Users Rejecting Security Advice Considered Rational
WeeBit writes "Researchers have different ideas as to why people fail to use security measures. Some feel that regardless of what happens, users will only do the minimum required. Others believe security tasks are rejected because users consider them to be a pain. A third group maintains user education is not working. [Microsoft Research's Cormac] Herley offers a different viewpoint. He contends that user rejection of security advice is based entirely on the economics of the process." Here is Dr. Herley's paper, So Long, And No Thanks for the Externalities: The Rational Rejection of Security Advice by Users (PDF).
What dosen't make sense are the people who bitch and moan about what a hassle Linux is to set up and get figured out, while they waste hours and hours of their time and money cleaning out their Windows installs, setting up anti-malware programs that waste even more time in the form of annoying pop-up reminders and eaten CPU cycles, and even reinstalling their O.S.; if not bothering or paying somebody else to do it. I'd been toying aroung with Linux and Unix for years for business and personal use, but I finally switched for good when I realized that I was wasting more time with Windows than I would with a *NIX O.S.
Windows can be used safely and quickly without protection, but only by savvy users who don't do any "real-world" stuff like torrent or allow the occasional ingorant user to use their computer.
Would Linux be more safe if it had greater than or equal to the market share of Windows? Is any home O.S. really safe as long as the user keeps clicking "yes" or "ok"? That's a whole other debate. The fact is that Linux, now, is much less of a hassle than Windows.
I have a simpler conclusion... Most users are idiots!
If I were God, wouldn't I protect my churches from acts of me?
I agree with this assesment. I work at an IT company that supports many different companies and users of different size. We are a small operation (10 techs).
Most security recommendations are rejected due to the cost of implementation when dealing with corporate customers. Smaller businesses and individual users will reject them due to the lack of perceived risk.
Simple example is when a salon did not want to spend the 30 minutes in labor secure their wireless network because guests use it. We said no problem and offered to setup a guest network and secure their internal wireless network. No problems with their Cisco SA. They still did not want to do it. Their reasoning was not the $50 one time cost but, "who would want to go to the trouble of accessing our data? we have nothing sensitive"
They realized their customer databases were password protected within that application, understood they had nothing on their workstations or shares to hide, and basically said fuck it when we were offering a low cost, non-invasive, transparent to their customers solution.
That's just one example. Lots of these "dumb endusers" fully understand the security and the solution and the cost, but feel they are not a valuable enough target to worry about it.
prevention is more expensive than repair/recovery/treatment
How? Any prevention effort requires some kind of cost, very often a continual and on-going cost.
Whereas the cost of recovery is only necessary once the negative effect occurs. And since it only happens to other people, that means that the cost of not preventing is 0. Clear win.
Which explains a lot of epidemiology (low vaccination rates, high-risk behaviors spreading unstoppable diseases, etc.); economics (victims of fraud, high-risk investors, etc.); software development practices ("Release NOW" rather than quality).
Unless you can prove that the bad thing WILL happen without prevention, people will skate on luck and denial and write off the risk against the guaranteed cost of preventative measures.
Or, as others in this thread have put it, people are idiots.
Welcome to the Panopticon. Used to be a prison, now it's your home.
I can still remember the Computer Security professor telling the class on the very first day that computer security is a matter of economics. How much does it cost to implement? How much do you stand to lose if your security is broken and your "stuff" stolen? At some point, you reach a point of diminishing returns and it is wasteful to spend more on security.
And in this context, time, effort, and inconvenience all have a significant cost that must be counted.
The average idiot computer user is not always as dumb as you think they are.
As I said before, most users don't care because there are usually no consequences to ignoring security directives.
Most users figure that security is the corporation's problem. They just figure that whatever they do will be protected "by the firewall" and they go on with life. It's not their problem if things go wrong.
A work that expires before its copyright never enters the public domain and thus enjoys eternal copyright protection.
How about this one... At least in businesses...
Users in a business generally have very little if any incentive to follow any security policy that does not happen automatically, without any intervention on their part.
It is not their data, not their computer, and generally not their problem. If something goes wrong... they might have to move to another desk for a little while, while "the computer guy" "fixes" everything for them. They might even get a slap on the wrist for not following policy... But generally, the "users" have no reason to interrupt their busy day with any security policy that interrupts their busy schedule (of facebook and slashdot browsing). When malware hits, it is inevitably not their fault, but rather the fault of those same "computer guys" who have to go in and fix it.
Ain't reality a bitch?
People giving security advice often have no idea what the threat model is. For example, the typical home user's computer has no chance of being physically attacked. Nobody breaks into people's houses to install hardware keyloggers to steal their online banking passwords. And yet, some banks put up "security measures" like on-screen keyboards you have to type on with a mouse just to avoid keyloggers. Likewise, there's no real security reason to password protect your account on your home computer that nobody but you uses, and no security reason to not use autologin.
Seriously, there is only one kind of threat the home user faces, and that's software attacks, none of which are aimed specifically at him, and all of which are acquired either through his web browser or through infected executables given to him by his friends. If he runs NoScript, disables javascript in email, and gets executables only from reputable sources, there is simply no way he can get infected. If he's on Linux, he's safer than he's ever going to be already.
Most people would use MS Word even if they had the choice to use TeX.
Among crackers, reputation is very important.
These people spend their time and effort and money to crack the protection on an application/game/movie and get it out to the world. They don't do it for profit. They do it to become known as the person/group that did it first or best. They frequently sign their work, and will go to great lengths to maintain their reputation.
A bad release, or one with a virus/trojan will quickly gather notice on torrent forums. It would be a one way ticket to expulsion from any release group. It can take years to become accepted into a major release group, its not something taken lightly.
It's obvious that most computer security practices are the equivalent of cracking the metaphorical nut with a sledgehammer. My personal pet hate is the password aging practice. It specifically does one of two things. It discourages people from choosing strong passwords because strong passwords are more difficult to create and remember than weak ones. The second is that users may resort to writing passwords down because some expert decided they needed to change their password every 30 days. And often you get thet password change prompt right when you are about to go on a long holiday, which guarantees that you will not be able to remember it
One reason for this is that organisations have to show that they are serious about security, and practices like password aging are easy 'objective' metrics to demonstrate, even if they do not provide a measurable improvement in security.
Why does IT like Windows?
Two words: Job security
Blunt and brutal as it sounds, I'm all for Windows in a work environment, even though I don't want to be subjected to it in my private space. Hey, at home I need to be productive! At work, I need to be certain I still have a job tomorrow. And, bluntly again, that's more secure with a system that acts "weird" from time to time and keeps failing on the user than with a system you set up once and run 'til the end of time. For crying out loud, Linux even does generation changes without aid from IT, can you imagine what that would mean to your job? Imagine Linux being used in office, with the new versions quietly installing themselves while all the software keeps working!
Tell me you don't prefer a system that needs YOU to go there and install it, then breaks every kind of compatibility and keeps you busy and employed for ... well, at least 'til the next generation of system needs to be installed.
We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
I think it's a credible threat. I've had my password compromised (as part of a larger compromise) 4-5 times in my life that I know of. Realistically, it's probably happened more than that. Re-using passwords would have meant that I'd want to change my password at umpteen sites (many of which I probably wouldn't remember.)
I have a simpler conclusion... Most users are idiots!
You're only half right. It turns out that most users are *selfish* idiots.
I used to feel a little bad about hating users. I was afraid it might be arrogant to despise the people who, ultimately, justify my salary. But now I see they deserve whatever they get.
Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
Blunt and brutal as it sounds, ... ... I've occasionally run across this reasoning told as a joke, shown it to friends whose business is supporting Windows, and told that it's no joke at all. The typical response is along the lines of: Hey, I've installed linux for a few customers. Each time, it only took me an hour or so, and that's all I got paid for. Then I never heard from them again until they wanted someone for another hour to do an install on a new machine. OTOH, with my Windows clients, I typically get paid for at least a full day to install anything, and then I get called back for half- or full-days whenever the system shoots itself in the foot. We'd be fools to advocate a system like linux when Windows produces two to three orders of magnitude more billable time for us. Of course, we all use linux and/or OS X at home, but that's not where the support business is.
As long as the suckers^Wclients continue to act like they do and fall for the "market leader" sales propaganda, this isn't going to change. It's been like this in the computing industry since at least the 1960s, so don't expect it to change during your lifetime.
Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
For some family members where I have suggested very basic security steps like disabling automatic logins, turning automatic updates on for everything (not just Windows), and a few other usual steps, they have asked "what for? The hackers are gonna get in anyway!"
It has become so ingrained in them that hackers are everywhere and that they are so talented that it is futile to resist. Quite honestly, I can't understand this mentality, but it does exist.
Yes -- in theory. But people are good at subverting policies like that.
Suppose it takes about four months for an attacker to brute-force your password hash, and you change your password every month. If they get lucky today and discover that as of December your password was "foobar@Dec09", I think they might be able to make a plausible guess as to its current value.
That's like saying you like the kid that breaks glass, because you as a glazier stay in business. In reality, generating useless work costs the whole society.
Are you allowed to think about where your society -- the large family of the people of the USA -- is going as a whole, or would that be evil socialism?
The article doesn't talk about costs to others.
Indeed, Herley's paper would probably be better titled "So long, and thanks for the externalities" -- for most end users (read: end users not in the IT dept), security countermeasures are not taken precisely because the majority of the cost is externalized, either to the business they work for, to the bank that will reimburse them for lost $$$, or to the world in general in the form of yet another botnet node. The $120 they pay geek squad to clean their computer every now and again is a small portion of the overall cost of their lack of security. Because they don't feel the full blow, they are less likely to modify their behavior. And that is the essence of what an externality is, AFAIK.
Ultimately, I think the biggest problem with Herley's paper is the same problem a lot of economists have with "free agents" -- they make an argument that observed behavior is rational, and then assume that the actors are therefore behaving rationally. In actuality, it's merely coincidence that the observed behavior is rational and there is therefore no reason to suspect that, in the future, choices will continue to be rational.
This is most true for end users (businesses = econ/business people = trained to make decisions as economists... so big surprise they follow "rational models"). This is because even if observed behavior in consistent with rational choices, the choice is not made because it's rational. People get their information on computer security from hearsay and anti-virus advertisements, and often make emotional choices ("ZOMG EVIL HACKERZ, MEH IDENTITY!!!") that provide the path of least resistance ("look, norton seems to claim it's a golden bullet, and I don't have to learn hard new stuff.")
I agree with your principal but it applies to more then just windows.
Put Linux onto everyone's computer and even if it works perfectly you will still have problems because you cant control users. Users will have problems no matter what, so tech support is always needed. Systems will need to be upgraded, logs need to be read so syadmins will still be needed. Linux will not stop the business from needing/wanting new functionality or new software from being developed. Yes the IT landscape would change radically (it does this on a regular basis anyway IMHO) if we all of a sudden switched to Linux but it would not kill job security for most IT workers.
Putting Linux onto most desktops would kill many current security headaches, but it will create some new ones and a few of the old ones will remain (social engineering attacks immediately spring to mind).
Calling someone a "hater" only means you can not rationally rebut their argument.