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Is Neurostim Becoming a Reality?

destinyland writes "There is a current mass market for 'cognitive enhancement' products — and arguments about the black market potential for neurostim. 'The same neurostim device that uses electric impulses from a brain implant to treat people with Parkinson's Disease can be tweaked by a few millimeters and pulse rates to make cocaine addicts feel like they are high all the time... Mix the glamour of surgical self-improvement with the geekiness of high-tech gadget fetishism and you have a niche cosmetic neurostim market waiting to be tapped...'"

31 of 249 comments (clear)

  1. "...the glamour of surgical self-improvement..." by John+Hasler · · Score: 4, Insightful

    You are suggesting do-it-yourself brain surgery? I guess that would be "glamourous". If it works. And if it doesn't, it might win you a Darwin award.

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    Warning: this article may contain humor, sarcasm, parody, and perhaps even irony. Read at your own risk.
  2. Predicted by the Strugatsky brothers by mi · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The name of the science fiction book in Russian would translate as something like "Predating things of the times". I don't think, an English translation is available (yet?), although plenty of their other books have already been translated.

    (Benevolent) secret police investigate strange goings-on in a leisurely resort town. They discover a very simple to make device is capable of giving a very strong pleasure — endlessly (until the user is interrupted, or the body starves and dies, or — on very rare occasions — the user's own will prevails). The town's attitudes toward the device and its users, as well as similar (but not as all-encompassing) devices are examined...

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    In Soviet Washington the swamp drains you.
    1. Re:Predicted by the Strugatsky brothers by shawb · · Score: 5, Insightful

      A single nerve cell carries electrical impulses... sort-of kind-of. It's not like electricity flowing through a wire, the impulse is far more complex than that. What happens is that during rest the axon builds up a gradient of negative ions on one side of the membrane and positive ions on the other side. An applied voltage to an area of an axon opens channels which allows the ions to flow through the membrane, causing a change in voltage further down the axon which opens up ion channels there and so on. So, while there is indeed a measurable voltage difference as a nerve impulse travels down the axon, it is not a direct correlation with the concept of electricity as electrons flowing down a wire, even theough the initial nerve impulse can be initiated by an electrical pulse.

      However, BETWEEN neurons the communication is completely chemical. Neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and travel across the synapse between it and the neighboring cell, possibly triggering an impulse in the next neuron. A sense of pleasure is achieved by certain neurotransmitters (primarily seratonin, dopamine and endorphins) being released in certain concentrations from certain neurons, which in turn triggers a related pattern of impulses in the neighboring neuron, which causes that neuron to release neurotransmitters in a particular way... and so on and so on. So while, yes, there is a sort-of kind-of analogy to an electrical current, the actual mechanism is nowhere near the kind of electrical current we have in a wire or microprocessor, but it is the easiest way to model the communication. The processing, however, occurs largely at the synapse, and that processing is "driven" to achieve equilibrium (the physical functioning of the brain, and actions taken by a person to chance the functioning of their own brain can work at cross purposes, such as in a drug addict. This is not a contradiction... the mind and brain are distinct entities.)

      More to the point, the neurons surrounding those activated by the pleasure spike would soon add more receptors. Larger numbers of receptors means a larger amount of neurotransmitter would have to be released into the synapse to effect an impulse. Eventually the brain would operate normally only when the spike is active. The practical upshot to this is that a stronger and stronger signal would have to be sent through the spike to achieve the desired high. Eventually the user will get to a point where the levels needed to cause a high would damage neurons, preventing return to even the "functioning addict" mode. The user would then become chronically depressed, as this is the state pretty much defined by inadequate serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic activity. It would require long term abstinence from the pleasure spike for the receptors to re-regulate to the point where normal pre-usage thought patterns can occur (I would assume 3-9 months, as this is the time-frame in which nicatonin receptors re-regulate after tobacco cessation.) Once spike addiction is broken and neural receptors return to normal levels, it would again be possible to get high from a spike, but it may have to be positioned in a slightly different place and effect different neurons if the original signaling neurons were damaged to the point of causing permanent lesions or scarring. However, the neuroreceptors would adapt much more rapidly to the presence of the pleasure signals, so the initial high would be much shorter and the return to a "functioning addict" state would be very quick indeed. A spike user would end up "chasing the dragon." They would never be able to return to the pleasurable state of their first high. Partially because their brains have rewired to be prepared for the action, partially because that first high wasn't as immediately pleasurable as they thought. One of the effects of dopamine release is that memories of related events are given rose tinted glasses... the memory of the event is happier than the event itself. Therefore, a user never actually experienced as much pleasure as they remember.

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      I'll never make that mistake again, reading the experts' opinions. - Feynman
    2. Re:Predicted by the Strugatsky brothers by Chyeld · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Again, your brain is one vast chemical machine. ANYTHING you experience, ANYTHING, is the result of a chemical process occurring in your brain. The same defenses that 'work' (and honestly, if they really worked, drugs wouldn't) for drugs are going to work for an embedded stim.

      The SOLE point of the electrical signals flowing in your brain is to convey signals between it's parts. All a stim can do is 'hijack' the channel and send it's own signals. At least with drugs, the chemicals introduced do some of the heavy lifting for you by mimicking the hormones naturally present in your body. All a stim is going to be able to do is induce your own glands to produce what they can.

      Second Trivia Fact: I've read (don't ask why) a few AgSci studies that have shown that while a dairy cow can be milked year round, you have a higher output if you milk them for a set number of months, then let them lay 'fallow' for a number of months before starting back up again. The reason for this is the mammary gland can not cope with constant usage. It has to have time to 'rest and recharge' in order to be at it's top production level.

      The same thing that happens with a mammary gland occurs with the glands that are responsible for the hormones that run your brain. Only unlike the mammary gland, something 'designed' for high volume use, they aren't going to last months at max level output. They are going to last at most days.

      More importantly, unless this stim is omnipresent in your brain (i.e. a nanomachine within each cell) it's going to be located in a specific portion of you head. And unless it's tuned to a far better degree than we have the ability to tune to today, it's going to be sending out a signal that is far of 'spec' for what your brain cells are used to receiving. Eventually, you are going to burn out those cells and create 'scar tissue' around the stim. Especially if you are attempting to do a 'eternal nothingness' deal where the dial is set to '11' for 24/7.

      Yes, the book describe (which I haven't read) sounds as if presents an interesting sociological look, but it does so in the same sense that Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics did, not by creating something that could realistically happen but by investigating how life would be IF it were possible.

  3. My name is Louis Wu by bmo · · Score: 5, Funny

    And can I have my droud back, please?

    Thanks

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    BMO

  4. Normal State by slifox · · Score: 5, Interesting

    If one is "high all the time," then that state becomes the normal state, and anytime they aren't "high" means they are in a "low state." Both psychologically and physiologically, one can become tolerant or adjusted to certain states.

    If something is special, doing it all the time detracts from its appeal.

    1. Re:Normal State by erroneus · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I think that would tend to be the case for chemical stimulation, but when it comes to other means of stimulation, matters of tolerance and resistance are different. For example, when applying electric potential to cause muscular contractions, they happen every single time. And barring tissue damage, the effect never goes away or decreases.

      When chemical balances are at play, the tendency to move to balance at "center" is normal. This is not such a thing.

  5. Re:Possibilities. . . by JWSmythe · · Score: 4, Informative

        If I recall correctly, yes. There was some work on electrical stimulation on spinal injury patients, and one slightly wrong setting would give women orgasms. Oops. :) The doctor is selling the device, now named "Orgasmatron", for women who can't climax. Of course, it costs a fortune, but hey, for mind blowing orgasms on demand, some people would pay for it.

        I've known some women who report similar results with a "TENS" unit. That's external stimulus, but the same idea. I have a TENS unit for my back, and it creates a pretty weird sensation. Well, unless you consider involuntary muscle movements normal. I don't know what the placement of the electrodes is, for an orgasm. I know what makes my back feel better though.

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    Serious? Seriousness is well above my pay grade.
  6. Major problem... by religious+freak · · Score: 3, Interesting

    You cannot reboot your brain if it crashes. From my perspective... no thanks, at least for the foreseeable future.

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    If you can read this... 01110101 01110010 00100000 01100001 00100000 01100111 01100101 01100101 01101011
    1. Re:Major problem... by tonycheese · · Score: 3, Informative

      (usually of the clubbing type)...

      ???
      I know people on slashdot don't get out much, but presuming that everyone who does are mindless zombies is a bit much, don't you think?

  7. Re:Possibilities. . . by gyrogeerloose · · Score: 3, Insightful

    There was some work on electrical stimulation on spinal injury patients, and one slightly wrong setting would give women orgasms. Oops.

    I believe that there are a whole lot of people who would not consider this an "oops" by any means.

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    This ain't rocket surgery.
  8. Aye Aye by mbkennel · · Score: 5, Funny

    All those neurostimming drug fiends always hog the best tables at my internet provider, doing stupid stuff, reading junk and talking about nothing when they could be recompiling their C compiler.

  9. Re:"...the glamour of surgical self-improvement... by DigiShaman · · Score: 4, Funny

    Look pal, it's easy. You just take this neurospike and that hammer and apply according to the instructions. Now, you'll get a splitting headache afterward, but that goes without saying.

    If your still interested in my other products, check out my new and improved nut-vice. Pure pain with pleasure!

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    Life is not for the lazy.
  10. Screw making me happy by lattyware · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Screw making me happy, I can do that myself. Make one that stops me being lazy, I'll buy it in a second.

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    -- Lattyware (www.lattyware.co.uk)
    1. Re:Screw making me happy by geekoid · · Score: 3, Informative

      You might want to look into serotonin enhancers.

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      The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
    2. Re:Screw making me happy by lattyware · · Score: 5, Funny

      Maybe later.

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      -- Lattyware (www.lattyware.co.uk)
  11. Re:Wireheading a reality? by lattyware · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Are you suggesting sensible behaviour from the war-on-drugs crowd? Please. If they were capable of that, then we'd already have legalised drugs. Let's face it, we can't stop drugs, and if we could control them at least they'd be clean, and the profits could go to making drugs for ill people or whatever rather than crime. It's not perfect, but it'd be better than the current situation. Of course, everyone has it beaten into them the current stance is the only good one.

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    -- Lattyware (www.lattyware.co.uk)
  12. Re:"...the glamour of surgical self-improvement... by Quiet_Desperation · · Score: 4, Funny

    And if it doesn't, it might win you a Darwin award.

    Or you might be a redneck.

  13. Did the definition of glamour change? by Quiet_Desperation · · Score: 5, Funny

    Mix the glamour of surgical self-improvement

    Yeah, until they find your body. Then it has all the "glamor" of autoerotic asphyxiation.

  14. Re:New drug for the morons by Scrameustache · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I don't know about anyone else but every person I know who uses drugs on a regular basis is a complete moron

    You, of course, include caffeine in those drugs.

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    You can't take the sky from me...

  15. Re:Even if cocaine was harmless... by Scrameustache · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Consider sex (yes, I said it) — the intense pleasure most participants derive from it is the reward for the excruciating pains of childbirth and hardships of the childrearing.

    fapfapfap

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    You can't take the sky from me...

  16. Re:"...the glamour of surgical self-improvement... by VoxMagis · · Score: 3, Informative
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    -- I really need to bleed off some of this /. karma.
  17. Re:New drug for the morons by hey! · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I don't know about that. I was a teenager in the 70s when it was almost socially acceptable among people under 30 to smoke pot. I've known plenty of people who indulge fairly regularly (say on the order of once a week or even a bit more) who probably weren't much different than if they'd never used at all. It's dangerous to make such generalizations as "dope makes you a dope", because practically no generalization of that sort is *always* true. Often they can be true enough to be worth paying attention to without being *usually* true.

    I've also seen the other side, the people who effectively rewired their brains and lives around dope. It's very easy to do, because so much of what we as animals do is avoiding pain and seeking pleasure. As *humans*, we are driven by something more as well: dissatisfaction. The Pali word "dukka" which is often translated when discussion Buddhism as "suffering" might better be translated as "dissatisfaction". Most of the "suffering" in our life is not grand enough to be called "suffering". It's a niggling, persistent dissatisfaction with the things we thought would make us happy. The very low intellectual standards of people who are stoned are a consequence of easy satisfaction. They laugh at jokes that aren't funny because their standards of funny are low. They don't mind physical squalor because they are beyond dissatisfaction.

    It's a funny thing; pain, pleasure and dissatisfaction drive us as individuals, but they aren't there for *our* benefit. They improve us as a *species*. We may wish to subscribe to a philosophy of ethical egoism, but we're still constructed neurologically so the quality of our subjective experience serves the species. Surely it would be to our benefit to live a life devoid of pain and full of pleasure and satisfaction. Any counter argument to this is bound to rest on the benefit to society or to the species, not to us as individuals.

    It is conceivable that we could, in a sense, take charge of our lives, truly live them for ourselves, by using biomedical technology to control pain, pleasure, and over time even *dissatisfaction*. But I doubt in such a world read books. Why would we?

    When you see a book, you anticipate the pleasure of reading it. Why bother reading it if you can get pleasure at the push of a button? Oh, at first you would make a distinction between "earned" and "unearned" pleasure, but one day you'd be a little tired and instead of picking up the book you'll push the happy button, and sooner or later you'll be going for the happy button because you won't tolerate the effort of reading. In fact it's a kind of intellectual lust that drives us to read, isn't it? And lust is kind of a pleasurable pain; a deficit we imagine in ourselves that is pleasant to fill; an itch that we scratch. If we can eliminate the itch and get the pleasure of scratching, we won't be any kind of lust, physical or intellectual, because we won't accept any kind of discomfort.

    I remember working on the early Arpanet, and the amazement of seeing text from a computer appear, printed line by line on a printing terminal. The equivalent of a Slashdot article and its comments would probably have taken fifteen or twenty minutes to "load", but to *us* this was information traveling at amazing rates. Now we consider *any* perceivable delay as intolerable; there is no sensation of speed, only of varying degrees of slowness.

    People adjust their feeling of what is pleasurable and satisfactory to what they experience on a day to day basis. Read about how people lived a few centuries ago. YetI suspect people were just as happy or unhappy as they are now, even though the conditions they lived in -- even the aristocrats -- were miserable by modern standards. Our modern threshold of suffering is extremely low; of satisfaction extremely high. When we can control suffering and satisfaction biomedically, the process will not only have reached its logical limit, human life as we know it will cease to be, because that life is organized around the imperatives to seek elusive pleasure, to elude inevitable pain, and to suage unavoidable dissatisfaction.

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    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  18. Re:Even if cocaine was harmless... by Thiez · · Score: 3, Interesting

    > the intense pleasure most participants derive from it is the reward for the excruciating pains of childbirth and hardships of the childrearing.

    Do you think we should frown upon infertile people having orgasms? I think you're insane.

  19. Re:"...the glamour of surgical self-improvement... by Dachannien · · Score: 5, Funny

    Peter: Egon, this reminds me of the time you tried to drill a hole in your head. Remember that?
    Egon: That would have worked if you hadn't stopped me.

  20. Re:The real high by XDirtypunkX · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Or make for happily motivated super criminals with a sense of entitlement because they think everyone loves them.

  21. Re:Even if cocaine was harmless... by clone53421 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Had you finished reading my post before replying to its beginning

    I did. The fact that you’re not advocating a legal ban doesn’t make you seem any less a self-righteous jerk for looking down upon anyone who, in your opinion, didn’t earn something that they got.

    For instance:

    Consider sex (yes, I said it) — the intense pleasure most participants derive from it is the reward for the excruciating pains of childbirth and hardships of the childrearing.

    Says who? So can I assume that you think masturbation is also an undeserved form of self-indulgence, and you wouldn’t want one of “them” to marry your daughter? Even if that habit didn’t “interfere with others”, because you’d still be “wary of such people”?

    Because, as you say, a man who masturbates may some day just suddenly decide to stop caring for your daughter. Yeah. Why not just go a step farther and claim, since every man who cheats on his wife also has masturbated at some point, that all men who masturbate will cheat on their wives?

    I'm not advocating legal ban on such undeserved pleasures, but express my disapproval of people indulging in them, for they will — and quickly — stop being helpful members of society or even family.

    Right... just like everyone who enjoys alcohol, gambling, tobacco, etc. also invariably stops being a helpful member of society.

    --
    Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
  22. Re:Possibilities. . . by interkin3tic · · Score: 4, Funny

    I've known some women who report similar results with a "TENS" unit.

    I'd like my orgasmatron to go up to "ELEVENS" personally.

  23. Re:New drug for the morons by interkin3tic · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I don't know about anyone else but every person I know who uses drugs on a regular basis is a complete moron and doesn't have anything better to do than getting doped up and hanging out and talking with their friends for hours about nothing.

    Most people you know who you say "do drugs" are probably doing pot, which yeah, is not very conducive to doing much productive in most fields anyway. Caffine is the most widely used stimulant, so I'd argue that most of the people you know are people who do mild stimulants.

    It's worth pointing out that according to one poll 20% of our scientists already take "brain enhancing drugs," like ritalin. From personal experience I can tell you at least 20% of graduate students in the sciences and many more senior scientists do recreational drugs too, That portion that uses recreational drugs doesn't completely overlap with the portion that use brain enhancing drugs, and neither are the least productive portions of scientists.

    So that's probably why we're stuck in the stone age, our scientists are too busy being morons and getting high. Or maybe you just don't really know what you're talking about.

  24. Re:Possibilities. . . by ColdWetDog · · Score: 3, Funny

    You city folk crack me up. If you've ever seen Bull semen collection...

    You would realize that TENS units are for wimps. You'll want a cattle prod.

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    Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
  25. Re:Possibilities. . . by DriedClexler · · Score: 3, Insightful
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    Information theory is life. The rest is just the KL divergence.