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The Mystery of the Missing Methane

Hugh Pickens writes "Astrobiology Magazine reports that NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has discovered something odd about GJ 436b, a planet about the size of Neptune located 33 light-years away, circling the star Gliese 436. The mystery? GJ 436b lacks methane, an ingredient common to many of the planets in our solar system. Methane is present on our life-bearing planet, manufactured primarily by microbes living in cows, and all of the giant planets in our solar system have methane too, despite their lack of cows. Spitzer was able to detect the faint glow of GJ 436b by watching it slip behind its star, an event called a secondary eclipse. As the planet disappears, the total light observed from the star system drops, and the diference is then measured to find the brightness of the planet at various wavelengths. Eventually, a larger space telescope could use the same kind of technique to search smaller, Earth-like worlds for methane and other chemical signs of life, such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Adam Showman, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona, says the 'provocative result' raises questions about the evolution of this planet, as well as the possibility that its atmosphere might represent an entirely new class of atmospheres that has never been explored."

18 of 98 comments (clear)

  1. "lack of cows"? by countertrolling · · Score: 3, Funny

    We don't know that for sure. We haven't been to the surface of any of these planets. I believe more study is needed.

    --
    For justice, we must go to Don Corleone
    1. Re:"lack of cows"? by Scarletdown · · Score: 4, Funny

      The reason that planet is lacking methane is because that solar system lacks Uranus.

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      This space unintentionally left blank.
  2. Obvious solution by maxwell+demon · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Methane is an important source of energy. Obviously there's an alien species which has used up all the methane from that planet.

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    The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
    1. Re:Obvious solution by reverseengineer · · Score: 4, Interesting
      The reaction being looked at here is interesting because it is the same reaction used on Earth in the steam reforming of methane to produce hydrogen, with the same equilibrium issues. Methane (or many other hydrocarbons) can be reacted with water vapor to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. However, this reaction is not going to proceed forward under normal atmospheric conditions on Earth, and at least was not expected to proceed forward under the conditions of GJ 436b. The reaction needs enough energy put in to break apart methane and water molecules before their components can be recombined to form CO and hydrogen. In the absence of catalysts, you should expect this step to occur at temperatures no lower than around 920K, while GJ 436b is believed to be at 800K.

      We can look at some of the possibilities of what could be happening on GJ 436b:
      CH4 + H2O is in equilibrium with CO + 3 H2 (with a change in enthalpy of +206kJ/mol)
      1. The temperature of GJ 436b could be higher than what is measured. If the temperature is actually above around 920K, then the necessary activation energy is present to get this reaction headed to the right side of the equation. This solves the mystery, but then opens a new mystery of why the temperature measurement is off by over 100K.
      2. A reaction product is rapidly being taken away after formation. If either carbon monoxide or hydrogen were somehow continuously removed from the site of the reaction, the reaction equilibrium would keep favoring the generation of more CO and H2 rather than reversing to make more methane and water. This is what the suggestion of "vertical mixing" is alluding to: if the "steam methane reforming" reaction is isolated to one region of the atmosphere, but the reaction products rapidly migrate to another, then the reaction equilibrium makes sense.
      3. When steam reforming of methane is done as an industrial process on Earth, the reactions are carried out at temperatures of about 700-800K, right around the temperature of GJ 436b. The necessary activation energy is lowered by metal catalysts (usually nickel) Could the interaction of the atmosphere with the rocky core be catalyzing this reaction? It's unlikely that there's enough surface area to transform the whole atmosphere in this manner, but it's an intriguing possibility.
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      "FDA staff reviewers expressed concern about the number of patients who were left out of the study because they died."
    2. Re:Obvious solution by reverseengineer · · Score: 2, Informative

      I found a nice little illustration of the effect temperature has on the equilibrium of this reaction here. The calculation is actually for the related reaction using carbon (as coke) instead of methane, but the equilibrium constants are about equal for the temperatures discussed here. At atmospheric conditions on Earth, the equilibrium can be considered as shifted completely to the left. Virtually no carbon monoxide is produced from this reaction at temperatures less than about 600K. At a temperature of 956.7K, the levels of carbon and carbon monoxide are equal, and at higher temperatures, carbon monoxide is On GJ 436b, with a temperature of 800K, the equilibrium should still strongly disfavor CO production, and the calculation suggests that there should be around 13.6 times as much carbon (or methane in the case of GJ 436b) as there is carbon monoxide.

      However, the researchers determined that "GJ 436b's atmosphere is abundant in CO and deficient in methane (CH4) by a factor of ~7,000." The only way the planet could have gotten an atmosphere like that through this reaction equilibrium alone is if its temperature is really around 2000K instead of 800K. The researchers therefore argue that it's far more likely that some other mechanism is disrupting this equilibrium, like polymerization of methane that pulls it out of the system. In their Nature paper, they include a a chart of the atmospheric ratios of gas giants, both in our solar system and exoplanets; nothing else known has a CH4/CO ratio like that seen for GJ 436b.

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      "FDA staff reviewers expressed concern about the number of patients who were left out of the study because they died."
  3. Why So Much Focus on Cows? by eldavojohn · · Score: 4, Informative

    Methane is present on our life-bearing planet, manufactured primarily by microbes living in cows, and all of the giant planets in our solar system have methane too, despite their lack of cows.

    Why are cows focused on so much when it comes to methane? The only study I can find lists livestock making up only 19% as a source of atmospheric methane. That's little more than our industrial energy sector production and about half as much as our wetlands produce. From NOAA:

    Rapidly growing industrialization in Asia and rising wetland emissions in the Arctic and tropics are the most likely causes of the recent methane increase, said scientist Ed Dlugokencky from NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory.

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    My work here is dung.
    1. Re:Why So Much Focus on Cows? by maxwell+demon · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Why are cows focused on so much when it comes to methane?

      Because if they focused on rice, it wouldn't give a good argument for vegetarians. :-)

      --
      The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
    2. Re:Why So Much Focus on Cows? by colonelquesadilla · · Score: 2

      Yeah but cow's eat grass, and digest, through symbiosis with the evil methane bacteria, cellulose. Only ruminants do that, and all ruminants produce methane. Any other animals can't get the same amount of energy grazing off scrub brush.

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      It's either false dichotomies, or the terrorists win, you decide.
    3. Re:Why So Much Focus on Cows? by sznupi · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Cows eating grass, outside...where have you seen that? O_o

      In seriousness, that's not a showstopper; especially if reduced availability of meat would, for many people, actually increase their health (I don't advocate not eating meat, I do it myself; but too many people consume ridiculous amounts of it these days, having fallen in the trap of one old adaptation - "if there's some meat around, eat it!")

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      One that hath name thou can not otter
    4. Re:Why So Much Focus on Cows? by Ztream · · Score: 3, Funny

      People.

  4. I Suspect Shinanigans by MaroonMotor · · Score: 2, Funny
    Adam Showman, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona, says the 'provocative result' raises questions about the evolution of this planet...

    .
    Adam Showman talking about a provocative result eh? Who is surprised? I mean what else could you expect from the father of all show men?

  5. Sign of life? by JoshuaZ · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Is this a sign of life? The calculations for how much methane should be in the atmosphere are based off what results in a chemical equilibrium. However, active metabolic entities (life) can move things very far off equilibrium. Thus, for example, Earth has a lot more oxygen in the atmosphere than would be expected from a simple set of equilibrium calculations. So, an observer could tentatively conclude that something weird, such as plant life, might be about. This imbalance between the expected and observed methane levels may be due to extraterrestrial life.

    1. Re:Sign of life? by flyingfsck · · Score: 4, Funny

      Yup, all the available evidence suggests that the planet is populated with a very large number of anti-cows.

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      Excuse me, but please get off my Pennisetum Clandestinum, eh!
    2. Re:Sign of life? by brusk · · Score: 2, Funny

      Bull.

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      .sig withheld by request
  6. It's not a lack of cows by gyrogeerloose · · Score: 2, Funny

    It's a lack of Taco Bell franchises.

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    This ain't rocket surgery.
  7. What happened to the meth? by 3seas · · Score: 3, Funny

    The Aliens took it on their way here. They needed the fuel resource. See Steven Hawkins story about not talking to the aliens when the get here.

    BTW, the earth is leaking Methane as its been discovered that it wasn't cows causing increased methane here.

  8. Re:You're A Fucking Genius! by kc8apf · · Score: 2, Insightful

    No one said those microorganisms are still alive. If they are all dead, there isn't life.

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    kc8apf
  9. This must be the mythical Planet of the Amazons by fizzup · · Score: 2, Interesting

    This planet has got to be populated by nothing but women. Nobody farts!