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Apple Keyboard Firmware Hack Demonstrated
Anonymouse writes with this excerpt from SemiAccurate:
"Apple keyboards are vulnerable to a hack that puts keyloggers and malware directly into the device's firmware. This could be a serious problem, and now that the presentation and code (PDF) is out there, the bad guys will surely be exploiting it. The vulnerability was discovered by K. Chen, and he gave a talk on it at Black Hat this year (PDF). The concept is simple: a modern Apple keyboard has about 8K of flash memory, and 256 bytes of working RAM. For the intelligent, this is more than enough space to have a field day. ... The new firmware can do anything you want it to. Chen demonstrated code which, when you put in a password and hit return, starts playing back the last five characters typed in, LIFO. It is a rudimentary keylogger; a proof of concept more than anything else. Since there is about 1K of flash free in the keyboard itself, you can log quite a few keystrokes totally transparently."
Why does a keyboard even need flash in the first place? Being a keyboard isn't a complex job.
---- Booth was a patriot ----
Pardon my ignorance. I have a lot of it. What is the advantage of having flash memory in a keyboard? I remember that the keyboard (at least at one time, I don't know if that's still the case) used an interrupt call to process input... But the load the keyboard placed on system resources should be so low, that there wouldn't be a need to offload that right? I have to be missing something here. It seems to me that by having something like this, you're just begging for trouble since it opens another attack surface. Anywhere you have processing and memory is a place for malware to reside. This doesn't impress me much Apple.
Laptop charger hack demonstrated?
This is getting quite silly... Perhaps manufacturers should try to keep simple devices actually simple.
...Contiki?
I am TheRaven on Soylent News
Mandatory 2k long passwords to defeat possible hardware loggers.
Changed monthly, of course.
"There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
Unless you also have some hidden program on the computer to flash the keyboard and later download the data (in which case you could just log the keys by software), you'd need to physically remove the keyboard, flash it with a keylogging BIOS, return the keyboard, then later retrieve the keyboard to get the logged keys.
And, as they say, physical access is root access. There are an unlimited number of ways someone could compromise your computer if they are given access to the hardware and firmware. This hack is just further proof of that.
Oh, and don't let anyone lend you their keyboard.
How can I believe you when you tell me what I don't want to hear?
Is the Apple implementation any different from what other USB HID makers use? I'd be kind of surprised if Apple did anything original with its keyboard design other than making them shiny and thin (and giving them no tactile feedback whatsoever.)
And if so, are other USB keyboards vulnerable to similar hacks?
No, USB DMAs can only be initiated from the host (it's a client-server protocol, remember). A USB device has to trick the driver into starting a DMA, which is probably difficult for a keyboard to do without pretending to be some other kind of device. FireWire, on the other hand, allows one device to initiate a DMA request on another and it is up to the driver to block this.
I am TheRaven on Soylent News
Why do you assume only Apple keyboards are hackable?
probably a lot of keyboards, but Apple keyboards are probably the largest block of a single identifiable brand out there. everyone probably uses OEM'd logitechs but those are probably customized to each OEM
I'm sure every microwave out there is "hackable" in the sense you can replace its firmware and make it burn users popcorn each time. So what?
Unless you discovered a way to hack someone's keyboard remotely without user intervention, this is not even worth mentioning on a geek site.
As the island of our knowledge grows, so does the shore of our ignorance.
Love the dumb comments on this thread. The army of ninja hackers will not be sneaking into houses tonight to backdoor all of the Apple keyboards in the world. The fact that it requires physical access to the keyboard makes it pretty close to useless except for public access sites and people who are cheating on their S.O. who happens to be a Black Hat hacker. I would suggest in the latter case you are hella screwed anyway.
If someone has sufficient permissions on your machine to update your firmware, aren't you kind of screwed already? I suppose they could swap your (external) keyboard for a compromised one, but that still implies physical access.
That said, given that the ability to update is useful, and that the flash memory size we're talking about is so small, is there a significant downside to having the OS check hashes of the firmware code on initialization?
As the article points out, "For a device as simple as a keyboard, it is hard to imagine why a firmware update mechanism is even required." There's no justification for including an update feature other than as a designed-in security hole. The keyboard CPU should be running off a ROM, or at least an MPU where the security bit has been set to prevent future changes.
This looks like a "feature" put in for development that should have been pulled before release.
The problem here isn't really with the end user's keyboard - flashing that is a lot of work for little return, in most cases.
The bigger issue is if/when an enterprising criminal gets access at the plant that makes the keyboards. We've seen CDs/DVDs with malware installed (I'm not even thinking about Sony here); we've seen CompactFlash cards preloaded with viruses... if a batch of keyboards shipped out from manufacturing already installed with a key logger, we're really screwed - who's going to notice?
#DeleteChrome
Not entirely dumb. I have a US keyboard/top case for a late 2006 MB that began registering as a UK keyboard after a Coke spill.
I only need two keystrokes to hack a Mac when I have access to its keyboard: :p Start into single user mode
Cmd - "s"
Voila, root access. documented here
There are fewer illiterates than people who can't read.
Comment removed based on user account deletion
That *is* a feature. It isn't a hacked battery, it is a battery which is hacked to appear as an authentic internal tool, designed to read a certain area on a memory stick, so sony can quickly restore a problematic psp.
It was designed that way, and obscured. the 'hack' merely makes that information public and usable.