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Sweden Imports European Garbage To Power the Nation

Hugh Pickens writes "NPR reports that Sweden's program of generating energy from garbage is wildly successful, but recently its success has also generated a surprising issue: There is simply not enough trash. Sweden has recently begun to import about eight hundred thousand tons of trash from the rest of Europe per year to use in its power plants. Sweden already brings trash from Norway and hopes to get garbage from Italy, Romania, Bulgaria and the Baltic countries. Sweden creates energy for around 250,000 homes and powers one-fifth of the district heating system. Its incineration plants offer a look into the future where countries could potentially make money off of their trash instead of dumping. Landfilling of organic materials – a highly inefficient and environmentally degrading system (PDF) — has been forbidden in Sweden since 2005 and emissions of the greenhouse gas methane from landfills has fallen dramatically (PDF). 'I hope that we instead will get the waste from Italy or from Romania or Bulgaria or the Baltic countries because they landfill a lot in these countries,' says Catarina Ostlund, a senior advisor for the country's environmental protection agency. 'They don't have any incineration plants or recycling plants, so they need to find a solution for their waste.'"

41 of 165 comments (clear)

  1. First Post by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    If only forum spam could be processed into electricity.

  2. Bloody socialists by pr0nbot · · Score: 4, Funny

    Bloody socialists. My garbage is mine to dispose of as I see fit -- after, all I created it through my own private endeavour! To see it wrested from my hands is frankly an assault on my liberty and a chilling curb on garbage creators like me everywhere. By golly, if they take too much of my garbage, I'll be forced to move overseas.

    1. Re:Bloody socialists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      As opposed to capitalists, who only license you the garbage ...

    2. Re:Bloody socialists by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 4, Funny

      Don't worry, this only applies to Eurotrash.

      --
      If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
    3. Re:Bloody socialists by captainpanic · · Score: 4, Insightful

      All you have to do to understand the true capitalist way you can deal with garbage is go to Napoli in Southern Italy, where the mafia own the garbage business.

    4. Re:Bloody socialists by jalopezp · · Score: 4, Funny

      Garbage collection in Naples is handled by the municipality afak. Remember that trash issue a few years ago? If the mafia had been in charge of trash, all the trash would have disappeared. No one makes things disappear like the mafia.

    5. Re:Bloody socialists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      In recent history some mafia groups went into the hazardous chemicals disposals business. They used to have a disturbingly high rate of "accidents" at sea in which they lost their cargo over the side of the boat. That's a much better example of how unregulated organisations deal with waste. Out at sea, every problem can be somebody else's problem!

    6. Re:Bloody socialists by Misagon · · Score: 3, Informative

      Trash from Napoli is already being incinerated in Sweden. At Värtaverket in Stockholm.

      story (Swedish).

      --
      "We mustn't be caught by surprise by our own advancing technology" -- Aldous Huxley
    7. Re:Bloody socialists by interkin3tic · · Score: 4, Funny

      Yes, but where will it stop? After they've taken control of Europe's natural trash resources, they'll turn to Russia, then it will only be a matter of time before they attack us on our own jersey shores.

    8. Re:Bloody socialists by ColdWetDog · · Score: 4, Funny

      So criminal organizations should are good and should be nurtured?

      Well that's why we have elections, isn't it?

      --
      Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
    9. Re:Bloody socialists by sky770 · · Score: 2

      Come to India.. Here we have more than enough we could've ever imagined.

  3. Haven't read TFA by ledow · · Score: 4, Interesting

    But, how much energy does it take to move that amount of waste, from those countries, to Sweden, sort, process, and extract energy from them compared to, say, the useful energy out from the process that's heating those 250,000 homes (which doesn't seem an awful lot, and I live in the UK which is smaller but has more people in it)?

    Surely the transport costs alone would mean it would be better to buy the diesel used to transport that amount of material, then burn that directly?

    How is this "green"?

    1. Re:Haven't read TFA by vlm · · Score: 4, Insightful

      But, how much energy does it take to move that amount of ...

      It can't be worse than coal because it doesn't take any energy to break it loose from the earth and crush it, and the labor at the small scale is "free" you don't have to pay people to put trash in a trash can (but at higher levels a truck of coal costs about as much to drive as a truck of garbage) Admittedly the energy content per Kg is probably a bit lower so its not going to be as much of a win over coal as you'd guess. But it certainly won't be worse.

      The real killer energy cost / green issue is exhaust emissions scrubbing. Not selling electronic devices with lead based solder doesn't mean all durable goods made with lead solder instantly disappeared. Plenty of things in the trash that you wouldn't want to breathe after burning. You'd like to think special bins for plastic and electronics magically means the "food refuse" bin is pristine pure 100% lead and plastic and paint free, but its not, and the required scrubbing just in case is expensive.

      --
      "Science flies us to the moon. Religion flies us into buildings." - Victor Stenger
    2. Re:Haven't read TFA by i · · Score: 2

      Not necessarily. You have to transport whatever fuel You use. E g the oil from middle east. (By burning diesel...)

      Here You could have the fuel in the local district or in a neighbour country. And You have to take care of the trash anyway! *Which in itself costs energi*

      --
      Mundus Vult Decipi
    3. Re:Haven't read TFA by ledow · · Score: 2

      Okay, so *someone* has to pay to put the fuel into that foreign country in the first place, then pay for the extra bit in the tank required to move it *and* the cargo to its destination.

      Whatever way you look at it, you paid to move X amount of rubbish to your country and burn it, where you could have just moved Y amount of oil to your country and burned it instead without any intermediate losses and conversions and it wouldn't have cost any more.

      But the *killer* is that you're still burning diesel, just indirectly to move vehicles carrying your fuel (and generating waste heat and pollution) instead of just burning it AS a fuel.

    4. Re:Haven't read TFA by Zocalo · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Perhaps they are planning on avoiding the use of diesel? Most of the EU's main rail networks have been electrified for years, so if the Swedes are serious about making this environmentally efficient then I suspect they'd be looking at freighting the garbage in bulk on trains using that. As long as you can generate more power from a given train load of garbage that it takes to freight it then you are on to a winner - and that's before you consider the environmental and ecological impact of just dumping it all into landfill.

      --
      UNIX? They're not even circumcised! Savages!
    5. Re:Haven't read TFA by Sqr(twg) · · Score: 5, Informative

      The elecric energy that can be recovered from one tonne of waste (0.5 MWh) is approximately sufficient to transport one tonne of cargo the circumference of the Earth by rail or sea. The distances discussed here are significantly shorter than that.

      (In addition, incineration generates about 2 MWh of heat per tonne, but that can only be used for applications like domestic heating, not for transport.)

    6. Re:Haven't read TFA by Sqr(twg) · · Score: 5, Informative

      I made a mistake in my calculation. The electric energy is only enough to go half the circumference of the Earth. The conclusion still holds, tough.

    7. Re:Haven't read TFA by FishTankX · · Score: 5, Informative

      You would be surprised.

      Trains can get about 400 ton-miles per galon of diesel.

      So if it's 1600 miles to sweden by rail, that means that you're burning 4 gallons of diesel per ton of garbage transported.

      4 gallons of diesel is about 32 pounds. So you're getting around 60 pounds of trash for 1 gallon of diesel.

      I've seen some figures that peg municipal waste as ~4000 BTU/lb. If you're doing cogen then that's almost all used.

      Diesel is probably closer to 16,000 BTU's per pound but even at those ratios, you're getting about 500 pounds diesel equivalent of energy out of 32 pounds of diesel.

      That is a highly favorable ratio so no, it does not make transporting the garbage less energy efficent than burning diesel. Not by a long shot.

      Also, if you believe in anthropogenic global warming, eliminating garbage by burning it keeps it from producing the much more AGW effecting methane gas.

    8. Re:Haven't read TFA by Seeteufel · · Score: 2

      You don't get it, Romania and Bulgaria do not have a garbage disposal problem (Italy actually has), Sweden has over-capacity in its waste burning plants and thus imports waste to keep them powered.

    9. Re:Haven't read TFA by FaxeTheCat · · Score: 2

      If oil comes from Norway via pipes probably not

      No pipes for the Swedes! They can get our trash, but oil? NEVER!

    10. Re:Haven't read TFA by gadget+junkie · · Score: 4, Interesting

      [...] So, in country like Italy disposing of garbage is a costly problem and it is not unlikely that the government would be happy to pay.

      About the cost of moving oil, well if you import your oil from Saudi, then it is cheaper to import rubbish from Italy. If oil comes from Norway via pipes probably not, but oil i definetely more expansive than garbage

      I beg to disagree. Garbage producing countries are paying to get rid of the thing, including transport costs. I do not see the Saudis paying the swedes to get rid of the oil which is staining the inside of the oil wells. In the end the Swedes are only selling a service: how to part morons from their money. Luckily, now there's an economic crisis, so we're starting incinerating plants over here in italy too.
      Pity is, they're owned and/or controlled by the municipalities, so none of those will use garbage from outside their administrative area: plants are built too small, etc.etc., so as a country the problem will remain.

      --
      "If a boss demands loyalty, give him integrity. But if he demands integrity, give him loyalty." (John Boyd, 1927-1997)
    11. Re:Haven't read TFA by mikael · · Score: 3, Funny

      India had a similar situation. With great pomp and ceremony, the Indian energy minister announced the "switching-on" of the first trash-burning power plant. He pressed the big red start button, and the furnaces start up. The generating power dial slowly rose and then stopped way below target to much applause. After he went away, they did an investigation and discovered ... that anything burnable (car tyres, wood, boxes, packaging was already being recycled. What was left was just soggy wet compost.

      --
      Vintage computer adverts: http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/computers-and-software-ads
    12. Re:Haven't read TFA by Frekja · · Score: 2

      Well, maybe not coal because of the amount of CO2 coal emits, but you have to factor in the conversion efficiency - 25% for badly designed mass burn vs 56% for CCGT; the amount of water that has to be evaporated before the rubbish will burn; and the amount of energy/carbon that went into plastic production (if you're comparing against recycling or reuse). A recent ENDS report (respected UK environmental trade journal) reported that if the amount of biomass in waste is below 65%, you get less CO2 from just burning gas - this calculation excludes embedded CO2 in plastics. The other problem with burning waste is that it's not a very good way of getting value out of waste. Put simply, a tonne of recycled plastic is worth more than the amount of electricity you get when you burn that tonne of plastic. The trouble is that Europe (Sweden in this case) has overinvested in burning infrastructure, so has to feed the incineration plants.

  4. Great solution! by jenningsthecat · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Because, of course, it contributes NO greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

    When are we going to get serious about NOT actively promoting global warming with every 'solution' we come up with? Sure, incineration reduces methane emissions, but couldn't we either recycle more, (and more efficiently), and/or just consume less?

    Our pursuit of 'shiny' is killing us.

    --
    'The Economy' is a giant Ponzi scheme whose most pitiable suckers are the youngest among us and the yet-unborn.
    1. Re:Great solution! by RabidReindeer · · Score: 3, Interesting

      couldn't we either recycle more, (and more efficiently), and/or just consume less?

      I'm all for that. Although since the Swedes have a garbage shortage, maybe they're already doing that reasonably well.

      As it is, they may be producing greenhouse gases, but at least they're producing them from waste that has to be disposed of anyway and not trucking in fossil fuels that require extraction, refining and transport in addition to the energy consumed in hauling waste.

      Every little bit helps.

    2. Re:Great solution! by Skinny+Rav · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Because, of course, it contributes NO greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

      When are we going to get serious about NOT actively promoting global warming with every 'solution' we come up with? Sure, incineration reduces methane emissions, but couldn't we either recycle more, (and more efficiently), and/or just consume less?

      Our pursuit of 'shiny' is killing us.

      First of all Sweden seems to recycle as much as possible to the point they ran out of garbage and have to import it.

      Second, this matter would decompose anyway releasing (as you noticed) methane, a much worse greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If in those countries all this garbage would end up on landfills, why not to burn it thus both reducing coal burning and reducing methane emissions?

      Third, nothing is lost. Do you think that if Sweden wasn't burning Italian trash, Italians would start recycling?

    3. Re:Great solution! by Ginger+Unicorn · · Score: 2

      The size of the population is the force multiplier. It doesn't matter what percentage you reduce each individual's consumption by, the impact is quickly swamped by the larger and larger number of individuals alive. Population control is by far the most effective and realistic way of have a large impact on resource consumption. Financial incentives to have one or less children is one answer.

      --
      (1.21 gigawatts) / (88 miles per hour) = 30 757 874 newtons
    4. Re:Great solution! by IrquiM · · Score: 2

      Erh, the problem here is that Swedes recycles too much!

      --
      This is blinging
    5. Re:Great solution! by swillden · · Score: 4, Informative

      Population is a non-problem. Growth is already basically zero (and often negative) in the developed world, and leveling off in the developing world. We've already reached "peak child", to use Hans Rosling's terminology. Due to the trajectory already in place we will reach ~10B population by around 2050, but that's it. We need to figure out how to handle that many people, but no more, and in fact beyond 2050 there's every reason to expect that the population will begin to decline, barring significant improvements in longevity.

      http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_religions_and_babies.html

      An excellent book I'd recommend to anyone who is scared of the future is "Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think". This Swedish garbage burning is an example of the healthy trajectory the world is on... no, it's not a perfect solution, but it's a significant improvement, both in greenhouse gases and in waste management, and it will be followed by other significant improvements. We're following an exponential curve of improvements in efficiency and cleanliness while the population growth is leveling off.

      --
      Note to ACs: I usually delete AC replies without reading them. If you want to talk to me, log in.
  5. The enviromental Sweden by the_arrow · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Swedes are very good at recycling and waste separation. Even McDonald et al. have different trash bins for everything.

    --
    / The Arrow
    "How lovely you are. So lovely in my straightjacket..." - Nny
    1. Re:The enviromental Sweden by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      Well, at least Sweden has a "Pollutor pays"-inspired law in place, meaning that anyone who sells anything must pay for the costs of taking care of the waste produced throughout the the lifecycle of the product (even from packaging of the product).

    2. Re:The enviromental Sweden by FaxeTheCat · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I can understand why you posted this anonymously...

    3. Re:The enviromental Sweden by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Swedes aren't as stupid as you are. Even kids know how to sort their trash.

  6. Oil Drilling by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Meanwhile, in the United States of America, the discussion is Oil Drilling. Not trying to troll, but you guys need to get your priorities straight. It was not long ago you guys were pointing out the way forward and the world needs you to do so again.

  7. The real money is in the trash by tomhath · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Generating electricity from trash is pretty inefficient, the US had almost 200 incinerators in 1990 but roughly half of them have been shut down due to economics. The real money for Sweden is the fee for taking trash from European countries that don't have (or won't build) landfills. Still, in the long run it seems make more sense to burn it rather than just bury it even if burning is more expensive in the short term..

    1. Re:The real money is in the trash by Grayhand · · Score: 2

      Generating electricity from trash is pretty inefficient, the US had almost 200 incinerators in 1990 but roughly half of them have been shut down due to economics. The real money for Sweden is the fee for taking trash from European countries that don't have (or won't build) landfills. Still, in the long run it seems make more sense to burn it rather than just bury it even if burning is more expensive in the short term..

      I was living in LA when they had to shut down the main dump because they filled in a valley. That shows how unsustainable our current system is of disposing of waste. Most of the plastics can be converted to various forms of fuel from diesel and fuel oil to a form of gasoline. Most of the rest is burned. So long as you filter the smoke the system works well since high temperatures break down most of the toxic materials. You mostly get carbon and trace amounts of metals. It's how they safely get rid of chemical weapons. Most organics turn back to carbon at high temperatures. If you want to capture the CO2 run it through a few hundred greenhouses. Waste heat from the plant can keep them warm and the plants grow faster and greener under higher levels of CO2. The extra food you produce would add to the cost effectiveness.

  8. Actually pretty clever partial solution! by feepcreature · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Because, of course, it contributes NO greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

    We're some way off global, carbon-free energy production, as you point out. But that's not the problem this is solving.

    Of course energy from garbage contributes greenhouse gases. But this is not displacing greenhouse-gas-free nuclear or wave power generation - it is reducing the dependency on high-running-cost, greenhouse-gas-producing oil / gas / coal power. So it increases sustainability to that extent. That is a good thing. And less landfill is also a good thing.

    It's not about "shiny", so much as improving things where and when we can. But we need to increase reuse and recycling (in that order), and reduce waste caused by built-in obsolescence, excess packaging, and excessive consumption too.

    --
    Paul "Say no to feeping creaturism"
  9. Re:For the record by should_be_linear · · Score: 2

    Landfills, or as they call them in Italy: Towns.

    --
    839*929
  10. only to reappear off the coast of Somalia by 1800maxim · · Score: 2

    read up on the nuclear waste disposal handled by mafia. the ship conveniently sunk off the coast of somalia.

    granted they also dump stuff off the coast of italy.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_waste_dumping_by_the_'Ndrangheta

  11. Re:EPA and emissions by mcgrew · · Score: 2

    Columbus Ohio had a trash burning power plant but it got shut down in the mid 1980's because of the costs of environmental regulations.

    There was one in the St Louis area, too -- my uncle worked there. He smoked four packs of Kools per day through the one lung he hadn't lost to TB and died from COPD at age 60. But I'd wager he might have had another five or ten years had he worked somewhere else.

    There is a Monsanto plant in Sauget, across the river from St Louis. Before environmental regs you had to roll the windows up driving past, even in 95 degree weather and there was no car AC back then, because the air burned your lungs and made it painful to breathe. Not now, you don't smell anything driving past.

    Those expensive environmental regulations are worth every penny -- not to the polluter, but to those of us who breathe. If you can't afford to clean up the messes you make, don't make the messes in the first place.