Slashdot Mirror


AIDS Virus Now Estimated To Be 100 Years Old

ChazeFroy writes "A new study estimates that the AIDS virus, HIV, started to circulate in the human population between 1884 and 1924, with a more focused estimate at 1908. This is much earlier than the previously-held estimate of 1930. 'The new result is "not a monumental shift, but it means the virus was circulating under our radar even longer than we knew," says Michael Worobey of the University of Arizona, an author of the new work.' The article also speculates that HIV first began to spread in Kinshasa, Congo."

29 of 316 comments (clear)

  1. Wait, what? by DurendalMac · · Score: 5, Insightful

    But I thought it was made back in the 60/70s to wipe out gay and black people! You mean it wasn't the government or the Jews that did it? /loony

    1. Re:Wait, what? by mcgrew · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I'm skeptical. How could a disease with such a long incubation period not be recognized for over a century? It's not like needles or anal sex were invented in 1965. And then in a period of a few years become a worldwide epidemic? Yeah, I RTFA but I'm not buying the "city" hypothesis; it's not like people in the country don't have anal sex.

      Two notes though, the first serious and the second humorous (humoroidous).

      When I was in Thailand in the USAF from Aug. 1973 to Aug 1974, there were rumors of a sexually transmitted disease that was being hushed up by the government. The rumor had it that this disease was fatal and had no cure, and if you caught it you would be transferred to Guam and never heard from again. Most of us dismissed these rumors as government propaganda to keep us away from the whores or at least to get us to use condoms (penicillin isn't free) but when AIDS came around in 1981 (killing "free sex" and having women not come up to you asking you "wanna fuck?", damned AIDS!) I started to wonder if the rumor might have been true.

      Secondly, a wag I worked with when AIDS started in 1981 said AIDS was an acronym for "Anal Intercourse Death Syndrome". It really isn't an STD but a blood-borne disease, more easily transmitted by blood transfusions, dirty needles, and sex that tears into the flesh. It's damned hard for a man to catch it having sex with a woman unless the sex is anal or while she's on her period, particularly if he's been circumcised.

    2. Re:Wait, what? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I'm skeptical. How could a disease with such a long incubation period not be recognized for over a century? It's not like needles or anal sex were invented in 1965. And then in a period of a few years become a worldwide epidemic? Yeah, I RTFA but I'm not buying the "city" hypothesis; it's not like people in the country don't have anal sex.

      It was an order of magnitude difference. Many of the sexual histories of the initial cases in San Francisco had hundreds of sexual contacts per year. Typical bathhouse sexual encounters numbered over 5 per night per person. One case history example is that Gaëtan Dugas claimed to have had 2500 sexual encounters in his life. These types of numbers don't occur in the country. Additionally, country sex is less anonymous and more often with the same partner. Most of the bathhouse encounters were with different people.

    3. Re:Wait, what? by smellsofbikes · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Not to be snide, but:
      >How could a disease with such a long incubation period not be recognized for over a century?

      I think you've answered your own question.

      All you need is for the disease symptoms to take longer to show up than the average lifespan of the victims and you have a basically invisible disease.
      Add doctors' general unwillingness to put 'cause of death: unknown' on death certificates, and put your disease in a place where young death from other diseases -- particularly cholera, yellow fever, and smallpox -- was completely rampant, and you have everything you need to make a disease run for fifty years invisibly.
      In 1910, there were still widely-respected doctors arguing that bad air was responsible for malaria and yellow fever. The idea that a viral infection could stay latent for 15 years after contraction was completely out of their experience.

      --
      Nostalgia's not what it used to be.
    4. Re:Wait, what? by Tubal-Cain · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Add doctors' general unwillingness to put 'cause of death: unknown' on death certificates, and put your disease in a place where young death from other diseases -- particularly cholera, yellow fever, and smallpox --

      Actually, the cause of death wasn't unknown. They very clearly died of cholera/yellow fever/smallpox, and the patient had always been rather sickly. The doctors just didn't realize that there was a disease that caused the patient to be sickly all those years.

    5. Re:Wait, what? by archen · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I'm skeptical. How could a disease with such a long incubation period not be recognized for over a century

      Keep in mind that AIDS doesn't actually kill you. Your immune system is defeated by AIDS and something else kills you. If you have the flu (which can be fatal), then die, the conclusion would probably be that the person died of the flu instead of that their immune system was compromised by some virus that stays dormant for years. Then add onto that the medical technology of the period, and what it was in Africa at that time.

    6. Re:Wait, what? by Mr.+Slippery · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The interesting part is that the treatment model that accompanied the behavioral theory - i.e. "stop fucking people you aren't married/monogamous with" - would have had a BETTER societal outcome than the current treatment model.

      It's not necessary to "stop fucking people you aren't married/monogamous with" to stop the spread of HIV. It's necessary to "stop fucking people whose HIV status you don't know" and "stop fucking without a condom".

      Some of us just aren't wired for monogamy, and telling people "don't be what you are!" is always a piss-poor recommendation. Especially when it comes to basic drives like sex.

      Get tested, ask your partners to get tested, and just wear it.

      --
      Tom Swiss | the infamous tms | my blog
      You cannot wash away blood with blood
    7. Re:Wait, what? by Free+the+Cowards · · Score: 4, Insightful

      True but completely misses the point. The point being, unless you're aware of AIDS or you have access to a lot of different cases and are good at spotting abnormal patterns, AIDS deaths look like deaths from other diseases. In other words, AIDS could suddenly appear on the scene without being detected because, to doctors who would see AIDS deaths, it just looks like more of the same.

      --
      If you mod me Overrated, you are admitting that you have no penis.
  2. What new diseases have crossed over recently? by davidwr · · Score: 5, Interesting

    It took over 70 years for HIV to be named.

    What diseases that crossed the species barrier in the last 30 years will we be talking about in 2078?

    --
    Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
    1. Re:What new diseases have crossed over recently? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      davidwr's disease!

    2. Re:What new diseases have crossed over recently? by Bloater · · Score: 5, Funny

      the GPL

    3. Re:What new diseases have crossed over recently? by hey! · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Probably quite a few.

      One of the big killers in worldwide mortality statistics (after HIV and malaria) is, if I recall, "acute respiratory infection", which includes just about anything that didn't get an official diagnosis other than the obvious fact the person died of some kind of lung infection. That probably contains countless infectious agents as yet unknown to science.

      Infectious agents often develop a kind of symbiotic relationship with their host populations. They are tolerated by the populations, but they are deadly to immunologically naive populations. Move into to take over another population's niche, and you must endure ordeal by disease.

      Emerging diseases will be a major story throughout this century, mark my words. As people move into previously "pestilential" habitats, as climate change disrupts and displaces populations, we'll be seeing a lot more the likes of HIV, bird flu, and Ebola (which is probably the least dangerous of the three in a public health sense).

      Now is the time for a new Apollo program, but in the biological sciences. Now is the time to pick a family of viruses, like influenza, and learn to attack it, not just by public health and immunization measures, but directly through its genetic, biochemical and biological characteristics. This would not only be of great practical benefit, it would prepare us for new agents, or new strains of old infectious agents.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    4. Re:What new diseases have crossed over recently? by reverseengineer · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Modern transportation networks, industrialized agriculture/animal husbandry, and globalization all make it less likely that a zoonotic disease will be able to remain contained in a small population for the length of time HIV managed. The construction of road networks deep into the rainforests of the Congo (sometimes described as "the AIDS Highway") connected a huge biological reservoir with the wider world, and the construction of the international air travel network eliminated many of the natural geographic barriers to the spread of disease. It is of note that that Ebola and Marburg both found their way out of the jungle at about the same time as HIV; Marburg is naturally endemic to central Africa, but gets its name from an outbreak in Germany.

      As development continues into the high-biodiversity tropics, we will continue to be confronted by new diseases. What will disappear is endemism, where a disease can percolate among a small reservoir for decades before breaking out into the wider world. AIDS is thought to have trickled through a network of truck drivers and prostitutes across central Africa, until it finally made it to people who hopped on planes and spread it to Europe and North America. Now, someone can pick up a disease in a jungle (or a livestock processing plant) and bring it to New York, London, or Shanghai the next morning. On the other hand, reporting and containment of outbreaks has become faster- in large part from painful lessons learned from the spread of AIDS.

      To more precisely answer the parent's question though-"What diseases that crossed the species barrier in the last 30 years will we be talking about in 2078?"- my guess is we'll still be dealing with foodborne microorganisms, especially the pathogenic E. coli strains, with the expectation that one of those will pop up with a nasty new enterohemorrhagic strain in the vein of E. coli O157:H7. I think we'll still be talking about prion diseases given their relation to the food supply as well. Their first recorded human cases are earlier than 30 years ago, but I'd argue for the emerging future importance of West Nile virus and dengue fever as the types of mosquitoes that spread them have greatly increased their ranges. Probably some sort of viral respiratory ailment (like SARS)- they just spread so easily.

      Factoid about E. coli: the O157:H7 strain, the one which causes the most serious human illness, is nothing new. It is estimated to have picked up its nasty shigatoxin (distinguishing it from the more benign strains) between 2 and 4 million years ago. The first recorded outbreak in humans, however, occurred in 1982.

      --
      "FDA staff reviewers expressed concern about the number of patients who were left out of the study because they died."
    5. Re:What new diseases have crossed over recently? by Free+the+Cowards · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Now is the time for a new Apollo program, but in the biological sciences. Now is the time to pick a family of viruses, like influenza, and learn to attack it, not just by public health and immunization measures, but directly through its genetic, biochemical and biological characteristics.

      Would this be a program where we focus a good chunk of the national GDP on curing the flu, finally cure it in twelve people, and then never do it again?

      --
      If you mod me Overrated, you are admitting that you have no penis.
  3. Re:FIST SPORT by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    Truly, truly insightful.

    My only regret is that I have no mod points left.

  4. Re:Insert Apple joke here... by DeadManCoding · · Score: 5, Funny

    Actually, I think the better joke would be, "Eh, it's still not as old as McCain..."

    --
    "The only constant in the universe is change." - Unknown author
  5. Also known as /.itis by davidwr · · Score: 4, Funny

    I walked right into that one.

    --
    Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
    1. Re:Also known as /.itis by MightyYar · · Score: 5, Funny

      I walked right into that one.

      Don't do that! That's how you get davidwr's disease!

      --
      W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
  6. Space born virus? by Trikenstein · · Score: 4, Funny

    HIV = Tunguska event?

  7. Re:Maybe Duesberg was right by compro01 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    HIV/AIDS simply requires certain circumstances (which didn't exist until relatively recently) to thrive effectively due to its specific limitations, such as its means of transmission.

    A fire in a desert will not spread effectively, as there's nothing for it to burn and spread via, but a fire in a drought-ridden forest will thrive.

    --
    upon the advice of my lawyer, i have no sig at this time
  8. Happy birthday! by MindlessAutomata · · Score: 4, Funny

    Happy 100th birthday, HIV!

  9. Re:Wait, read much? by R2.0 · · Score: 5, Informative

    You also might want to read the law that allows the government to experiment on its own citizens just about anytime it wants.

    (b) Exceptions
                            Subject to subsections (c), (d), and (e) of this section, the
                    prohibition in subsection (a) of this section does not apply to a
                    test or experiment carried out for any of the following purposes:
                                    (1) Any peaceful purpose that is related to a medical,
                            therapeutic, pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, or
                            research activity.
                                    (2) Any purpose that is directly related to protection against
                            toxic chemicals or biological weapons and agents.
                                    (3) Any law enforcement purpose, including any purpose related
                            to riot control.

    You might have quoted Sections C and D which are referenced:

    (c) Informed consent required
                The Secretary of Defense may conduct a test or experiment
            described in subsection (b) of this section only if informed
            consent to the testing was obtained from each human subject in
            advance of the testing on that subject.
            (d) Prior notice to Congress
                Not later than 30 days after the date of final approval within
            the Department of Defense of plans for any experiment or study to
            be conducted by the Department of Defense (whether directly or
            under contract) involving the use of human subjects for the testing
            of a chemical agent or a biological agent, the Secretary of Defense
            shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and
            the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a
            report setting forth a full accounting of those plans, and the
            experiment or study may then be conducted only after the end of the
            30-day period beginning on the date such report is received by
            those committees.

    Hardly "just about anytime it wants". So what else did you cherry pick from your other cites?

    --
    "As God is my witness, I thought turkeys could fly." A. Carlson
  10. Re:Maybe Duesberg was right by khallow · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I disagree. There were significant changes in the 60's that you aren't getting. First, airline travel was more widespread in the 60's. Second, there were people having unprotected sex with dozens or hundreds of partners. Sure that was going on in the 50's, but by the 70's there was a lot more possibilities for HIV infection to propagate. Finally, heroin use grew dramatically as the Vietnam War dragged on, providing a more reliable means for HIV infection via used needles.

  11. Re:Weird by camperdave · · Score: 4, Funny

    Ah, but maybe someone perverted enough to have sex with an infected monkey only comes around every 10,000 years or so.

    --
    When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
  12. Re:Wait, read much? by R2.0 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    "I just find it too hard to believe that we could have the technology to invent something like this and nobody else could figure it out, no scientists involved with the creation got cold feet, etc. It seems too James Bondian."

    Can you prove the Government DIDN'T custom build AIDS? No? Well there you go - the theory is fully supported.

    --
    "As God is my witness, I thought turkeys could fly." A. Carlson
  13. Re:Wait, read much? by Shirakawasuna · · Score: 5, Insightful

    You cite Horowitz as a reliable source? Have you ever even heard the man speak? Anyone with *any* rudimentary knowledge of HIV can see through his BS, when they're not laughing at his ignorance and fearing that people will actually listen to him. Just to see what happens what happens when an undergraduate science student can do with his ignorance, when he isn't acting like a raving lunatic, check Infidel Guy's interview with him and SA Smith: http://media.libsyn.com/media/infidelguy/Show14_Origins_of_HIV.mp3

    I'm not interested in the inevitable flamewar of debunking each and every one of Horowitz's unsubstantiated rants, but let's just start at some basics hints: the guy sells trinkets and water, a certified kook deluding people, quite likely away from real, effective treatments for HIV. Oh, and it doesn't stop with HIV, he's full-blown antivaccinationist. If anyone is further interested, you can easily go out there and read the many takedowns or hey, I don't know, actually read up on HIV itself and have a truly educated opinion!

  14. Viral vs Bacterial Diseases by bcwright · · Score: 4, Insightful

    You are basically correct that most of those early victims would have died of other, well-known diseases. In addition there were (and still are) a lot of poorly-understood tropical diseases circulating in the affected population, which would have been almost exclusively native Africans living in great poverty in often remote areas of the continent. It would not have registered high on anyone's radar - everyone knew there were a lot of obscure diseases circulating there, but they didn't affect anyone in the "developed" world and nobody had the tools to track them down or treat them in any event; antibiotics were still decades in the future.

    However the specific examples of smallpox and yellow fever would probably not have been the most likely secondary infections to cause death. These two diseases are viral diseases, and most of the opportunistic infections that characterize AIDS are bacterial or fungal.

    Nevertheless your main point - that the secondary infections would have been mistakenly believed to be the primary infections - is well-taken, it's just that the secondary infections would have been primarily things like cholera, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and so forth.

  15. Re:Wait, read much? by bcwright · · Score: 4, Insightful

    This is the problem with most "vast conspiracy theories" about just about any topic. The problem is that the success of any conspiracy is usually inversely proportional to both the number of individuals involved and the technical difficulty of achieving its goals. Do you really think that any large governmental body (pick your favorite villain country, it doesn't matter) is both able to cover its tracks so well that nobody (except for the conspiracy theorists, of course, but they always have an infinite supply of tinfoil) is able to see through the ruse, and able to command such fanatic loyalty that thousands or even millions of individuals are sworn to silence for decades?! These are the same people who brought you such monumental successes as the Watergate break-in, the Katrina relief effort, the Maginot line, etc, etc.

    Rather what governments are good at (to the extent that they're good at anything) are massive commitments of resources, getting things done by sheer brute force, but often not in a timely or efficient manner. As one person I know says about government, "even a blind squirrel finds the occasional acorn."

  16. In theory, maybe. In practice, absolutely not. by jbeach · · Score: 5, Insightful
    It would be great if changing people's behaviors were anywhere near that easy. But changing peoples' behaviors is just about the most difficult thing you can try. And especially when you're talking about sex - it's wired directly into the brain, body and mind. So this whole notion of "stop fucking" is in direct conflict with millions of years of hardware **and** software.

    For a similar situation, consider how harmful drug addiction is, and how "simple" it is to get off drugs: just stop buying them and taking them. But drugs plug into a lot of the exact same brain and body hardware and software as sex does. As a result, we've found, "Just Say No" doesn't really solve the problem.

    I mean hell, a majority of us Americans can't even stop from eating too much. We all consciously know how to lose weight: eat less, exercise more. Doesn't mean we do it - because far more than our conscious mind is involved in that decision.

    --
    The Invisible Hand of the Free Market is what punches workers in the nuts.