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An 8,000 Ton Giant Made the Jet Age Possible
Hugh Pickens writes "Tim Heffernan writes that when 'The Fifty,' as it's known in company circles, broke down three years ago, there was talk of retiring it for good. Instead, Alcoa decided to overhaul their 50,000-ton, 6-story high forging press, now scheduled to resume service early this year. 'What sets the Fifty apart is its extraordinary scale,' writes Heffernan. 'Its 14 major structural components, cast in ductile iron, weigh as much as 250 tons each; those yard-thick steel bolts are also 78 feet long; all told, the machine weighs 16 million pounds, and when activated its eight main hydraulic cylinders deliver up to 50,000 tons of compressive force.' The Fifty could bench-press the battleship Iowa, with 860 tons to spare, but it's the Fifty's amazing precision — its tolerances are measured in thousandths of an inch—that gives it such far-reaching utility. Every manned US military aircraft now flying uses parts forged by the Fifty, as does every commercial aircraft made by Airbus and Boeing making the Jet Age possible. 'On a plane, a pound of weight saved is a pound of thrust gained—or a pound of lift, or a pound of cargo,' writes Heffernan. 'Without the ultra-strong, ultra-light components that only forging can produce, they'd all be pushing much smaller envelopes.' The now-forgotten Heavy Press Program (PDF), inaugurated in 1950 and completed in 1957, resulted in four presses (including the Fifty) and six extruders — giant toothpaste tubes squeezing out long, complex metal structures such as wing ribs and missile bodies. 'Today, America lacks the ability to make anything like the Heavy Press Program machines,' concludes Heffernan, adding that 'The Fifty' will be supplying bulkheads through 2034 for the Joint Strike Fighter. 'Big machines are the product of big visions, and they make big visions real. How about a Heavy Fusion Program?'"
We see various technologies come and go, one hit wonders, ephemeral vapourware and promises of the next big thing.
When I read this, it made the engineer in me happy to think some things last longer.
Bigger is better
That's something completely fascinating that I never knew before! It's days like this that remind me what it was like to be young - when everything was new and exciting. Thanks, internet!
Scientists point out problems, engineers fix them
altslashdot.org: The future of slashdot.
... a pound of weight saved is a pound of thrust gained."
Really? So if I throw two snakes out of the window, the engines will provide one pound more of thrust?
There are Airbus and Boeing planes built using parts made by the lower capacity presses used while this one was unserviceable or down for maintenance...
Modern planes, and other transport/engineering structures, are moving to composites. Which are layered, printed, sometimes pressure baked and squeezed into form. But no longer forged on this scale.
While these machines are awesome, I've wandered along a car body stamping line and watched plates go from a flat sheet to a car door in 100meters, they are becoming less necessary to us. They will still be needed, of course, for some jobs where only such a monster can help, but I think the US should look on these as potential future museum pieces, with nostalgia for a bygone age of megaengineering, rather than a source of future industrial dominance.
"Oops, I always forget the purpose of competition is to divide people into winners and losers." - Hobbes
This thing is neat and maybe that's the best way to do things. But I thought Boeing was talking about additive manufacturing. I know they have ways of making titanium parts using additive manufacturing. I don't know if they're as strong as forged parts. But once that's cracked this forging process should become obsolete in aerospace. After all, why use solid pieces when you can have pieces articulated down to the level of bone. Fine latices of metal interwoven to build parts that have strength to weight ratios similar to what we see in nature. Sure, metal is stronger then bone. But bone is made out of relatively weak materials. If you build something with the same structure out of metal you could get something very strong and very light.
Still, very neat machine. I wonder if the Chinese have such a thing and it sounded like the Germans might?
It would be interesting to know if these machines are critical to a heavy industry economy.
I've decided to stop wasting my time responding to AC trolls/sockpuppets... so if you want a response from me... login.
But is far easier to use for baking... On the other hand it seems like part of the nation is starting to convert:
Metric System Thriving In Nation's Inner Cities
Amazing, but... what is it?
I find it's really depressing
rewriting history since 2109
The Moon is a deserted wasteland.
You mean the grapes are sour. Even you should accept that, despite the moon being a wasteland, it useful to know how to reach it. Even if for some reason we wanted to I dont believe we currently have the capability to.
This is another score for the government and a blow to the idea that provate industry always does everything best.
Some things are simply too expensivre and farsighted for private industry to invest. That's why a decent sized government is needed, to invest massive sums of money in things like this giant press. It has paid back massively.
SJW n. One who posts facts.
If there were only two countries that drove on the left-hand side of the road, or only two countries that didn't speak English, then I'd imagine that there'd be some pretty heavy international pressure for them to get in line with everyone else. Even if the pressure was more subtle, such as imported vehicles costing more as it's a different model to the entire rest of the world...
Specialist Mac support for creative pros, Melbourne
We know how to reach the moon. If for some reason it was necessary to land men on the moon, we could implement a program that would get us back there. Instead, we have rovers on Mars with another huge rover on the way there, a Saturn orbiter, a probe to Pluto, a Mercury orbiter, an asteroid orbiter, ....
I sure as hell wouldn't trade all of that for a couple of guys walking around on the moon again.
Yeah, because that would be a logical choice for the rest of the world. You do realise that the US is much smaller than the rest of the world combined?
Help I am stuck in a signature factory!
I dont know why you are using the UK as the standard... being that it is the only country I'm aware of that still uses the "stone" as a unit of weight measurement.
while(1) attack(People.Sandy);
Maybe the submitter thinks that a "big enough" press will be able to do "heavy fusion?" Never mind that "big enough" in this case would be ~ the size of a dwarf star ...
Let's call it what it is, Anti-Social Media.
"The Fifty will soon be supplying bulkheads for the Joint Strike Fighter"
I'm not a big fan of dumping more money into the military when our science budgets are so thin.
Join the Slashcott! Feb 10 thru Feb 17!
How about 250 megagrams?
"The Moon is a deserted wasteland."
Indeed.
Fix it. Throw enough billions at the project, and get a semi-sustainable base up there. It'll be handy for astronomy, national pride and construction of spacecraft for going further.
It's nice to blame it on defense, but they'd also rather spend MORE on social programs than reduce the social program budgets by 0.1% and give NASA the money they need to fully fund all their desired programs.
(-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
The UK company is mentioned as being build up with cheap government loans, which is a half truth.
Yes, they are getting cheap loans, but only begrudgingly and only after the government had canceled a much larger loan, aimed at letting them produce "ultra large" forgings that few other places in the world can manage, mostly for the nuclear industry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Forgemasters#2010_expansion
But of course, we have to spend billions turning London into a bland commercial fortress for the Olympics. This is not that surprising; money that is meant to be spend on a national level has a nasty habit of being spent within a few miles of London.
But hey, I'm sure the Coalition know what they are doing. I'm sure putting missile launchers of peoples roofs and forbidding British beer brewers from selling stuff in many of the capitals pubs is a far more sensible economic investment than developing world class forging capabilities.
If we can put a man on the moon, why can't we shoot people for Apollo-related non-sequiturs?
And we don't go to the Moon because we've already been there.
And what if the monarchs of the old world felt the same way about the new world?
We probably also lack the capability to build really large Victorian steam locomotives. So? Are you saying people are stupid? If we need to, we will. Obviously someone will maintain this press.
Actually ... the hard part will be getting the steel alloys right more than the forging of them... granted there are very few places in the states that can still forge parts as large as would be needed.
Where am I using the UK as the standard? They are just as ridiculous with their units as the US. I want a metric system to be used as the standard everywhere.
I see that I've been marked as a troll by all the american mods :D I for one could not envisage the scale of the machine thanks to the units used.
The 400 yard long wrench needed to tighten the 10 foot wide bolts was lost when someone (I think we all know who...) used it and never put it back.
A bit of history provides some useful background. During WWII, the area near Pittsburgh PA produced more steel than the rest of the world combined. (But those mills were mostly built with 19th century technology. They were at the 'prime of life' and would have been obsolete soon even without the war.) Steel mills and other heavy industry throughout the rest of the world also were largely destroyed by bombing from one side or the other - mostly Allied bombing of German and Japanese steel mills. So after the war US industry, and particularly US steel, were the only ones still able to produce products. We then lent money to all parties (the Marshall Plan), with the proviso that they had to spend the money on US goods. The boom of the 1950s was the result of this and some other policies (the GI bill was another). This amounted to a postwar bubble.
One of the things that those other countries did was build new steel plants, using the latest technology. By the end of the 1950s these new plants were coming online, able to make steel for much lower prices. At that point the US steel industry, still based on late-19th century mill technology, became completely obsolete. The US steel companies, still competing with each other as well as the rest of the world, could not justify spending $zillions to essentially compete against themselves, while it was well worth while for other countries to develop their own industries, as they were starting from a zero base. This is a classic problem that results in constant turnover in many/most/all industries - it rarely seems like a good idea to build your own competition looking at the short term - all it does is spend money to reduce profits- but it's often a good idea to come in from outside and build the competition to the entrenched, inefficient market leader..
Since the 1970s there have been quite a few new, smaller mills built here using the latest (IIRC NUCOR was one of the first examples) but they still have to work hard to compete with the lower costs elsewhere - lower wages, lower land prices, etc. So it's an uphill battle, and that kind of dominance after WWII was a one-time deal.
One of the side-effects of the loss of those two-mile-long mills in the Pittsburgh area is that the side has become clean. When I lived there (early 1990s) the Carnegie Library and Museum was being scrubbed. The building had been black for 80 years or so. After scrubbing it turned out to be blond! I saw pictures from the 1950s where it was too dark and smoky to see across the street in downtown Pittsburgh. And those big mill areas along the rivers are now available to be turned into parks, housing, light industry, clean industry, whatever. But of course, there aren't many jobs. The population of Pittsburgh now is about 1/3 what it was in 1965. Houses are (or at least were) cheap.
It's easier to be a result of the past, but more fun to be a cause of the future! http://www.spacefinancegroup.com/
http://blog.caranddriver.com/is-this-the-engine-of-the-future-in-depth-with-matti-holtzberg-and-his-composite-engine-block/
This article goes into a little more depth. The block is actually a combination of aluminum and carbon. The parts that see the highest stress and highest temperature still have to be metal.
Also, this engine was announced a year ago, and I haven't been able to find any links to people actually driving one.
Once again we have government spending being instrumental to helping the capitalist free market. Add this to the internet and the highway system as government funded projects that are crucial to technological advancement.
The Moore-Murphy Law: The number of things that will go wrong will double every 2 years.
Have you noticed how this Hugh Pickens guy never ceases to post these long, well-written articles. :) Maybe some newspaper hires him, too.
America doesn't lack the ability, we lack the interest. Out apathy is strong, but I really just don't care.
Heck, I'd settle for putting a lump of coal into it, to get diamonds, just like Superman.
The living have better things to do than to continue hating the dead.
In fact, the nodular cast iron of which many engine parts are made, is itself a composite. The iron (a metal) contains nodules of graphite (carbon) which are roughly spherical and give it a combination of strength and ductility. Although it isn't as strong as a steel forging, nodular cast iron is very versatile and can be cast easily. When I was involved in a British Government kickstarter project over 20 years ago, one of the key objectives for future manufacturing that was identified was a way of producing cast parts in strong materials economically to near finished size, i.e. to eliminate the need for forging.
From scarped cliff or quarried stone she cries "A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing, no not one."
No, a large rich arrogant country with a lot of infrastructure built around its standards that would cost a fortune to change.
Wouldn't it make more sense to put steel sleeves into this, and as you say, other metal parts into high-stress areas? Philosophical purity has little (but not no) place in the real world.
The living have better things to do than to continue hating the dead.
You do realize that defense is about 16-18% of the budget. The rest is all those other things governments do. Cutting defense to $0 will still leave the U.S. with a $600-700 Billion budget gap. And the Me Generation is about to send the rest of the budget into outer space now that they are getting old enough to retire and somehow believe the rest of the country owes them some Golden Years after having to put up with their whining and kvetching for the last 50.
And even if they did reduce the defense budget by 2% (they are talking of reducing it by roughly 12%), what makes you think they will spend it on the space program? The space program isn't going to get any of those critters re-elected whereas promising a chicken in every toilet, or whatever they're promising these days, will.
I think you mean "at the molecular or crystallographic level". Certainly where steels are concerned, the difference between forging and casting has a lot to do with grain structure as well as the pearlite/ferrite mix, and it is these that determine ductility, modulus, ultimate yield and so on. Chemistry has very little to do with it, a rudimentary knowledge nothing at all; irons of the same chemical composition can have very different properties indeed based entirely on the production processes applied to them. This is why welding by the uninstructed can be so dangerous: random heat treatment of steels (and aluminum alloys too) can have drastic effects on their behaviour.
From scarped cliff or quarried stone she cries "A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing, no not one."
Why the downmod? The guy is right: even though /. is us-centric, such a boondongle of units makes the whole text unclear.
One day, the US will switch to metric. And that will be a good day.
Then you know nothing about aviation manufacturers - a modern Airbus aircraft can be over 50% American by weight if chosen with GE or P&W engines, and 40% with RR engines. Airbus has major US suppliers.
Our ability to wage war depends a lot upon heavy industry. I wonder if we went into a situation like WWII if we could survive simply because our heavy industry has declined so greatly. The ability to move supplies by rail or the ability to crank out ships, cheaply and rapidly could make all the difference. We have fabulous weapons but are getting pretty sad in the ability for quick and massive deployments. This seems dangerous to me. There was a point at which we could not cast tank turrets and relied upon England to cast turrets for us in history. I wonder how many things we can not do today.
The author of this paper is obviously biased MPIF 2005 paper but it shows how active research is in this field, with the forging companies and powder metal companies constantly overtaking one another. The paper referenced actually demonstrates the superior fatigue strength of the powder technology used.
Forging involves the distortion of the metal grains, and as such there are always treatment issues with locked-in strain and the effects of any inclusions in the metal. Powder metallurgy has different problems. Neither is a perfect process. But the people who up-moderated drinkypoos comment certainly weren't metallurgists.
From scarped cliff or quarried stone she cries "A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing, no not one."
TFA says:
What sort of defenses surround this Atlantean artifact?
Seastead this.
And what if the monarchs of the old world felt the same way about the new world?
To be fair, after Columbus' initial voyage to the new world, it wasn't any sense of exploration that was driving those expeditions, it was the promise of immense reward due to the reports of those "streets lined with gold". Even Columbus' first voyage wasn't bankrolled just for the sake of exploration, but to find that shorter route to the East.
I bet if Columbus had discovered the New World and found a lunar landscape, it would have been hundreds of years before anyone bothered to return.
Don't misunderstand and think I am critical of pure research, nor am I one of those people that think all scientific research should be driven solely by profitability, but the age of exploration was driven by profit motive just as much as anything else over history. Many of us have grown beyond that short-sighted attitude, but unfortunately we're back in a "if it's not profitable, it's not worth spending money on at all" cycle as far as the people running our government go. The funny thing is, if we'd have had that attitude during WWII and the Cold War, half of the compounds we use today would have likely never been discovered, having come out of labs that were generously funded by taxpayer dollars. Would the internet even exist today if it had been judged solely on it's "profitability" back when it was ARPANET?
Actually, since so much of the major companies/manufacturers/infrastructure needs to deal with international standards, they're already dealing in Metric and the like, they'd probably be just as happy to get rid of US Imperial too.
Vintage computer games and RPG books available. Email me if you're interested.
Having been around a number of steam engines and people who own them I doubt the problem would be with materials. There are people who, as their hobby, restore old steam engines either the locomotive ones or tractors. The technology is basically the same and the large steam tractors are basically just steam locomotive with different running gear. It doesn't appear that Wikipedia or Wikimedia has very good pictures of them so I think I may need to get some pictures next year at the threshing shows. For things like boilers they were typically made from cast iron, or a very mild steel. The forged parts were typically in things like the running gear, like pistons, shafts, axles, etc. Even today there are people who create small 1/10 or so scale fully functional models from off the shelf materials. They will run run them at similar pressures (150-200 psi) as the full size brethren and will actually forge their own parts as these people seem to have the right background knowledge. As far a forging large parts we still do that but as the need for large forged parts has declined (really how many 400 ton trucks or other comparable sized equipment is needed each year) so has capacity to forge the parts.
Time to offend someone
The summary is a summary of the article on BoingBoing, here:
http://boingboing.net/2012/02/13/machines.html
which mentions all of those things. (Specifically, the company that built the press went bankrupt some decades ago and the machines used to cast the parts of that size have been sold for scrap). The link is to a similar article in The Atlantic, for whatever reason.
I don't know where either of you are getting your numbers but these may help:
2010 US federal budget breakdown chart
US Military budget (uses 2010 number)
US Federal Budget (uses 2011 number)
Maybe this impressive chart from the New York Times on the 2011 budget
Then there is the XKCD Money poster that also has a federal budget breakdown Simple fact is that we spend more money on social programs than we do on military (hell I'll even toss in the veterans affairs stuff too if that makes you feel better). Yes we could probably cut massive amounts out of the budget but don't pretend that the majority of our federal spending is on the military granted it is a large portion but still not any where near the majority.
Time to offend someone
If you think that's big, you should see the machine they built it on.
the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
HOLY CRAP that dude is STRONG !
bonus chart
the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
US Federal Budfget, 2010...
Total spending: ~$3.55 trillion.
Total Social Security spending: $695 billion (19.6%)
Total Medicare spending: $453 billion (12.8%)
So, we're over 20% so far.
Total Medicaid spending: $290 billion (8.2%)
Unemployment/Welfare/"other mandatory spending: $571 billion. (16.1%) - note that not all this will be "social programs", but most of it will.
So, total Social programs are ~49.5% of our spending. AT LEAST.
Note that those numbers are only from the "mandatory spending" part of the ledger. It is likely that there are some "social programs" hidden in the "discretionary spending" part of the budget ($1.378 trillion total).
Oh, and finally, it should be noted that "military spending" is $716.2 billion, if you include the VA as part of the military budget. Which is...20.2% of the Federal budget.
So, you're wrong about the military being "the bulk of our spending, and you're also wrong about "social programs are not even 20% of our Federal spending"....
Oh, and note that if we had zeroed the DoD and VA in 2010, the deficit for that year would have been $454 billion, which would still have left it in the top ten deficits ever.
"I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
the grapes are sour.
Learn to fable, idiot.
The fox claimed the grapes were probably sour because he couldn't reach them.
In contrast, we went there, ate the grapes, then decided it wasn't worth the effort to procure more of the same grapes.
the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Two different quantities. The machine weighs 16 million pounds -- aka 8000 tons -- and can apply 50,000 tons force to the workpiece.
Bent, folded, spindled, and mutilated.
What is that ITU international dialling you refer to? The +country prefix that works on cellphones? This is available everywhere in the world, U.S. included. As for calling from landlines -- ah, it's some pipe dream. Travel around some and tell me what international dial prefixes have you seen, because I have 5 on my list, and I haven't even tried very hard. Even for pulse dialing there are two offsets worldwide -- one pulse can mean 0 or 1, depending on where you are, and U.S. is not to blame for that one either. Get off your high horse, would you.
A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
While I have no issue with companies getting the best products and prices from wherever the need to get them.
It makes me sad that now there are some things that the US can no longer make.
The US (My country by the way) now could never pull its head out of its ass to do anything great.
Why is it so hard to only have politicians for a few years, then have them go away?
no the submitter is wrongly thinking that if you'd take over the europe now you would find working fusion reactor models to clone with government money....
world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
oh, dear. Nice straw man dude. In many ways, you have just clinched the matter for us due to the confusion between pound-mass and pound-force. All the more reason for this shit to just go away.
Oh, I don't mind using Newtons either.
I was commenting on the GPs misleading use of terms. Anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of chemistry (see his post) would not be able to understand why tiny amounts of additives can have such large effects. Surface effects and the use of different atomic species as dislocation stoppers are neither basic chemistry nor much of a help to understanding why all of forging, casting and powder/composite metallurgy behave as they do.
From scarped cliff or quarried stone she cries "A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing, no not one."
One thing's for sure: We're all going to be a lot thinner.
Dear potential enemies: If you want to cripple the US aircraft manufacturing industry at the outset of WWIII, take out this forging press first. Sigh.
struggle to keep our 50+ year old machines running China has at least two 65k+ ton forging presses.
I think you may be conflating rolling mills with the actual production of steel from raw materials. Pittsburgh had both in the time frame you mentioned.
NUCOR and other small producers you mention do not make steel... They melt scrap and re-alloy. From a recycling standpoint, this is good. But where would we be in WWIII prevented the flow of steel manufactured in China and Korea to the US? We can only melt scrap for so long...
And Yes, I used to work for ALCOA, and have seen the Big Press making titanium wishbones for jet fighters... It really is impressive. But at the time, it was the *second* biggest press in the world - the largest was (is?) in Russia.
Of how we are just living off the production of an earlier age, just a bunch of cavemen foraging in the garbage.
"If any question why we died, Tell them because our fathers lied."
I just wanted to thank you for your misinformed post because the other two replies were gold mines of actual factual information from which I learned a lot.
What is that ITU international dialling you refer to? The +country prefix that works on cellphones? This is available everywhere in the world, U.S. included. As for calling from landlines -- ah, it's some pipe dream
Then the US landline system must have regressed, because I made international calls from the US on a landline, using +country, back in the late '80's or early '90's.
USA is the only country that uses MM/DD/YYYY
Well, there's Canada, but they use MM/DD/YYYY and DD/MM/YYYY - and YYYY-MM-DD.
USA is the only country that does not understand 24hr time ...(except the Military)
See previous link.
USA (and others in NANPA) is the only country that does not have ITU international dialling
Presumably you mean "all of NANPA has the same ITU-T E.164 country code".
Pray tell, how did you enter + using DTMF? Or was it a digital landline, and if so -- which kind? In the U.S., the standard international prefix is 011.
A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
Perhaps I wasn't clear: + is not a stand in for a prefix. It's an actual character that you can enter on a cellphone, or on a VOIP phone. I haven't looked into the standards, but presumably ISDN handles + as well, and surely SS7 does, because that's pretty much what runs over the GSM transport IIRC.
A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
I would agree with you if Social programs was 70% of our spending, but in reality it's not even 20%. Defense is the bulk of our spending
Well, bulk of our "discretionary" spending. The New York Times's "Obama’s 2011 Budget Proposal: How It’s Spent" chart (requires Flash) shows that - click on "Hide Mandatory Spending". That's probably what most of the replies to your post are talking about.
and is not needed to be that large.
That I certainly find credible.
Pray tell, how did you enter + using DTMF?
By pressing "011" on my phone's keypad. Next question? (If the next question is "how did I know I didn't want to dial the operator?", the answer is "because I pressed the "1"s quickly enough after pressing the "0" - next next question?)
In my spare time, I work with a museum that restores steam equipment. Nothing as well-known as the NPK 765, or the UP 844 though...
.. but in either case, with so few companies able to make the parts (and even fewer who can conform to FRA standards), things get expensive rather quickly
You're right on the materials of the boiler, and a few other parts being more or less "common" cast iron (or steel), but there are other bits made from alloys that are more difficult to work with. For example, the cylinder liners needed to be repaired/replaced -- samples were taken to metallurgists, who thought we were BSing them because of the composition (whatever it is, it's still *hard* to get right nearly 100 years after this particular locomotive was completed -- assuming these liners are the originals...). Re-reading my original post, I intended to say "casting" rather than forging
I'd have to do more research on the 1/10 models -- I'm much more familiar with the G-scale models that operate at like 35 PSI or so...
Indeed. Not clear cut at all when so many of the loans made by the federally owned Export-Import Bank are made to the company that its nickname is the "Bank of Boeing".
Space game using normal deck of cards: http://BattleCards.org
Perhaps I wasn't clear: + is not a stand in for a prefix.
International Telecommunications Union Recommendation E.123 says otherwise:
Perhaps some phones allow you to press a "+" key to enter your current locale's international prefix (especially on mobile phones, where a trip might change what that prefix is), but I know of no telephone networks where the only way to make an international call requires that you enter a "+" key.
It's an actual character that you can enter on a cellphone, or on a VOIP phone.
...as well as being a "procedural symbol" used in "international telephone numbers ... on letterheads, business cards, bills, etc." (to quote the Summary of E.123).
I haven't looked into the standards, but presumably ISDN handles + as well
Well, E.164 says, in Annex B "Application of international ITU-T E.164-numbers for ISDN"
but that doesn't say anything about the international prefix, perhaps because the international prefix is country-dependent and the digit analysis required to recognize the international prefix is also country-dependent.
What happens inside the network is not necessarily relevant to what people dial.
and surely SS7 does
People don't directly talk to SS7 - again, what happens inside the network is not necessarily relevant to what people dial.
I imagine, however, that it is all moot, because Ford isn't going to go with your gut feeling engineering.
As for paint- depends on function. Powder paint processes are nothing to do with powder metallurgy. Appropriate paint is all about substrate, environment and usage (like you cannot touch up powder paint or use it on abs, so it is no good for cars).
From scarped cliff or quarried stone she cries "A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing, no not one."
The heavy press is essentially an enormous metalworking machine, the theoretical background of which is well understood. The basic machine is primitive. What makes it significant is that it provides unique utility simply because of its scale.
What would be comparable in modern terms are gigantic, high-speed rapid prototyping machines with work envelopes exceeding 50 x 50 x 50 feet. Preferably selective laser-sintering, with the ability to build the entire mechanical structure of a jet without a single weld or rivet.
The guys at the big threshing show here seem to be big into making those 1/10 (best guess) models and they are quite impressive. One guy has miniature hand built 1/10 or so scale Minneapolis steam tractor (sames as the big one pictured in my previous post) and some small hand built trailers that he gives kids rides on, and that one he is running at about 150 PSI. Of course these are built and designed by guys in their spare time out on their farms. I can see the cylinder liners needing to be made from something other than cast iron or mild steel but I would have thought that there would be a suitable modern replacement material that wouldn't get super expensive, or is it mostly because of the size?
If you work with any narrow gauge stuff you might want to check out these guys. They have some rather impressive stuff the largest of which is the Chicago Burlington & Quincy No. 5629 even though it is standard gauge instead of narrow gauge. They also have some of the engines that ran on the cog railway up Pike's Peak, and those are some mean looking little engines yet still a bit goofy looking.
Time to offend someone
It wasn't repaired, it was replaced. It has 14 main heavy components. This article: http://aciers.free.fr/index.php/2010/10/01/siempelkamp-breaks-own-world-record-us/ Says the German company made the 14 main heavy components...
Google docs has an interesting 14 page manual for the beast, but slashdot thinks the url is too long...
When you put it that way, it's less impressive. I used to have (ok, have access to) a 300 ton press that weighed less than 5 tons. This thing is only capable of putting out ~6.5x it's own weight? Hrmph.
On another note, we don't remotely lack the ability to make another one. I expect they're just rather expensive, and we don't need two. If this one ever goes out of service and we really need one, we WILL make another one.
"It makes me sad that now there are some things that the US can no longer make."
We can make anything we used to make, and many never before made.
It's just that we are led by weenies ( politically and economically ).
And that is what there is to be sad about.
emt 377 emt 4
It's probably the size moreso than the metallurgy (though, like I said ... I was told the guys in the lab thought we were pulling some kind of prank when they ran the tests on a part of one of them) -- the main drive cylinders of the locomotive we're working on are 26" bore with 30" stroke (IIRC, might be a little bigger/smaller in one/both of the directions, since it got retrofitted with a new pair of cylinders after an accident in the '30s or '40s), and the liner itself is something like 1/4" thick, with just a hint of taper on the outer surface so it is easier to get into the cylinder casting (again, don't remember the numbers, but something like 1/32" over the length of the casting). It also has some "complex" voids in it for venting the steam, which apparently need to be cast in, rather than cut out after the fact.
OK, it's an issue of terminology, then. I was incorrectly using '+' -- for you (and in the standards) it literally is equivalent to some numerical prefix. Not so from the user perspective, though -- not in most cases. All GSM phones, and many VOIP systems, display + to mean the international prefix, and completely hide the numerical prefix from you. You never deal with a numerical prefix. You press "+" followed by the country code. Also, phone numbers displayed on GSM phones that I've ever seen, are either local or use the + symbol to mean the prefix. Even my interminable NOKIA 1100 on a prepaid network displays all US phone numbers, whether local or not, as +1xxxyyyzzzz.
So, what I meant by '+country' was that you don't need to know that in the U.S. it is 011, in EU it is 00 (I recall when in Sweden it was 009), in Japan it's 010, in Australia 0011, in Russia 810 (other exist), etc. It's a mess, I wish everyone simply used ITU recommended 00.
A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
Re-read the article, the metal parts are liners and he is replacing those with composites.
"Holtzberg plans on switching to a molybdenum plasma spray coating in place of aluminum cylinder liners to trim additional pounds."
Those things that we could make and accomplish before. Those things that other countries at the time found too difficult or impossible to do or make were things that we did in the US out of sheer will and leadership.
The US no longer has the Will.
Apollo 1 caught fire on the landing pad and killed 3 astronauts,
A little over 2 years later we had 2 guys standing on the moon.
People die now and entire programs get shut down for years. We no longer have the will to reach.
Why is it so hard to only have politicians for a few years, then have them go away?
True. We need to get it back.
emt 377 emt 4
It's so damned refreshing so see the term "tolerances are measured in thousandths of an inch". AAARRRRGGGHHHHH!!!!
That typewriter would have seen less use in it's lifetime than some office typewriters in the 1950s would have seen in a couple of years. It's a tool designed for constant use for years. It's expected modes of failure would be wear related and not age related (indoors so not likely to corrode much) so it would last indefinitely in storage.
It's not overdesigned, instead it's designed for reliability with hard and repeated use. To use some analogies - it's server or telco class not a cheap desktop machine, or a Mercedes not a Datsun 120Y.
Heck, I'd settle for putting a lump of coal into it, to get diamonds, just like Superman.
Shove it up Cameron's ass. Sure, it might take two weeks, but reports are that it works.
Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
If you are an expert in a field that no longer exists you move on instead of just waiting for your job to appear again. If you can't make rocket parts then maybe you can machine whistles that imitate the mating calls of ducks and pay the bills that way.
The manufacturing base has moved on and we can't expected to be saved by a duck sex machiner.
It's going to take real work and a lot of resources committed by a lot of people instead of just expecting people to come back and work with gear that was scrapped long ago.
The powder metal parts are forged after sintering to get 100% density instead of leaving lots of little holes throughout. The cost saving is in having to do less forging or machining than other ways.
Forging strengthens by creating more disorder in the crystal structure at the atomic level (dislocations), and to break the material you have to overcome some of that first. It's the same as "work hardening" only that it's possible to do more of it hot without breaking the object.
Aww, did I hurt your feeling? I do apologise; us Europeans are usually able to laugh at ourselves, my mistake.
Your parody of Britishism isn't too bad - a bit stilted and too much "My Fair Lady", but not a bad effort. I'll give 7 out of 10.
a modern Airbus aircraft can be over 50% American by weight if ...
if....10% of the passengers are Americans?