* proxy as you put it, but it would be pointless towards the actual goal, which I belive is the first one.

    3. Re:Block for all? by ObsessiveMathsFreak · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I think it's more about "How can we get this Godless Hippie Crap off the InterTubes. Oh yeah, I know! Let's use a Wedge Strategy!". Then they look for the widest crack in libertarian's armour (which happens to be visible from space), namely their utter unwillingness to stand up for the legal rights of pedophiles.

      If people won't defend the rights of the most wretched and most wicked, then they deserve no rights themselves. And that's what they're getting; at civil protests, at TSA checkpoints and now online.

      --
      May the Maths Be with you!
  2. slippery slope by hairyfeet · · Score: 3, Insightful

    While I can't stand the kiddie pr0n,this simply won't work. it has been tried in the past in other countries and it always ends up getting legit websites along with the bad ones.But that is my 02c,YMMV

    --
    ACs don't waste your time replying, your posts are never seen by me.
    1. Re:slippery slope by Ephemeriis · · Score: 5, Insightful

      While I can't stand the kiddie pr0n,this simply won't work. it has been tried in the past in other countries and it always ends up getting legit websites along with the bad ones.But that is my 02c,YMMV You've got probably three major problems with any kind of list like this...

      1) Accidentally listed innocent sites. Some place like Whore Presents getting listed as pornography when it isn't.

      2) Intentionally mis-listed sites. Somebody will claim that The Pirate Bay has child pornography on it (which it may) just to keep people from downloading cracked copies of Spore.

      3) They're easy enough to bypass. There are plenty of free proxies out there that'll happily slap some advertising on your screen and then serve up whatever page your ISP doesn't want you to see. Or you could tunnel your traffic elsewhere to avoid the filter lists

      These blocklists will be enough to stop some people from accidentally stumbling upon child porn... Maybe stop some very casual attempts to intentionally view child porn... But nothing more. They won't actually put a dent in folks who are genuinely trafficking in real, illegal child pornography. They're already well aware of what they're doing, and that it's illegal, and they're already going to some effort to find the material. Making them use an additional proxy or VPN isn't going to accomplish a whole lot.

      --
      "Work is the curse of the drinking classes." -Oscar Wilde
  3. Are you sure? by HappySmileMan · · Score: 5, Insightful

    "Yes, truecrypt.org DOES contain child porn, so does wikileaks.org"
    "Do you have proof?"
    "We don't need it, it's on the list, now move along, nothing to see here."

    1. Re:Are you sure? by jacem · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Blocking either spam or phishing sites could be considered censorship by the way. You can talk about protected speech but as soon as you classify some speech as protected and other as not you start down a slippery slope.
      As far as ISP doing the blocking, it's a matter of practicality as much as we try we haven't really put a dent in phishing sites or spam. Someone who wants kiddi p()rn is going to find it. the danger is that other speech may get knocked out as collateral damage, intentionally or not.

      JACEM

      --
      DOC Disinformation Obfuscation and Confusion
      The carrot to FUD's stick
    2. Re:Are you sure? by PontifexPrimus · · Score: 5, Insightful

      "Yes, truecrypt.org DOES contain child porn, so does wikileaks.org"
      "Do you have proof?"
      "Why are you asking? You must be looking for child porn! STONE HIM!" There, fixed it for you. Even better:
      "Yes, truecrypt.org DOES contain child porn, so does wikileaks.org"
      "Do you have proof?"
      "Of course! Why don't you visit the sites and check yourself? Oh, sorry. Guess you can't. But for trying to access a blacklisted site you'll now be on permanent watch as a potential pedophile."
      --
      -- Language is a virus from outer space.
    3. Re:Are you sure? by elrous0 · · Score: 5, Insightful
      Oh, you're trying to use a proxy service--must be trying to access child porn. So we'll block those too.

      Oh, you're accessing adult porn sites. Well, some of them might contain child porn. So we'll block those too.

      Accessing a site that's anti-Center for Missing and Exploited Children? Must be trying to get around our system. Well, guess what buddy, we blocked that too.

      Oh, Mr. ISP, now you're claiming you can't block sites after you just proved you could? Well, guess who's getting sued for not blocking the Pirate Bay!

      --
      SJW: Someone who has run out of real oppression, and has to fake it.
  4. Mixed feelings by Duncan+Blackthorne · · Score: 4, Insightful

    While on the one hand I see no reason whatsoever for child porn-related sites to even exist let alone have anyone visit them, censorship by ISPs is a very obvious slippery slope. Unfair and damaging compromises without number have already been made "for the sake of the children"; it's as obvious a ploy as "..or the terrorists win", and I for one feel my intelligence is insulted whenever those cards are played. In the final analysis, I think this will be found to be a bad idea. Providers of bandwidth should not be allowed to decide what content will traverse their network any more than they should be allowed to interfere with P2P traffic. Determining the appropriateness should be the domain of hosting services, and the legality should be determined by the courts and by law enforcement; ISPs are neither -- which is as it should be.

  5. Won't Work! by neowolf · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I have to agree with what has already been said- it won't work. Legit sites will get caught in the net and the lawsuits will ensue.

    Anyone who has had to deal with Internet filtering systems like Websense knows they are problematic at-best. I can't imagine using an ISP that runs something like that.

    It seems to me that if they know enough about the kiddie pr0n sites to block them- they should have enough information to provide authorities to get them shut down.

  6. Very mixed emotions by davidwr · · Score: 4, Insightful

    What if they make a mistake? Is this the first step of many? Will other pressure groups make them block access to material that is legal in the source or destination jurisdiction but not in the other? Of course any ISPs that block material on their own who dared to claim common-carrier status can kiss that claim goodbye.

    I would much prefer them not to block it themselves but rather cooperate with law enforcement. If the cops want it shut down, they can get a warrant to shut it down. On the other hand, the cops may want to keep it up for an hour or two so they can see the logs in real-time and knock on the customers' doors as they are up- or down-loading it.

    As for newsgroups, if the KP-suppliers can't post in alt.kiddie-porn-group-de-jour, they may start invading alt.fractals.mandelbrot or some other group that has no tolerance for such material. That would be quite disruptive.

    Besides, unless they are just plain stupid, people won't upload or host illegal material without encryption, with the passwords traded through other channels. Good luck to the ISPs telling encrypted kiddie porn from encrypted photographs of CowboyNeal's mother.

    --
    Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
  7. Worse than useless. by JMZero · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I use newsgroups quite a bit. Once alt.underage.porn (or whatever) is shut down, that material is just going to be posted somewhere else - and probably end up being seen by more people. If they ban keywords, they'll move onto new euphemisms. No automatic filter will do this job - and the results of the attempt will be worse in every way than if no filter was used.

    All it is is scoring political points, and providing the illusion of action while really making the situation worse.

    --
    Let's not stir that bag of worms...
    1. Re:Worse than useless. by Floritard · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Maybe this is just step one. Step two being, "They're too clever, our only choice is to shut all of USENET down." After all, it's just the seedy "back-alley" of the internet according to TFA.

  8. False positives, misleading true positives by Rinisari · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What happens when Mom sends via email or an online album pictures of Baby's first bath to Grandma, and Grandma's ISP's software classifies the email or album as child porn? Does Grandma get a visit from the FBI/CIA/DEA/NSA/IRS/TSA/DHS in the form of a raid looking for more child porn? News gets out that Grandma was investigated for child porn and her reputation is demolished, even if some people know that it was a case of mistaken intent/identity.

    Child porn is a terrible thing, but it's virtually impossible to classify something as child porn unless someone has manually classified an known image and corresponding hash as child porn.

    There's also the issue of determining ages of the children in the picture if they're not obviously too young. Who took the pictures? Was it taken by a 15-year-old girl's 17-year-old boyfriend, or did she herself take it for him? This is legal in some states/countries, but a felony in others.

    I don't want to get into an argument about these specific cases, but the possible cases are simply too wide and a single government authority cannot effectively press its morals onto its people. Romeo and Juliet will deviate from the norm.

    The Chris Hansen approach works much better because it shows provable evidence of intent/motive and catches them in the act, perhaps even literally with their pants down.

    1. Re:False positives, misleading true positives by Izabael_DaJinn · · Score: 5, Insightful
      The Chris Hansen approach rubs me the wrong way as well--too commercial, too manipulative, but a much better idea than what is proposed here.

      Also men are biologically inclined to find girls who have gone through puberty attractive.

      When I was 15 I wanted to have sex with older men...including as old as 21-22 (and even much older on on occasion). They wanted to have sex with me. So what? I hardly think they are pedophiles.

      Someone needs to stop lumping all "child porn" into one category. A 20 year old man having sex with a consenting 15 year old is not nearly the same as a 40 year old having sex with an 8 year old.

      This reminds me what they do with the war on drugs. Lump all drugs into one category, whether it be marijuana or crack cocaine.

      --
      Careful What You Wish For....
  9. Re:Not that I read TFA, but... by Verteiron · · Score: 4, Insightful

    According to TFA, they have about 11,000 images that they generate hashes for. Then they scan the web for images with the same hash.

    So the easiest way around this is to create a program that automatically changes the value of a random single pixel in a graphic. Problem solved, crisis averted.

    What I want to know is will the list of sites being blocked be publicly available for review? I bet not...

    --
    End of lesson. You may press the button.
  10. thinkofthechildren explicity in last paragraph by davidwr · · Score: 3, Insightful
    The last paragraph of the NYT story reads:

    "This literally threatens our children, and there can be no higher priority than keeping our children safe." Summarized in one word: thinkofthechildren.

    Summarized in a phrase: Accept the mantra, just don't think.

    Seriously, I can think of lots of priorities higher than keeping our children safe. Keeping our children safe means never letting them outside, never letting them take risks, never exposing them to the dangerous rays of ultraviolet light, never letting them go swimming, never letting them surf the net.

    The proper thing to do is to take reasonable measurements to keep everyone, including vulnerable populations such as kids and the elderly, relatively safe without incurring high costs in terms of money, civil liberties, etc. Words like "no higher priority" indicate the speaker is either intentionally lying, or worse, not thinking straight.
    --
    Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
  11. Re:Not that I read TFA, but... by Chyeld · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Most image hashing programs are robust enough to handle random noise in a picture. The issue will be how 'close' a picture will have to be to be caught and how many false positives will result in the necessarily fuzzy logic.

  12. What I want to know is... by llamalad · · Score: 4, Insightful

    If they can create a list of sites that contain this vile shit, wouldn't it make sense to, oh, I don't know, maybe shut them down, prosecute the scumbags that are running the sites, and then use their client records to find and prosecute the people who were paying for it?

  13. Yes, that's a wild idea. by Odder · · Score: 3, Insightful

    AOL, Hotmail and Yahoo have already blocked email based on political content. We can be sure that ISPs will abuse "porn lists" too.

    The right thing to do about kiddie porn is to catch the people who make it.

    The right thing to do to censors is to show them out of office.

  14. Re:Not that I read TFA, but... by CreatureComfort · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Oh, so in other words, all this does is create a huge market for constantly original child porn instead of all the same old 70's nudist images floating around? The idea...it's brilliant!

    --
    "Unheard of means only it's undreamed of yet,
    Impossible means not yet done." ~~ Julia Ecklar
  15. Re:Killing the Internet. by Odder · · Score: 4, Insightful

    You already see it's start with metered internet. Once they have that, they can offer you "free" sites. Everyone loves free, aren't they nice? Then they hike the price of visiting other sites to something stupid like $5/GB so that it's cheaper to buy physical media and presto - no more internet. They are already blaming "pirates", kiddie porn and terrorists. That's essentially a smear for their competition and anyone who disagrees with them.

    If they get their way, things will really get ugly. All rights fall after free press does.

  16. Child porn is NOT the problem by Forge · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The problem is the production of child porn which of course involves abuse of children.

    The demand comes from perverts who like to watch the abuse of children. So what happens if you simply block their access to child porn produced by other people?

    They go off and produce their own. Which means more children abused.

    Far better to use the ISPs to track those who produce or regularly seek out child porn and then prosecute them or treat their mental issues as is necessary. Several jurisdictions in Europe have broken up "Child porn rings", arresting as many as 50 people at once.

    finally: There is a new category of child porn that has started to pop up lately. Child produced pornography. This means 3 or 4 children, all the same age who take turns operating a cameraphone and performing for it. Then they send out the video to other children via MMS, Bluetooth and Email. The 1st such "work" that came to public attention locally was on the cellphones or computers of thousands of children before the 1st adult saw it.

    How do we deal with that? Who do we prosecute? I honestly don't know, suggestions from the Slashdot crowd would be welcome.

    --
    --= Isn't it surprising how badly I spell ?
    1. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by Ngarrang · · Score: 3, Insightful

      If you can cut off the buyer from the seller, you can make a dent in the problem. It is something, at least, to try. Though, I do worry to what extent other things will be added that are not illegal, but might be argued as 'inappropriate' for our eyes and ears. I don't need big brother to filter my internet for me

      --
      Bearded Dragon
    2. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by digitrev · · Score: 4, Insightful
      The answers is you don't prosecute, unless there was abuse. Here's a suggestion of mine: look at the age of consent in the area being considered. For example, in Canada, 16. If you're 14/15, you can consent to sex with someone no more than 5 years older than you, and if you're 12/13, the rule is 3 years. So work the child pornography laws around that.

      For example, if the person in possession of the photos is legally allowed to have sex with a person of the age of the person in the photo (i.e. you're 19 and have a photo of a 15 year old girl), then the data should be destroyed, but no one should be prosecuted. Otherwise, go right ahead with prosecution. The problem being there's no way to tell how old they were at the time, so obviously someone will eventually have to make a judgment on the photo in question.

      So my suggestion would lead to the following.
      • A (pornographic) photo of an 18 year old would be legal.
      • A photo of a 16/17 year old would be taken from you, but not result in prosecution.
      • A photo of a 15 year old would result in a prosecution for anyone over the age of 20. Otherwise the photo is taken from you.
      • A photo of a 14 year old would result in a prosecution for anyone over the age of 19. Otherwise the photo is taken from you.
      • A photo of a 13 year old would result in a prosecution for anyone over the age of 16. Otherwise the photo is taken from you.
      • A photo of a 12 year old would result in a prosecution for anyone over the age of 13. Otherwise the photo is taken from you.
      Granted, this is not a perfect situation, but it does reduce the risk of an idiot 15 year old having his life ruined for a photo of his naked girlfriend.
      --
      Cynical Idealist
    3. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by Applekid · · Score: 5, Insightful

      How do we deal with [child produced pornography]? At the risk of being called a pedophile myself:
      We don't.

      To me at least, the fact that the tools to produce pornography are falling into the hands of children and it's being used as such is evidence that we need to completely rethink childhood, adolesence, sexuality, and age of consent. I know parents will be horrified at the thought of their precious little fuzzy-lumpkins actually being as curious as they were when they were that age, but it's true.
      --
      More Twoson than Cupertino
    4. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by Deadplant · · Score: 3, Insightful

      If you can cut off the buyer from the seller, you can make a dent in the problem. maybe.
      This assumes that the profit motive is a significant driver and that the non-commercial supply is limited or non-existent.

      I have heard stories of people paying for porn on the Internet and I would assume that the same thing might happen with child porn.
      The fact remains that the vast majority of Internet porn (of all sorts) is exchanged free of charge.
    5. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by GooberToo · · Score: 5, Insightful

      If you can cut off the buyer from the seller, you can make a dent in the problem.

      Same broken logic that fuels the anti-drug war. Same broken logic that fuels police to arrest johns and prostitutes. It does not curb it; rather it only makes it move and change tactics while wasting huge amounts of money and man power.

      Find me one sane person that can justify the war on drugs and I'll agree you have a leg to stand on.

    6. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by hahafaha · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I completely agree with you in principle. If children want to do porn, they should be able to. You need to protect them from manipulative adults, but this clearly isn't the case -- the children are producing and distributing the porn themselves.

      However, legally, you're wrong. Every child who in possession of an indecent picture of an underage child (that isn't themselves) is guilty of possession of child porn. Really, that sort of makes sense. The idea is that the child isn't old enough to decide to act as a porn star. Whether he was convinced to do this by an adult or another naive child is irrelevant.

    7. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by DancesWithBlowTorch · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Let's face it, if the law is laid out in such a ridiculous manner, we are all pedophiles.

      I, for example, am the proud owner of Nirvana's "nevermind" album. And so are 26 million other people. (Don't click that link, it contains child pornography!)

      I also own pictures of myself in the nude, when I was about one and a half years old. Some of those pictures have other nude babies in them, alongside myself.

      I don't understand what has happened to this society. At which point did we all just stop thinking and handed in our brains to the mainstream media? It's not hard to avoid this whole bullshit. Just don't call it "child pornography" if no child was harmed in its creation! Oh, yes, there will be some people who get off on pictures of naked babies at the beach. You know what, I don't care! Just as I don't care if people get off on watching a 25 year-old woman walk down main street in a short skirt from 50 yards away. Do what you want, as long as you don't infringe on other people's rights. If someone is so keen on watching a picture of my naked self from a time I can't remember any more, maybe, just maybe, he's not actually causing any harm to me, or anyone else.

    8. Re:Child porn is NOT the problem by kesuki · · Score: 3, Insightful

      "If you can cut off the buyer from the seller, you can make a dent in the problem."

      the fundamental flaw with that argument is that laws can change human behavior.

      let's step away from the pedophilia rates, because there just aren't good statistics globally for this problem, and switch to something i can quickly draw statistics for.

      Let's switch to homicide. Right up there with the world's oldest profession, homicide is so important, it's the first thing humans do, after they get kicked out of paradise (cain and abel)

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_murder_rate

      now, let's see, murder has been illegal for as long as i can remember, i think that cain and abel reference is a good cornerstone for about when murder became illegal, in the stone age.

      so with all out modern technology, surly such an old, such a fundamental problem has gotten BETTER hasn't it? well, the number jumps around A LOT the important thing is that per capita, homicide rates have not ever really made much of a downward run, they've been higher than they are now, but they really don't want to drop below 5 per 100,000 people, in the past 100 years of record keeping...

      so now magically laws are 'supposed' to protect our kids from pedophiles when they can't stop 5 people per every 100,000 from dying every single year?

      but it never ceases to amaze me, the people who think 'they're making a dent in crime' they think we as humans will stop killing each other, stop raping women or children, just because of a few words on a piece of paper.

      if you want to protect your kids from pedophiles you damn well better have a better strategy than 'the government will protect us with their vorpal law + 12 against pedophiles!' that's all i'm saying.

  17. Standard Form.... by maz2331 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Your post advocates a

    (X) technical ( ) legislative (X) market-based (X) vigilante

    approach to fighting illegal porn. Your idea will not work. Here is why it won't work. (One or more of the following may apply to your particular idea, and it may have other flaws which used to vary from state to state before a bad federal law was passed.)

    ( ) Perverts can easily use it to harvest email addresses
    (X) Other legitimate Internet uses would be affected
    ( ) No one will be able to find the guy or collect the money
    (X) It is defenseless against brute force attacks
    (X) It will stop porn for two weeks and then we'll be stuck with it
    ( ) Users of email will not put up with it
    ( ) Microsoft will not put up with it
    ( ) The police will not put up with it
    (X) Requires too much cooperation from pornographers
    ( ) Requires immediate total cooperation from everybody at once
    ( ) Many email users cannot afford to lose business or alienate potential employers
    ( ) Spammers don't care about invalid addresses in their lists
    (X) Anyone could anonymously destroy anyone else's career or business

    Specifically, your plan fails to account for

    ( ) Laws expressly prohibiting it
    ( ) Lack of centrally controlling authority for the web
    (X) Open proxies in foreign countries
    ( ) Ease of searching tiny alphanumeric address space of all email addresses
    (X) Asshats
    ( ) Jurisdictional problems
    ( ) Unpopularity of weird new taxes
    ( ) Public reluctance to accept weird new forms of money
    ( ) Huge existing software investment in HTTP
    (X) Use of protocols other than HTTP to distribute
    (X) P2P Applications
    ( ) Willingness of users to install OS patches received by email
    (X) Armies of worm riddled broadband-connected Windows boxes
    (X) Eternal arms race involved in all filtering approaches
    ( ) Extreme profitability of spam
    ( ) Joe jobs and/or identity theft
    ( ) Technically illiterate politicians
    ( ) Extreme stupidity on the part of people who do business with spammers
    (X) Dishonesty on the part of pornographers themselves
    ( ) Bandwidth costs that are unaffected by client filtering
    ( ) Outlook
    (X) Getting sued for damages due to false positives
    (X) Getting sued for damages due to false negatives

    and the following philosophical objections may also apply:

    (X) Ideas similar to yours are easy to come up with, yet none have ever
    been shown practical
    ( ) Any scheme based on opt-out is unacceptable
    ( ) SMTP headers should not be the subject of legislation
    (X) Blacklists suck
    (X) Whitelists suck
    (X) We should be able to talk about Viagra without being censored
    ( ) Countermeasures should not involve wire fraud or credit card fraud
    (X) Countermeasures should not involve sabotage of public networks
    ( ) Countermeasures must work if phased in gradually
    ( ) Sending email should be free
    (X) Why should we have to trust you and your servers?
    ( ) Incompatiblity with open source or open source licenses
    (X) Feel-good measures do nothing to solve the problem
    ( ) Temporary/one-time email addresses are cumbersome
    ( ) I don't want the government reading my email
    (X) I don't want ISPs reading my traffic
    (X) Killing them that way is not slow and painful enough

    Furthermore, this is what I think about you:

    ( ) Sorry dude, but I don't think it would work.
    (X) This is a stupid idea, and you're a stupid person for suggesting it.
    ( ) Nice try, assh0le! I'm going to find out where you live and burn your
    house down!

  18. Re:Hey its about the kids - Stupid! by drinkypoo · · Score: 3, Insightful

    But come on, anyone arguing that blocking child porn is a slippery slope is like saying we shouldnt have a court system because some people may be found innocent.

    ITYM because some guilty people may be found innocent. HTH, HAND.

    Regardless, here's why you're wrong: Blocking child porn will be ineffective, and Blocking child porn is treating the symptom, not the disease. Thus this is handwaving bullshit designed to convince people that something is being done about child porn when in fact it is not.

    The base problem is that the way to stop child pornography, and rape, and all the other sex crime in the world (or at least, the percentage which can be prevented) is to create a healthy society, and that is not in the interests of the powers that be - it's an incompatible goal to that of milking every man, woman, and child for every available dollar. It's not just indifferent to the idea of a healthy society, but actually hostile to it; well-balanced people do not buy massive volumes of possessions which they don't need and will never use again, they don't willingly buy food which is non-nutritious, unhealthy or even downright toxic; they don't intentionally decide to purchase and burn fuels which pollute the environment in which they live. They do these things because they feel nervous, trapped, and helpless in spite of the fact that there clearly are alternatives to being a rat in the maze.

    Call me a hippie if you like (I was born and raised, if you can call it that, in Santa Cruz) but happiness isn't derived from getting what you want, but from knowing what you want - especially when you already have it (often the case) or when it's available without buying into the crapfest that we take for granted and refer to as "daily life".

    --
    "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"