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Low-Budget Electronics Projects For High School?
SciGuy writes "I am a physics teacher for 9th graders. I really want to teach them modern electronics (something beyond the light bulb and battery). My hope is for a project that: 1) Is fun 2) Teaches about circuits that are relevant to their life. 3) Doesn't rely too heavily on a black box microcontroller. Individual components would probably be better. (I realize that #2 and #3 are probably contradictory. They will already be programming in my class but I want them to understand the circuitry behind modern tech.) 4) It must be as cheap as possible. Yay, public school. Unless some of the parts can be scrounged or found at home, I would probably want to keep the project around $5." What would you build?
When I was middle-school age, I had a *great time* with these kits sold by Radio Shack. They were basically a bunch of cheap electronic components fixed on some sort of board, with connections, and a bunch of wires you could use to connect the components together into different circuits. It even came with a book with like 40 or 100 (I don't remember the number, really) different circuits 'plans' for simple types of things you could do with the kit and discussions about how the circuits worked.
They cost like $10 or $20 back then (probably be $30 or $40 now, not sure though).
I would *highly* recommend looking into something like this. They are maybe a bit more expensive than you discussed, but they are re-usable and allow you to create lots of different things. Heck, you could maybe even figure out how to use multiples of the kits and maybe a few additional components to create something a bit more impressive to demonstrate to the class how larger electronics systems are created by configuring each kit into a specific type of circuit, then joining the kits together (that is, each kit becomes one 'components' of a larger system, maybe).
I just taught a unit on electronics. We used breadboards and the 555 ic to build optical theremins. I have the entire curriculum done. contact me through /.
another option, and I just mentioned him on another story the other day... is take a look at the old forest M Mims III books. They are the books that they used to sell for a couple bucks at radioshack. You can still get them from his website, or a few other places (saw them at Fry's the other day) although they cost a few dollars more now. I started reading his books in the 4th grade and I have worked and played with electronics ever since. Each of his books have schematics (and a guide on how to read them) for many projects which can be built for a few dollars on a breadboard. I would suggest looking at something with a simple linear analog IC like a 555 or 556 timer.
If you go to jameco.com you can get component grab bags, or my favorite are the component kits. For example the resistor kit has a selection of common values and a nice plastic storage thing that keeps them nice and neat. Give every student a few LEDs from a grab bag, a 555 timer chip, a battery, some jumper wire, a handful of capacitors and resistors from a couple of component kits, and the schematics to make a simple LED flasher. Then the different students will have different values of resistors and capacitors, and will get different results. Then you can time the flashing of each students project and chart the values of resistor, capacitor, and time. Explaining simple RC circuitry is a good place to start teaching somebody electronics.
The Mims books also get into digital, you could buy some simple nand gate chips and show the students all the different ways to use them, use simple push buttons for input and LEDs for output to save money. It may not be super exciting, but you could build an inventory over a couple years to do something really cool. Use TTL chips, not CMOS because the students will ruin CMOS with ESD. The possibilities are really endless. Any students who really get excited can buy a handful of parts online and build all sorts of neat stuff from those books. There are circuits for opto communications devices, a shortwave radio, a break beam sensor, you name it, its in there.
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I am working on some similar projects for 11-12th graders though my budget is more in the $10 per student range. There are challenges with doing this without (a) soldering - and the risks, and (b) lead exposure. Anything intended for kids younger than 13 needs to be Pb-free to meet CPSC guidelines and avoid liability issues. For 9th graders you might need to check ASTM regs also regarding choking, entanglement, etc. It's a bit of a bear and it becomes harder the younger the kids get. I am using largely recycled components from junk cellphones and other sources (TDMA cellphones in particular are available dirt cheap and have lots of interesting projects) - http://www.larwe.com/technical/2260lcd.html documents some of my reverse-engineering though it doesn't explain why I'm doing it). A couple of interesting projects that can be made without soldering (just twisting wires) - Use a Hall effect sensor or reed switch, in combination with a light (LED, bulb, whatever) and a handful of small magnets to demonstrate making a "recording". Glue the magnets onto a strip of paper, or just use a piece of tape sticky-side up. Pull the tape past the sensor and watch the bits as they're read out on the bulb. Works best if you color say all the north poles red, so they can work out what is 0 and what is 1. - Make a light-following robot with two pager motors. There are a load of designs around, this one is not the simplest but is illustrative http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/6897/photovore.html If you want to liaise further, feel free to contact me using that website.
There are so many things you can do with an 555 IC that it's not even funny. Digikey has them for 44 cents per unit here. With a handful of descrete components you can create everything from flip flops (with 2 555 ICs) to oscillators to time delay circuits. (some example circuits.)
I suspect with a handful of 555 ICs, descrete circuits, ICs and switches (or just touch wires together), you can easily create a whole host of illustrative experiments that show the idea behind modern gate circuits. And I'm sure you can easily do it all for a few dollars worth of components, though unfortunately breadboards can be quite expensive. (Around $8 for a small breadboard through Digikey, though you may be able to find cheaper.)
There is a great little circuit for something called a "Drawdio" http://web.media.mit.edu/~silver/drawdio/ that kids really love, basically it's an astable 555 that makes a noises with pitch proportional to how long they draw pencil marks. (it's a bit hard to explain quickly, just try the video on that website)
I teach middle school aged kids electronics at a local workshop, building things such as that, and I can tell you it's very doable to make projects for cheap that kids can build and understand.
The main issues that I have found is the board on which you lay out projects. Breadboards are expensive, and not permanent. PCBs don't allow kids to experiment with their own circuit designs, and unless you are going to take the time and money to let them design their own boards that might not work and then etch them, it's more trouble than it is worth. We use a more traditional breadboard concept that is just an actual, wooden board. Then we have kids use copper tacks and strips to lay down the circuitry, and then they solder things directly to that.
As other people have mentioned, soldering irons are a bit annoying, and a couple kids might get some mild burns, but as long as you don't mind the initial cost, it's totally doable.
One of the great things about the drawdio project, is it allows you to hook it up to a oscilloscope and show the kids more about sound, or hook the piezo speaker up to a computer and run some FFT software, so they can see and hear how the resistance changes the pitch.
Other things to look into are basic transistor circuits, things with opamps, counters, or things with binary to decimal or binary to seven segment LCD chips.
Make all those 'dead' batteries run little torches:
http://www.emanator.demon.co.uk/bigclive/joule.htm
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Deciding I needed a PWM for a project, I wanted to build my own to learn about electronics...so I went to radio shack and bought their $79.99 Electronics Learning Lab.(this kit alone is HOURS of amusement and learning)...but what I learned quickly is that following the Mimms book was very wasteful...the explanations of what is happening is scant...the diagrams are great, but blinking leds and making buzzer noises just ISN'T practical to a freshman in High School(I've taught them Freshman computing and mentored them in many aspects of I.T.)...
Below are some sites I've come across searching for 'simple enough for a basic solderer' and with readily available components(strip parts out of busted old computer power supplies/vcrs/radios/etc)..
http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/audio/023/index.html
something fun and useful...a 'hearing aid' =) ... the entire site is useful
http://www.aaroncake.net/circuits/
some things more complex...
http://sci-toys.com/index.html
fun and educational .. some real easy stuff...and some more challenging stuff...
Hope this post ranks high enough for you to find it.
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