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Observing Evolution Over 40,000 Generations
Last year we discussed the work of Richard Lenski, who has been breeding E. coli for 21 years in a laboratory in Michigan. Then, the news was that Lenski's lab had caught direct, reproducible evidence of a genetic mutation with functional consequences for an organism. Now Lenski's lab has published in Nature a major study comparing adaptive and random genetic changes in 40,000 generations of E. coli (abstract here). "Early changes in the bacteria appeared to be largely adaptive, helping them be more successful in their environment. 'The genome was evolving along at a surprisingly constant rate, even as the adaptation of the bacteria slowed down,' [Lenski] noted. 'But then suddenly the mutation rate jumped way up, and a new dynamic relationship was established.' By generation 20,000, for example, the group found that some 45 genetic mutations had occurred, but 6,000 generations later a genetic mutation in the metabolism arose and sparked a rapid increase in the number of mutations so that by generation 40,000, some 653 mutations had occurred. Unlike the earlier changes, many of these later mutations appeared to be more random and neutral. The long-awaited findings show that calculating rates and types of evolutionary change may be even more difficult to do without a rich data set."
Meant as a joke but it will sadly happen like this. It is incredible that we can have this level of clear investigation into evolution. And it is something that people have innately known since early agriculture (replanting grain using the best seeds, genetic engineering). Yet in the US:
51% of people believe god created man as he is.
30% said god created us and we can evolve
15% say humans evolved with out god.
These figures are a terrifying example of humans ability to deny what should be blatantly obvious. If we can do this imagine how many things people must get completely wrong no matter the level of obviousness.
Yes. You are missing the fact that this experiment has been running for the last 20+ years. Time is the major factor here. Furthermore, they did a bit more than simply comparing the DNA from the current strain to the original strain. THey kept samples of strains of the bacteria every 500 generations or so and compared them. Even running parallel experiments using these stored strains allowing them to effectively repeat the experiment in order to understand the evolution of the new metabolic pathway allowing for the utilisation of Citrate.
Sigs are too short to say anything truly profound so read the above post instead.
A main purpose of the study is to investigate evolution of phenotypes, not just genomes--- i.e. how the functions and capabilities of bacteria change over generations due to evolution. Just showing there was a change in the genetic sequence doesn't do that, since it might be a change that isn't expressed.
10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10
That would be one way to go about it, all right. There are a couple of problems though. Current state of the art DNA sequencing runs somewhere in the range of a few tens of thousands per (for humans, perhaps a bit less for something like E Coli). That's a technological advancement, all right, considering when they first started sequencing genomes it was a billion dollar project. It's also not instantaneous. Much faster than it used to be (years or decades) but not instant. Note that the samples he's looking at are ones that have been frozen periodically over the last twenty years. Apparently the price of sequencing genomes has dropped to the point where his lab has the funding to actually do it now.
The diff part isn't trivial either. The genome for E. Coli is around 5 million base pairs long, which doesn't sound like much, if you're just looking for point mutations. The problem is, there are lots of other things that can happen to a genome besides point mutations. Genes can hop around or get copied into the wrong location, which you might count as no mutation, or one mutation, but either way you still have to figure out where it came from. Also, although E. Coli reproduce asexually, they do share genetic information through conjugation, so you get gene shuffling that way. There's also at least some genetic diversity in the colony, meaning you'll be dealing with several different genomes.
Once you've worked all that out, it's not all that interesting just to look at now vs. then. If you wanted to do that you could go dig frozen bacteria out of ice cores or something. The point of this experiment was to be able to watch as the genome changed. So you have to do lots and lots of comparisons, from samples taken at different times (every 500 generations, IIRC, meaning about 80 timepoints). Oh, and there were multiple, isolated populations.
On top of all that, what's really interesting is functional changes. Counting mutations is fine and all, but you really want to know what (if anything) those mutations are doing. The headline event was a mutation that allowed the E Coli to metabolize citrate, for example.
ALL mutations are random. If they are advantageous, great, than it is likely that they will be passed along.
And indeed, this very person had a very good email dialogue with some crationists a few years ago about this work on E.Coli.
http://rationalwiki.com/wiki/Lenski_affair
The Wise adapts himself to the world. The Fool adapts the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the Fool.
Evolution is a two-step process - the first part is the production of mutations, which is a random process (and, given how finely balanced organisms are, the majority of these random events will probably be negative, on balance). The second part is selection - if there is genuine competition between these strains, then the beneficial mutations will be selected, so the fact that they are relatively rare will have little effect on their eventual domination of the population.
Conservapedia is down right now, but here is the link to the Conservapedia-Lenski dialog. His first response is very polite, but when Schafly pigheadedly and insultingly keeps at him, Lenski rips him a new asshole with this powerful thing called "facts" (which naturally have a liberal bias). The exchange is on Conservapedia since Lenski basically threatened to put it all over the web if they didn't include the entire exchange unedited.
Similar to the upcoming US election results
Is that are joke or are you intentionally dense? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding.
You should be reading this page instead http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction
You can't take the sky from me...
"Look, I believe in evolution, but never has there been found a parent species to something alive today. In other words, scientists can not point at any two distinct species, living or extinct, plant or animal, and say that this species evolved directly from that one."
Of course not. That's kind of like pointing to two leaves on a tree and saying one leaf came from the other. It doesn't work that way. They are both on the terminations of the branches, and the node where they branched into two is in the past. Ordinarily, the common ancestor is long dead. The nice thing with these E. coli is that the researchers kept a portion of the ancestral population intact, and the specimens are clones, so while not the actual ancestor of the lineage that kept going, they are genetically identical.
There are plenty of fossils that are close to branch points, and as more fossils are found there are still plenty of gaps left, as there always will be, but the changes necessary to span those gaps get smaller and smaller as the sampling improves. For example, Anchiornis was just discovered in the last couple of years, and a new specimen described a few weeks ago. Dinosaur? Bird? It's rather arbitrary to decide. It's either a wing-clawed, long-tailed, toothed bird like no modern bird, or it is a flight-feathered, gliding dinosaur. As if they were the leaves on a tree, birds and reptiles look distinct now, but follow the branches back far enough and they get mighty blurred together. This is hardly an isolated example.
There are fish that look so tetrapod-like that when the skull was initially found separately they thought it was a tetrapod. Then workers found the rest of the body and realized it was a fish. There are other tetrapod-like fish, such as Tiktaalik . But go back 100 years and these species weren't known at all.
I really don't know what more skeptics are expecting. Perfection? It won't happen. It's not like we'll ever have every twig on the tree. Good fossils are rare. But the statistical pattern with increased sampling is quite robust.
They already demonstrated the E.Coli bacterium evolving the ability to metabolize citric acid... that makes it a new kid of bacterium (the inability of E.Coli to metabolize citric acid is one of its defining characteristics).
And the color white was a "defining characteristic" of swans until they found a black one.
And the black swan (Cygnus atratus) is, in fact, a separate species. So even by your own argument-by-analogy, you've agreed that the new bacteria should also be considered a new species, and thus evolution has been observed to occur.
Look, I believe in evolution, but never has there been found a parent species to something alive today.
My grandparents have all passed away, but I'm pretty sure I'm still related to my cousins.
In other words, scientists can not point at any two distinct species, living or extinct, plant or animal, and say that this species evolved directly from that one.
We've had plenty of genetic evidence from preserved material to say exactly that. But the big news about Lenski's experiment is that not only do we have living examples of a species which evolved directly from another species, and not only do we have living examples of that original species, but the scientists actually watched it happen.
Show me the fossils of the prehistoric rodent that evolved directly to today's rabbit or rat and the debate will end.
Rodent ancestors appear is the fossil record around the late Paleocene. We may not be 100% sure the actual individual fossils we have are direct ancestors of currently living rodents; they may be, say, great-great-...-great-uncle rather than great-great-...grandparent. But that doesn't matter since the existence of the latter is logically implied by the existence of the former. The debate, among anyone who actually knows what they are talking about, has been over for a very long time. The only ones claiming otherwise are the creationists.
This is not entirely true, E. Coli is known to be able to metabolise glucose. The bacteria were "grown" in a solution that included glucose as it's main component. There were also many populations of the bacteria that were being evolved seperately (they NEVER mixed). Suddenly, in one population, a bacteria emerged that could metabolise citrate. This gave that bacteria a massive advantage, because it could now consume two types of food and it had no competition for the citrate (unlike glucose, which all the other bacteria could consume as well).
This also allowed the total population in that group to explode (there's now more food in total, glucose + citrate).
Another cool thing is that this smashes the "Irreducible Complexity" argument. The ability to metabolise citrate is developed by two separate mutations, which, on their own achieve nothing. Some of the populations developed the first mutation and some developed the second one, but none of them had previously developed both. This shows that the "preliminary" mutations were not harmful to the bacteria, so they just "hung around" until one of them was lucky enough to get the second mutation too.
Anyway, look up Lenski's work, I'm sure his papers (and those of his students/colleagues) are better at explaining it all than me...
1178161 is prime...
The standard method of identification of bacterial species is to determine what compounds they can eat. E. coli is defined as not being able to eat citrate. They evolved something from E. coli which can eat citrate. The new bacteria is not E. coli by the standard method of identification.
But I guess you're right... it's still just some random nigh-invisible animalcule that nobody really cares about. I mean it didn't turn into a dolphin, did it?