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Memory Effect Discovered In Lithium-Ion Batteries

rwise2112 writes "Lithium-ion batteries have long been thought to be free of the memory effects of other rechargeable batteries. However, this appears to be not the case. Scientists at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, together with colleagues from the Toyota Research Laboratories in Japan have now discovered that a widely-used type of lithium-ion battery has a memory effect."

20 of 157 comments (clear)

  1. paywall derp by SpaceManFlip · · Score: 5, Informative

    shit's paywalled man, no good for Freedom Internets

    1. Re:paywall derp by Vanderhoth · · Score: 4, Funny

      It's ok, No one here needs to read the article anyway. I kid of course ;)

  2. Small effect big consequences by geoskd · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The question is: how big is the effect. Even a small effect will cause significant distortions in battery metering, but if the effect is large enough, it will cause the batteries not to last any where near as many cycles as originally believed. This could really suck for electric car owners. Any '07 Roadster owners out there care to share how well the batteries are holding up?

    -=Geoskd

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    1. Re:Small effect big consequences by jeffmeden · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The question is: how big is the effect. Even a small effect will cause significant distortions in battery metering, but if the effect is large enough, it will cause the batteries not to last any where near as many cycles as originally believed. This could really suck for electric car owners. Any '07 Roadster owners out there care to share how well the batteries are holding up?

      -=Geoskd

      According to what I could read of TFA without paying $32, the memory effect is actually seen just during discharge, as a function of distorting the voltage vs w/hr capacity. The overall w/hr capacity of the battery is not reduced, but the ability to exactly determine SOC is diminished at mid voltage levels.

      I am not a chemist, so input from someone with more insight on the exact study would be appreciated.

    2. Re:Small effect big consequences by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      Pretty accurate. They see a small deflection on what was commonly believed to be a smooth curve near the previous peak charge.voltage. It does not affect the overall charge capacity of the battery over time (what people commonly think about when "memory effect" is used), just the ability of the charge/lifetime remaining software to make accurate estimates.

      For all examples shown, a user would be told they have significantly more charge remaining until near that point, then immediately after it would appear their predicted battery life would drop dramatically, and then it would stabilize again. It makes sense that this would be of keen interest to Toyota and other electric vehicle manufacturers.

      If their graphs are as accurate, noise-free and reproducible as the figures lead the reader to believe... then the good news is, this effect can probably be accurately modeled and compensated for now that we know it exists. In that respect, it is a significant step forward for Li charge remaining prediction software.

    3. Re:Small effect big consequences by tibit · · Score: 3, Informative

      Voltage monitoring should be just one aspect of charge determination. Properly done charge monitoring integrates the electrical charge actually delivered to or taken out of the battery -- as in taking the time integral of the current. The cell voltage should only used together with other indicators (cell temperature!) to determine each cell's health and charge/discharge endpoints (fully charged and fully discharged). The cell voltage should not figure in normal battery "% remaining" indications -- those solely base on the charge taken out of the battery, and the estimation of the 100% charge capacity.

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    4. Re:Small effect big consequences by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      The question is: how big is the effect. Even a small effect will cause significant distortions in battery metering,

      True, and this is what is seen.

      but if the effect is large enough, it will cause the batteries not to last any where near as many cycles as originally believed.

      Rubbish. It doesn't diminish the battery's capacity, just changes the q-v characteristic DURING CHARGING. Even if it were a large effect, it's still not going to effect total capacity, or estimating remaining charge by measuring voltage during discharge.

      Notes regarding this:
      1. This effect is shown in LiFePO4, which is commonly marketed as a "safe" chemistry Li-ion. Laptop and mobile phone batteries almost universally use LiCoO, which is not, AFAIK, addressed in this research. The Tesla Roadster also uses either LiCoO or LiMnO (I've seen conflicting reports -- probably because these two have similar electrical characteristics -- and both have much better energy density than LiFePO4), so your plea to Roadster owners seems a little odd...
      2. This effect is caused by starting with discharged battery, charging partially (greatest effect for charging ~50%), discharging completely, then recharging completely. During the final (complete) charge process, the voltage starts at baseline (i.e. full-discharge/full-charge cycle, at the same % charging), increases slightly faster than baseline, so that the voltage difference over baseline peaks at 50% (or whatever state you partially charged it to), then increases more slowly than baseline to arrive at the same voltage when fully charged -- so capacity measured while charging will be overestimated. On the subsequent discharge, however, the q-v characteristic conforms to the baseline -- so capacity remaining will be measured accurately when a device is in use.

    5. Re:Small effect big consequences by wildsurf · · Score: 3, Informative

      Any '07 Roadster owners out there care to share how well the batteries are holding up?

      My '08 Roadster (there are no '07 roadsters) has 33k miles on it, and after 4 1/2 years, its battery capacity has been reduced about 8%. I now get 225 miles on a full charge, down from 244 on day 1. That's even better than Tesla's initial projections, actually.

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    6. Re:Small effect big consequences by swalve · · Score: 3, Insightful

      The only way to know the state of charge is by measuring voltage. Sometimes, batteries fail in that they never manage to get to their "charged up" voltage. Other times, they fail where they appear to top off instantly, and since the voltage is correct, the battery utilities think it is charged. The only way to actually test a battery is to put a known load on it and see how long it takes to hit a certain voltage.

      What you experienced was not memory effect, but one or more of the cells failing. Some of them probably would never charge completely up, and the other cells got pushed into over voltage to compensate. If you have cells in series, this is pretty much going to happen sometimes.

  3. And that type of battery is.... by DigitAl56K · · Score: 4, Informative

    LiFePO4.

    Cliffhangers in the summary now?

    1. Re:And that type of battery is.... by afidel · · Score: 4, Interesting

      And I wouldn't call LiFePO4 "widely used", it's hardly used at all in the west due to extremely high royalty rates charged by the patent holders. I'd actually love to use LiFePO4 cells for my camping solar setup but the only ones I can find are dodgy Chinese imports with questionable charge controllers.

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  4. Wrong description by folderol · · Score: 5, Informative

    I do wish people would stop calling it a 'memory effect'. It's probably the least descriptive term your could apply.

    I don't know about Lithium batteries but NiCad cells exhibit a second plateau which gradually gets more difficult for the charge system to punch through. The usual cure is a couple of heavy charge/discharge cycles.

    Don't think I want to try that with Lithium though!

  5. Laptop batteries, anyone? by toygeek · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I've always wondered why they say that Lithium Ion and Lithium Polymer batteries don't have a memory effect, when even laptop batteries based on those technologies die after several years, and NOT because of charge cycles. I'm talking about the ones that stay plugged in most of their lives, charging. Maybe its the lack of charge cycles that kills them? But to say Lithium batteries have no memory effect has always been ludicrous to me.

    1. Re:Laptop batteries, anyone? by Maximum+Prophet · · Score: 4, Interesting

      With any battery technology, it's almost never the "Memory Effect", but simple overcharging. If your laptop batteries are always hot just sitting there when the laptop is plugged into the mains, they won't last as long as ones that are properly charged and left alone until they are needed for discharge. With cheap cordless drills and other tools, simple putting a timer on the charger will greatly increase the number of cycles you can get out of the batteries.

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    2. Re:Laptop batteries, anyone? by Firethorn · · Score: 3, Informative

      Okay, first up let's define memory effect: Memory effect is NOT a battery dying. Memory effect is the tendency for a battery to stop charging/discharging at a set level if you regularly fail to completely charge/discharge it. It develops a 'memory', and thus falsely acts as though it's fully charged or discharged before it actually is.

      While this can ruin a battery, a number of techniques have been developed to rehabilitate such batteries to restore full function.

      However, batteries don't just wear from charge/discharge cycles. They age over time as well. Alkaline and Lithium primary cells are especially resistant to this, but until very recently LiIon rechargeable cells were very, very vulnerable to this, losing 10% or more of total capacity just sitting on a shelf in a cool warehouse at 70% charge(the ideal situation for them).

      Sitting in a hot laptop being kept at 100% is much worse than ideal, you could be losing 30% or more per year in that scenario.

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  6. Re:No Shit by kelemvor4 · · Score: 3, Informative

    Man ... living in your head must be terrible, in a world so full of daemons and enemies constantly conspiring against you. No wonder you are a bitter AC.

    To my knowledge, both his assertions are accurate. One of them is supported by TFA.

  7. Re:No Shit by thaylin · · Score: 4, Informative

    Well from the article it is possible to cause it to "forget" the memory so it is understandable why some people see it and others dont see it at the same time.

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  8. Memory free batteries don't exist by BitZtream · · Score: 3, Insightful

    And I expect never will. All batteries have various flavors of memory. The only question is, does the memory effect cause enough of a problem to make it worth addressing the issue to extend battery life.

    You worry about memory in a NiCad because the process that causes the memory is easily reversible (partially), and the battery itself is still functional.

    If the memory effect of Li-Ion only effects ... say 1% of the total capacity before the rest of the chemical processes break down and cause the battery to 'wear out' than it has memory, but from a practical perspective the memory is irrelevant.

    There are all sorts of batteries that would appear 'memory less' at first glance, but thats only cause they are so shitty in other ways that you don't get to the point of noticing the processes that cause memory to start happening.

    Until a battery is 100% energy efficient, its going to have memory, so never.

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  9. Re:No Shit by BitZtream · · Score: 5, Interesting

    No one with any actual understanding of batteries said Li-Ion does not have memory.

    What was said is that: From a practical perspective, Li-Ion memory is not an issue to worry about.

    The article is basically someone who just did a study to confirm what probably every battery manufacture on the planet knew about Li-Ion at least 15 years ago. Longer I'm sure, I just have no experience before that.

    What they did was took something they interpreted incorrectly, and then did a bunch of research to disprove some statement they misheard.

    This is roughly like me telling you the surface of the earth is flat when you're building a small house, and then having a bunch of morons who overheard our conversion from 3 tables over do a study to determine that no, infact the Earth isn't flat. Of course its not flat, but from a practical perspective to the man building his home, its flat.

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  10. Re:No Shit by tobia.conforto · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Yes shit. People who "use Li-On[sic] batteries and have to charge them frequently" are simply incurring in an unfortunate characteristic of Li-ion batteries, namely that they have a finite number of recharge cycles, or equivalently, that each recharge cycle diminishes the total charge the battery can hold.*

    This has nothing to do with a memory effect.

    For comparison, Ni-Cd batteries (as seen for example on power tools) have a strong memory effect, meaning that if you plug them in before they are exhausted, they "remember" the smaller capacity you've used them for, and it takes a number of complete discharge and recharge cycles to restore their full capacity. Of course, all that's needed to fully utilize Ni-Cd is a slightly more expensive charging circuit that fully discharges the battery before switching to recharging, which is why they are widely used in professional applications.

    _____________
    * Battery-savvy users always keep their mains plugged in on Li-ion devices such as laptops, so that the battery undergoes few recharge cycles and still performs as if it were new when they need it to, even after years of usage. But not after too many years, because Li-ion also have a limited timespan, or equivalently, the total charge they can hold diminishes every second since they leave the factory. Yes, it's a complex world.