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Audio Analysis Brings New Revelations From Kent State Shooting

a_nonamiss writes "The Cleveland Plain Dealer is reporting today on new forensic analysis by audio scientists Stuart Allen and Tom Owen on a recently discovered audio tape from the Kent State shootings. The analysis suggests that four shots from a .38-caliber pistol were fired 70 seconds before the National Guard opened fire on a crowd of student protesters, killing four and wounding nine others. The alleged shooter, student Terry Norman, was hired by the FBI to take photos of the protesters. It has been known for some time that he had a .38-caliber pistol on his person the day of the shootings, but he has always claimed that the gun was not fired during the protest, a claim that was backed up in sworn testimony from authorities at the time."

56 of 289 comments (clear)

  1. 70 seconds ??? by haus · · Score: 2, Interesting

    In a live fire situation 70 seconds may as well be next Tuesday.

    1. Re:70 seconds ??? by moxley · · Score: 3, Interesting

      It's true. The average gunfight lasts mere seconds...now, what happened an Kent State was anything but average, but still...over a minute?

      There are so many things that are wrong with what happened that day, from all of the evidence, it looks to me and many others like this was orchestrated...someone wanted the anti war college students to be fired on, likely within the FBI - cointelpro, etc.

    2. Re:70 seconds ??? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

      In a live fire situation 70 seconds may as well be next Tuesday.

      This was 40 years ago. The Ohio National Guard was equipped only with muzzle loaders then and 70 seconds was a quite rapid time to load and fire. Its a good thing they didn't bring in the trebuchets.

    3. Re:70 seconds ??? by bcmm · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It's suspected that the Guard believed Norman's shots to be sniper fire. It could've put them on edge, ready to overreact to something else.

      --
      # cat /dev/mem | strings | grep -i llama
      Damn, my RAM is full of llamas.
    4. Re:70 seconds ??? by leonardluen · · Score: 2, Informative

      First definition i found for "sniper" - "a marksman who shoots at people from a concealed place"

      I see nothing in that definition that indicates what style of gun they need to use. granted revolvers aren't accurate at long range but that doesn't preclude them from the definition above.

    5. Re:70 seconds ??? by sco08y · · Score: 4, Funny

      It's suspected that the Guard believed Norman's shots to be sniper fire.

      Sniper fire from a .38 Special revolver? Not likely. Doesn't even sound similar.

      "Don't worry about those bullets coming from an unknown shooter, men, they're only 38's!"

    6. Re:70 seconds ??? by couchslug · · Score: 2, Informative

      There isn't much way to distinguish caliber that precisely (unless the same ammo is fired AT you from a distance day after day).

      Further, .38 Special RIFLES have been available for many years before Kent State. It's an OLD (1899) cartridge. If you hear the report, and it's not outgoing, it's not unreasonable to assume it's incoming.

      --
      "This post is an artistic work of fiction and falsehood. Only a fool would take anything posted here as fact."
    7. Re:70 seconds ??? by Antique+Geekmeister · · Score: 2, Informative

      Well, yes. If you make the barrel of a pistol 2 feet long, you start looking like Jack Nicholson as the Joker handling it. You'll increase the muzzle velocity and reduce the tumbling, so your maximum range will increase. Of course, since your hand always wobbles somewhat, even for a skilled shooter with a 2-handed grip, your grouping will be awful at significant distances, even if your bullets and barrel are the equivalent of a rifle's.

      A quick search shows pages like this (http://home.inreach.com/marine/usmc7.html), which lists the effective range of a typical Marine side arm of about 25 meters, and similar pages show the M-16 as having an advertised effective range of about 550 meters for a point target. A 2x scope is great for shooting varmings: not so helpful for shooting at troops several hundred feet away.

    8. Re:70 seconds ??? by AK+Marc · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You assume accuracy when the situation didn't require it. Simply firing could have been sufficient, and firing into a crowd requires no accuracy at all.

  2. flowers to a gun fight by dlt074 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    hmm FBI employee shoots his weapon to get something started and then plausibly denys it. nothing to see here.

    on that note. never take a flower to a gun fight. when an armed person(legal authority or otherwise) tells you to stop, leave, get out of his face, and you don't have a weapon. you leave, period. you don't just stay there thinking they are not going to shoot you because you are "peaceful". they don't know that and they probably don't care.

    1. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Absolutely. Obey authority. Always. Because they will kill you if you do not.

    2. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      never take a flower to a gun fight

      Nor should you throw rocks, bricks, and bottles at a group of people carrying rifles. If anyone provoked the shooting it was the students. Deadly force was probably not justified at the point it was used, but the confrontations had been pretty violent for several days leading up to the shooting.

    3. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Absolutely. Obey authority. Always. Because they will kill you if you do not.

      WRONG

      He said don't go unarmed.

      I bet you're against the Second Amendment being interpreted as an individual right, too, aren't you? Now do you see WHY there's a Second Amendment, and why it is an INDIVIDUAL right?

    4. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Seumas · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Government agents infiltrate situations or causes to instigate and manufacture threats, violence, or confusion in order to promote or convince the rest of the country to condone action against said infiltrated group? Tell me it ain't so?

      Also, in other news, the sky is blue.

      It baffles me how people just accept the stories they are fed without ever questioning them. It is downright sickening to see how people just open their heads and let things just pour in, unchecked.

      Next thing you know, someone is going to suggest that governments spread stories through the media outlets or back actual actions -- either of which promote suspicion of and urgency in dealing with foreign threats to justify taking action on a national level -- from sanctions to blockades and tariffs to military action against them....!

    5. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Lovely. Conservatives murder hippie protesters and then use that murder to point out that it wouldn't have happened if everyone would have been armed. You forgot to mention that if taxes weren't so high, the government wouldn't have been able to pay for the Guard to murder the hippies. Really, it was their bad politics that lead to them being shot at since no conservatives were being shot at by the National Guard that day.

    6. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Speare · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Two words: Tank Man. Or more generally, "resist oppression." Take your pick.

      --
      [ .sig file not found ]
    7. Re:flowers to a gun fight by cosm · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Conservatives murder hippie protesters

      It is this polarization between parties that results in nothing being accomplished in America. Blanket statements like that are A) False, unless you can confirm that everybody that landed a bullet was a conservative, B) Begging the questions, for them to be murderers renders them shooters, for them to be shooters renders them conservative, for them to be conservative renders them against hippie protesters, round and round we go.

      How about just saying that the Man fucked up. Screw party affiliation. If we are always blaming left or right, we will always get screwed up the middle by both. Stop viewing the world through the R-D filter and start viewing it as us (people) vs them (people we elect). Oh wait.

      --
      'We are trying to prove ourselves wrong as quickly as possible, because only in that way can we find progress.' RPF
    8. Re:flowers to a gun fight by HiThere · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Or how about noticing that "left" and "right" are pretty much media inventions. To make politics easy to explain using sports metaphors. Yay for our team!

      What this was, was people in power manipulating a situation to disadvantage people without power, and masses of people accepting the explanation, because they didn't have much choice, and anyway only one side was really heard. (Different sides in different places, but still only one side.)

      It was after this that it coincidentally happened that all the major publishers started being acquired by major corporations...which wasn't a directly profitable action, publishing being relatively unprofitable. But which did mean that those publishers wouldn't print anything that the major corporations didn't approve of. (At least nothing they strongly disapproved of. The control was, and remains, indirect. The management chooses the editor who chooses what to publish.)
      In this context it's worth noting that demonstrations now get minimal coverage in any media. This despite the fact that one would expect them to be more newsworthy as that occur less frequently.

      Note that this is not a unanimous group. To call this a conspiracy is probably incorrect. It's merely that people in a position of power have certain interests in common that are not the same as the interests of people who are not in a position of power. And they tend to act to forward those interests.

      Another thing that happened at around this time was that the political process was nominally loosened by allowing the easier formation of political parties while simultaneously centralized by removing the requirement that broadcasting stations allow equal amounts of partisan campaigning by all parties. This made money the central requirement for being heard. (It had already become a major requirement.)

      Also note that in the US the election system (primarily, but not entirely, the means used to count the votes) is so structured that only two parties have a reasonable chance to win an election. There have been only a few times when an incumbent party became so weak that it essentially abdicated it's position to an alternate third party. Even Teddy Rooseveldt wasn't able to overcome this bias. I *think* that Instant Runoff would be quite superior, and I'm quite convinced that Condorcet voting would be superior. And, yes, it's true that it can be proven that no fair voting system can exist, but this doesn't mean that some aren't better than others. And the majority rule system is about the worst. (Not as bad as minority rule, of course.)

      --

      I think we've pushed this "anyone can grow up to be president" thing too far.
    9. Re:flowers to a gun fight by Antique+Geekmeister · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Your statement is very strange. The Kent State shooting contributed directly to the US withdrawal from Vietnam by showing the callousness of the Nixon administration and the unjustness of those calling protests "un-American". By remaining, and being shot, they actually helped end the war by exposing the criminal and callous behavior of those leading the war.

      Shooting unarmed protesters has, repeatedly, triggered national changes of policy in favor of the people who were shot. Look up "Crispus Attucks" for an example at the core of the US revolution against British rule.

    10. Re:flowers to a gun fight by couchslug · · Score: 2, Informative

      It's worth pointing out that in those days, there were no non-lethal weapons that were very effective. A rifle and a bayonet deter only by credible threat of use, and when that doesn't work, the operator either loses the field or uses the weapons.

      --
      "This post is an artistic work of fiction and falsehood. Only a fool would take anything posted here as fact."
  3. Was this Hoover's rogue FBI? by elucido · · Score: 3, Informative

    If it was Hoovers blackmailing rogue "evil" FBI, the same FBI that was doing cointel pro and using urban warfare tactics on the weathermen and black panthers, this is an FBI that could have easily incited this. They call them agent provocateurs. Their role is to incite violence.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_provocateur
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVNu9XWQob4

    1. Re:Was this Hoover's rogue FBI? by mundanetechnomancer · · Score: 2, Insightful

      if i was the guarding over a field full of puppies and kittens, and i believed that one of them had fired a weapon at me. it would take me all of 5 seconds to return fire. 70 seconds is an eternity.

  4. Not a direct provocation, but... by Securityemo · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The article states that there is video evidence of Terry Norman being chased by someone claiming he shot someone, running away and handing his gun to an officer that opens it and states that it's been fired 4 times. This before, as the article calls it, "the volley". The most empathetic suggestion would be that Terry was attacked physically, then answered with shooting. This wouldn't have been a direct provocation to open fire, but it would have increased tensions quite a bit, obviously. In no way would he be directly responsible for triggering the massacre.

    --
    Emotions! In your brain!
    1. Re:Not a direct provocation, but... by a_nonamiss · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I am far more bothered by the fact that a) Mr. Norman was on the payroll of the FBI at the time and b) authorities (may have) lied under oath about the fact that Mr. Norman discharged his weapon during the protest. This implies that the FBI was at least indirectly involved in the massacre and directly involved in the cover-up.

      I'll give you that Mr. Norman probably didn't directly trigger the massacre, although shooting a gun in a crowd of angry people probably didn't contribute to happy peaceful feelings at the protest. However, the government at the time seems to have actively and knowingly participated in a cover-up. This bothers me a lot. It should bother everyone. A lot.

      --
      -Arthur
      Cave ne ante ullas catapultas ambules
    2. Re:Not a direct provocation, but... by Securityemo · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Ja, maybe you are right. Not to be surly, but we outside of the US sort of take for granted that all US cops are gung-ho people who "do whatever it takes", and cook up their own solutions and conspiracies to solve everything.

      --
      Emotions! In your brain!
    3. Re:Not a direct provocation, but... by bcmm · · Score: 4, Informative

      The article states that there is video evidence of Terry Norman being chased by someone claiming he shot someone, running away and handing his gun to an officer that opens it and states that it's been fired 4 times.

      Read more carefully. While the officer was seen opening Norman's gun by a camera crew, it seems they weren't filming at the time. The reason the new analysis is interesting is that it contradicts the FBI's claim that that gun was not fired, while matching up well with eyewitness accounts ("oh my God, he fired four times") which were made by people with no knowledge of the tape.

      --
      # cat /dev/mem | strings | grep -i llama
      Damn, my RAM is full of llamas.
    4. Re:Not a direct provocation, but... by jedidiah · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Spend any time with the justice system and you will see this for yourself.

      It's not just Hollywood nonsense. Cops actually act like this. It's probably not limited to American cops either.

      Cops won't even make their lies terribly believable. They benefit greatly from the respect they get from most people.

      --
      A Pirate and a Puritan look the same on a balance sheet.
  5. Re:Cause and Effect by a_nonamiss · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Definitely a fair point. However, if someone starts waving a gun around and firing shots, that's a good way to whip up a crowd of angry people into a fury, where the guardsmen might have legitimately felt threatened. 70 seconds is probably too long for him to have been directly responsible, but just about the right amount of time to have been a crucial catalyst.

    --
    -Arthur
    Cave ne ante ullas catapultas ambules
  6. Re:Cause and Effect by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

    70 seconds seems like a substantial delay between an action and a provoked response

    Not really. It sounds like just about enough time for the chain-of-command to relay an order down to the troops to clear out the area with force.

  7. Actual story by Sara+Chan · · Score: 5, Informative

    Here is a direct link to the actual story in the Cleveland Plain Dealer: "Kent State tape indicates altercation and pistol fire preceded National Guard shootings (audio)"
    --it should have been in TFS.

  8. Re:Cause and Effect by D'Sphitz · · Score: 5, Insightful

    But feeling threatened is no excuse to start picking off uninvolved, unarmed people hundreds of feet away at random. "Someone in the crowd may have a gun, so shoot them all to be safe"

  9. Re:Cause and Effect by multisync · · Score: 2, Informative

    It sounds like just about enough time for the chain-of-command to relay an order down to the troops to clear out the area with force.

    \

    Indeed. From TFA:

    The audio tape also contains what Allen and fellow forensic acoustics expert Tom Owen believe is a command ordering the Guardsmen to prepare to fire ... Terry Gilbert, a Cleveland attorney who is advising Canfora, said their primary interest is the apparent order for the Guard to fire, but that the new revelations about the confrontation and pistol shots "add an interesting dimension because of the role the FBI might have played in the chain of events."

    --
    I don't care why you're posting AC
  10. Re:Cause and Effect by john82 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    My brother was a student at Kent State and there the day of the shooting. He had always insisted that the guards did not fire first.

  11. Does this mean... by mswhippingboy · · Score: 3, Funny

    Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young will need to revise their lyrics?

    --
    Sometimes the light at the end of the tunnel is the headlight of an oncoming train.
    1. Re:Does this mean... by multipartmixed · · Score: 2, Informative

      They're Neil's lyrics -- and why would he need to revise them? She's still dead on the ground.

      And this Terry fellow could very well be described as a Tin Soldier. ...that said, I'm still not sure what the President's orgasms had to do with that shooting.

      --

      Do daemons dream of electric sleep()?
  12. Re:Should Have Shot Them All by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Should have shot all of the traitors.

    Except where would Obama get his advisors?

    if you think shooting "traitors", such as those college kids, is acceptable, then shouldn't you be shot now for your opposition to Obama?

    nice logic!

  13. FBI response to information requests by tomhudson · · Score: 4, Funny

    The alleged shooter, student Terry Norman, was hired by the FBI to take photos of the protesters

    Reporter: We want to interview Terry Norman. Where is he?
    FBI Liazon: He's deceased.
    Reporter: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. When did he die?
    FBI Liazon: Tomorrow.

  14. Re:Cause and Effect by mspohr · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Looks like the FBI fired first.

    --
    I don't read your sig. Why are you reading mine?
  15. Re:Cause and Effect by X0563511 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    It doesn't mean it was HIS .38 firing. That's hardly an uncommon caliber.

    --
    For large sets, this will be our guide even unto death, for the LORD will work for each type of data it is applied to...
  16. Ohio Gov. James Rhodes still a criminal by Ice+Station+Zebra · · Score: 2, Interesting

    For ordering the Ohio National Guard to be at Kent State. Maybe I'll go spit on his grave today.

  17. Re:What caliber was used on the students? by kevinNCSU · · Score: 4, Informative

    No one, the Ohio National Guard included, is debating whether the guard opened fired and killed protesters. This is unequivocally true. The question here is whether sometime before the guardsmen open fire if someone else in the crowd fired shots contributing to the shooting by either riling the crowd towards violence or causing the guardsmen to feel threatened and thus clear the area with violence or both.

  18. Re:Cause and Effect by multisync · · Score: 5, Informative

    It doesn't mean it was HIS .38 firing. That's hardly an uncommon caliber.

    More from TFA:

    Some witnesses claim they saw Norman fighting with several students and waving or pointing his gun

    TV footage shortly after the shooting shows Norman running toward a cluster of Guardsmen and police, pursued by a man who yells that Norman has a gun and has shot someone. The TV film shows an emotional Norman hand his pistol to a Kent State patrolman and describe an assault by protesters.

    The TV reporter and sound engineer say they saw a Kent State detective open the pistol's cylinder and heard him exclaim off-camera that it had been fired four times. Officers' written statements contended it was fully loaded and unfired.

    The new analysis of the audio recording lends credibility to existing evidence that Norman fired *his* gun. It's no longer just a case of his word against that of a bunch of hippie protestors, and warrants the further investigation that is now taking place.

    --
    I don't care why you're posting AC
  19. Re:Cause and Effect by Nerdfest · · Score: 3, Funny

    Han shot first.

    Oh, sorry, wrong conversation.

  20. Re:Cause and Effect by dpilot · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Grew up in the area, had friends that (later) went to KSU, was pre-HS at the time.

    My father had a friend at work who had a daughter going to KSU. A few days before this got so bad, she called her dad, telling about what she heard from the apartment above. (thin walls, thin floors, cheap college rental) She heard the students there calling all over the US, lining up people to bring in to help with the protest. She was scared - her father picked her up and brought her home.

    --
    The living have better things to do than to continue hating the dead.
  21. It pays to know older people by Suki+I · · Score: 4, Interesting
    From an older friend who was around then and later was in the military, including the National Guard:

    The Guardsmen waited until being given an order to fire. That wait causes a delay. This tape is not new, it has been around, used in various trials and news specials about the incident since 1970.

    He is working on a blog post about it now.

    1. Re:It pays to know older people by Suki+I · · Score: 2, Interesting

      The copy of the tape was found in 2007. Have there been "various trials and news specials" in the last 3 years about an event that's 40 years old?

      Huh? Not that I know of in the past 3 years. Other copies of the same tape have been in use for 40 years. I hope that eases your confusion. He got the post finished here.

  22. Re:Employee or Informant? by Suki+I · · Score: 3, Informative

    Neither. The article says he would sell pictures to the FBI after events. Freelance photographer.

  23. Re:Cause and Effect by Lord+Ender · · Score: 5, Insightful

    At some point, the soldiers selected targets and fired on them. No matter what the "tension" or "provocation," those men placed their cross-hairs on people who were obviously not a threat and executed them.

    I would love to hear, in the soldiers' own words, how they picked their targets.

    --
    A slashdotter who didn't build his own computer is like a Jedi who didn't build his own lightsaber.
  24. Re:no firearms != unarmed by nbauman · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Ever been hit in the face with a thrown rock? It won't just leave a bruise; you WILL require surgery, and pray to God you don't have a fractured skull or spinal column (the likely result if the rock busts through your teeth into your mouth).

    This sounds as if you were hit on the face with a thrown rock. Were you?

    I actually researched this once, in the context of the Israeli soldiers killing Palestinian rock-throwers and justifying it with the claim that stones were "lethal weapons."

    No Israeli soldier was ever killed by a Palestinian throwing a rock at him.

    As it turned out, Slate had an article on the more general subject ("Getting stoned: how many police officers have been killed by rocks?"), which reported 3 police officers killed by rocks, 1 of them thrown, since 1792, and none in the last 70 years (out of 18,983 fatalities). Police departments teach that a rock isn't deadly beyond 50 feet.

    I can't imagine how a policeman wearing riot gear, which includes a helmet and face shield, could be killed by a thrown rock.

    (Actually, I was hit in the face myself with a thrown rock, by a neighborhood kid who was pelting my house with stones. He broke the window I was looking through. I had a minor cut from the glass, but no serious damage. I caught the kid and brought him home to his parents, who were profusely apologetic and fixed the window.)

  25. cointelpro by sixsixtysix · · Score: 2, Insightful

    my guess is that the shooter was hired by the fbi's cointelpro unit and purposely fired the shots in order to get the desired response of overzealous national guardsmen.

    --
    ...
  26. Re:no firearms != unarmed by sumdumass · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Well, I know anecdotal evidence means practically everything and Slate's research department is so thorough and concise that it's useless to argue against it, even after the writers expand on it and take things into their own context to prove a point that supports your view of Israel and Palestinian rock throwers.

    Anyways, I was hit in the head with a rock once when I was 14. It was at camp and someone was throwing rocks over the side of a hill totally clueless that someone else may have been down hill. Well, as it turns out, the first rock he threw struck me in the back of the head slightly down from the top from a distance of about 75 feet and probably 45 foot in elevation. It took 16 stitches to to close up the wound/laceration, I was knocked off my feet and ended up falling another 10 or 15 feet downhill before another person grabbed me, and I suffered a Class II Hemorrhage which required a short stay in the hospital. We were taking a shortcut back from then horse stables and in an area that was posted as off limits because of how steep and dangerous it was.

    If someone was attempting to do that on purpose, I would feel justified in attempting to shoot them as if I wasn't with people i was with and at a place where I could get reasonable medical attention in a short period of time, I could have bleed out and died on the spot. In my case, after about the third rock came over, everyone started yelling and then the kids throwing them paused and looked over the edge of the hill to see what was going on. They then ran and got the camp counselors who notified the camp nurse who was also a trauma rated paramedic. I also don't care about your personal instance of not getting injured when hit with a rock in the past as it says nothing about the seriousness of getting hit with a rock, just the seriousness of when you got hit with a rock.

  27. Re:no firearms != unarmed by D'Sphitz · · Score: 3, Insightful

    At least half of the deceased had nothing to do with the protest, and were simply walking between classes as they were gunned down. Go ahead and defend that.

  28. Re:no firearms != unarmed by arthurpaliden · · Score: 5, Informative

    Was hit in face with a rock. Lost an eye.

  29. Re:Cause and Effect by ultranova · · Score: 3, Insightful

    At some point, the soldiers selected targets and fired on them. No matter what the "tension" or "provocation," those men placed their cross-hairs on people who were obviously not a threat and executed them.

    Protestors are always a threat to those in power, whom the soldiers serve. In the end, the US - or any other country - is no different from China. Fear keeps the people in line. Fear of being killed next.

    --

    Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

  30. Re:no firearms != unarmed by sumdumass · · Score: 2, Insightful

    One of the problems with all or nothing attitudes like yours is that you don't seem to want to look beyond the apparent immediate.

    What I mean is, suppose your right and a single rock being thrown can't seriously harm someone in full riot gear. I bow hunt and have found myself chasing a wounded deer through the woods in order to put it down because it didn't bleed out our I somehow missed my mark and didn't place a critical shot. Now how this connects is that the wounded deer is not capable of running (it's main defense) like it normally would which gives me an advantage in seeking it out and performing the final blow. So you take a wounded police officer or whatever and now nonthreatening things become seriously threatening things.

    But moreover, when you allow a group of people to throw things, you don't know that it's just rocks and not plague infested puss bags or makeshift bombs, grenades, or whatever else that could be more serious even in your eyes, until after the fact which is not any way to protect your law enforcement or yourself.

    Now I'm not here to defend the national guard in their shooting or the Israeli defense forces, I'm here to say that throwing rocks is more serious then you portrayed and whether you want to believe it or not, you can kill someone by doing it. I can see from a tactical perspective where allowing rocks to be thrown can deteriorate into a dead soldier or LEO pretty quick when something seriously more dangerous enters the arena.

    You also have to remember that when Kent State happened, it was still legal to shoot a suspect that was only fleeing. It wasn't until the mid 1970's that the supreme court changed that causing the situations we know today. So when looking at the instance, you have to sort of view it from the perspective of the time or you won't get an accurate view of it.

  31. Re:Recently discovered? by Hutz · · Score: 2, Informative

    Actually, the tape was well known and was used in the original investigations. This is a copy that was made by plaintiffs lawyers and then placed in an archive.

    There doesn't seem to be much information I could discern as to where on the campus the recording was made (a dorm window). Nor does a 20-year-old cassette copy of a 40-year-old reel-to-reel make me put much faith in the information that was "revealed" through unknown audio processing.