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Same Programs + Different Computers = Different Weather Forecasts
knorthern knight writes "Most major weather services (US NWS, Britain's Met Office, etc) have their own supercomputers, and their own weather models. But there are some models which are used globally. A new paper has been published, comparing outputs from one such program on different machines around the world. Apparently, the same code, running on different machines, can produce different outputs due to accumulation of differing round-off errors. The handling of floating-point numbers in computing is a field in its own right. The paper apparently deals with 10-day weather forecasts. Weather forecasts are generally done in steps of 1 hour. I.e. the output from hour 1 is used as the starting condition for the hour 2 forecast. The output from hour 2 is used as the starting condition for hour 3, etc. The paper is paywalled, but the abstract says: 'The global model program (GMP) of the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs) is tested on 10 different computer systems having different central processing unit (CPU) architectures or compilers. There exist differences in the results for different compilers, parallel libraries, and optimization levels, primarily due to the treatment of rounding errors by the different software systems. The system dependency, which is the standard deviation of the 500-hPa geopotential height averaged over the globe, increases with time. However, its fractional tendency, which is the change of the standard deviation relative to the value itself, remains nearly zero with time. In a seasonal prediction framework, the ensemble spread due to the differences in software system is comparable to the ensemble spread due to the differences in initial conditions that is used for the traditional ensemble forecasting.'"
Almost all the CFD (Computational Fluid Mechanics) simulations us time marching of Navier-Stokes equations. Despite being very non linear and very hard, one great thing about them is they naturally parallelize very well. The partition the solution domain into many subdomains and distribute the finite volume mesh associated with each sub domain to a different node. Each mesh is also parallelized using GPU. At the end of the day these threads complete execution at slightly different times and post updates asynchronously. So even if you use the same OS and the same basic cluster, if you run it twice you get two different results if you run it far enough, like 10 days. I am totally not surprised if you change OS or architecture or big-endian-small-endian things or the math processor or the GPU brands the solutions differ a lot when you make 10 day forecast.
sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
When doing spice simulations of a circuit many years ago, we ran across one interesting feature. When using the exact same inputs and the exact same executable, the sim would converge and run on one machine, but it would fail to converge on another. It just happened that one of the machines was an Intel server, and the other was an AMD, and we attributed it to ever so slightly different round off errors between the floating point implementation of the two. It didn't help that we were trying to simulate a bad circuit design that was on the hairy edge of convergence, but it was eye opening that you could not guarantee 100% identical results between different hardware platforms.
This very effect was noted in weather simulations back in the 1960's. Read Chaos - The making of a new science, by Jmaes Gleick.
This problem has been known since at least the 1970s, and it was weather simulation that discovered it. It lead to the field of chaos theory.
With an early simulation, they ran their program and got a result. They saved their initial variables and then ran it the next day and got a completely different result.
Looking into it, they found out that when they saved their initial values, they only saved the first 5 digits or so of their numbers. It was the tiny bit at the end that made the results completely different.
This was terribly shocking. Everybody felt that tiny differences would melt away into some averaging process, and never be an influence. Instead, it multiplied up to dominate the entire result.
To give yourself a feel for what's going on, imagine knocking a billiard ball on a table that's miles wide. How accurate must your initial angle be to knock it into a pocket on the other side? Now imagine a normal table with balls bouncing around for half an hour. Each time a ball hits another, the angle deviation multiplies. In short order with two different (very minor differences) angles, some balls are completely missing other balls. There's your entire butterfly effect.
Now imagine the other famous realm of the butterfly effect -- "time travel". You go back and make the slightest deviation in one single particle, one single quantum of energy, and in short order atmospheric molecules are bouncing around differently, this multiplies up to different weather, people are having sex at different times, different eggs are being fertilized by different sperm, and in not very long an entirely different generation starts getting born. (I read once that even if you took a temperature, pressure, wind direction, humidity measurement every cubic foot, you could only predict the weather accurately to about a month. The tiniest molecular deviation would probably get you another few days on top of that if you were lucky.)
Even if the current people in these parallel worlds lived more or less the same, their kids would be completely different. That's why all these "parallel world" stories are such a joke. You would literally need a Q-like being tracking multiple worlds, forcing things to stay more or less along similar paths.
Here's the funnest part -- if quantum "wave collapse" is truly random, then even a god setting up identical initial conditions wouldn't produce identical results in parallel worlds. (Interestingly, the mechanism on the "other side" doing the "randomization" could be deterministic, but that would not save Einstein's concept of Reality vs. Locality. It was particles that were Real, not the meta-particles running the "simulation" of them.)
(-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
*SNIP*
BTW, this is one reason why I take all the global warming predictions with a big grain of salt - they are all based on computer simulations which are difficult if not impossible to validate, and given what I've seen, I don't trust the results from them at all.
In the case of climate simulations, different models (both physics-wise and code-wise) are run with different computers on the same input data, and yield basically the same results.
When simulation chaotic behaviour, very small differences can make a big difference in the outcome of your simulations. As an example, I'm currently working on simulations of sparks in vacuum, which is a "runaway" process. In this case, adding a single particle early in the simulations (before the spark actually happens) can change the time for the spark to appear by several tens of %. This also happens if we are running with different library versions (SuperLU, Lapack), different compilers, and different compiler flags. Once the spark happens, the behaviour is predictable and repeatable - but the time for it to happen, as the system is "balancing on the edge, before falling over", is quite random.