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How Common Is Scientific Misconduct?
Hugh Pickens writes "The image of scientists as objective seekers of truth is periodically jeopardized by the discovery of a major scientific fraud. Recent scandals like Hwang Woo-Suk's fake stem-cell lines or Jan Hendrik Schön's duplicated graphs showed how easy it can be for a scientist to publish fabricated data in the most prestigious journals. Daniele Fanelli has an interesting paper on PLoS ONE where she performs a meta-analysis synthesizing previous surveys to determine the frequency with which scientists fabricate and falsify data, or commit other forms of scientific misconduct. A pooled, weighted average of 1.97% of scientists admitted to having fabricated, falsified or modified data or results at least once — a serious form of misconduct by any standard — and up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices. In surveys asking about the behavior of colleagues, admission rates were 14.12% for falsification, and up to 72% for other questionable research practices. Misconduct was reported more frequently by medical/pharmacological researchers than others. 'Considering that these surveys ask sensitive questions and have other limitations, it appears likely that this is a conservative estimate of the true prevalence of scientific misconduct,' writes Fanelli. 'It is likely that, if on average 2% of scientists admit to have falsified research at least once and up to 34% admit other questionable research practices, the actual frequencies of misconduct could be higher than this.'"
You've posted this a few times and on the off chance you actually believe this then you're a tit.
There are racist people of all colours but black people primarily vote democrat in every election and there's a good chance Obama would have lost as a Republican. Especially when the last government was Republican and complete cocked up the US.
I was born in American and lived there for the first 24 years of my life so I am aware of how the system works and in fact I'm still part of the system since I have to file US taxes and, in fact, received a economic stimulus check to spend on the UK economy courtesy of Bush.
I'm fully aware of when the democrats had taken control. I do agree that congress has to take responsibility too. So it's a bit unfortunately that people forget either blame the democrats for the supposed woes of the Reagan era or give the democrats praise they deserve for whatever it is they like about the Reagan era.
The economic problems started under Clinton with the dot com bust and Bush did inherit an economy that wasn't in the greatest shape. His priority should have only been to fix the economy. Up until 11/9/01 when his focus should have been the economy and going after Bin Laden.
Instead he blew a big wad of money on just about everything except Bin Laden. While at the same time the housing market was going shit.
The democrats could have done more but the damage was done long before. You can't just undo a sham of a housing market by electing democrats.
I didn't vote for Obama but I also didn't vote for McCain. Neither was a good choice though ultimately better than the likes of Hillary.