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Collapse of Quantum Wavefunction Captured In Slow Motion
ananyo writes "It is the most fundamental, and yet also the strangest postulate of the theory of quantum mechanics: the idea that a quantum system will catastrophically collapse from a blend of several possible quantum states to just one the moment it is measured by an experimentalist. Researchers have now been able to capture that collapse through the use of weak measurements — indirect probes of quantum systems that tweak a wavefunction slightly while providing partial information about its state, avoiding a sudden collapse. Atomic and solid-state physicist Kater Murch of the University of California, Berkeley, and his colleagues performed a series of weak measurements on a superconducting circuit that was in a superposition — a combination of two quantum states. They did this by monitoring microwaves that had passed through a box containing the circuit, based on the fact that the circuit's electrical oscillations alter the state of the microwaves as they pass through the box. Over a couple of microseconds, those weak measurements captured snapshots of the state of the circuit as it gradually changed from a superposition to just one of the states within that superposition — as if charting the collapse of a quantum wavefunction in slow motion."
So don't bother unless you want to read a dry paper.
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Yes. You have this effect in double slit experiment, there are places where waves cancel out and you have dark place. The problem is that it's almost impossible to generate an inverse waveform from source other than the one which generated your photon. Typically it's done by splitting one waveform.
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"Catastrophically collapse", really? What's catastrophic about it?
Generally speaking, when it collapses, it involves destroying a nearly infinite number of possibilities in an absolutely irreversible way. The collapse is complete.
Its pretty much the definition of catastrophic.
That said, its a bit of hyperbole that probably wasn't needed. But its not inaccurate.
'Wavefunction collapse' is how the Copenhagen Interpretation 'explains' this phenomenon, but like many of its 'explanations' they don't provide a compelling reason for things to happen this way. Terms like 'measurement' go from a precise QM meaning (eg. matrix multiplication) to a vague, ambiguous meaning like 'a concious observer'. This leads to tenuous extrapolations and conclusions, like the distinguished position of observers, the inclusion of conciousness into the interpretation and all the quantum 'explanations' of consciousness which that has spawned.
Alternative interpretations are much less mysterious. For example, the Many Worlds Interpretation explains it via information transmission. A measument is anything which transmits information from inside the system to outside the system. When a system is measured, it doesn't 'collapse' into one state; rather, the thing which performed the measurement becomes part of the (now larger) system.
The Transactional Interpretation explains it as two-way communication between events at different times; a measurement is any event which propagates information back in time and a system is only in multiple states because the event which caused it is awaiting the information from the measurement.
Schrodinger's cat can be used to point out the difference:
The Copenhagen Interpretation says that the cat is literally both alive and dead at the same time in the box, then when a concious observer (a human) opens the box, the cat immediately becomes either alive or dead. This is very strange, for example why is a concious observer necessary?
The Many Worlds Interpretation says that the cat is literally both alive and dead at the same time in the box. Anything which interacts with it, for example photons of light, will become part of the system; ie. the light will literally be both a reflection of a living cat and a reflection of a dead cat. If those photons enter my eye then I will literally be both a human who has seen a living cat and a human who has seen a dead cat. If you talk to me, you will literally be a human who has talked to a human who has seen a living cat and a human who has talked to a human who has seen a dead cat, and so on. This propagation is exactly the flow of information between systems; there is nothing magical about humans, except that we happen to be human. A photon would get the same results as us if it repeated our experiments, with no 'concious observer' involved, except for the fact that photons don't tend to perform experiments (ie. the 'conciousness' part of Copenhagen is an anthropic bias).
Not necessarily. Wavefunction collapse is a part of some interpretations of quantum mechanics, such as the venerable Copenhagen interpretation, but many other popular interpretations do not include it. A prominent example of the latter is the many worlds universal wavefunction interpretation.
Interpretations of quantum mechanics are usually mathematically equivalent, which means that they make exactly the same physical predictions. So an experiment that would be a measurement of wavefunction collapse according to the Copenhagen interpretation would be a measurement of observer entanglement or similar in the many worlds interpretation, and something else in other interpretations. It's a bit like one theory saying that A=4/2 and another saying A=1*2. They agree on every prediction (A=2), and only differ in how they are formulated, and the intuition they give people.
Popular science reporting is usually very Copenhagen-heavy, but physicists are more mixed, and a large fraction of them would disagree that this experiment has measured wavefunction collapse (i.e. they will think it measured something else interesting).
This is not the non-local collapse which some QM physicists (mystical school of thought) believe in. Everything in this experiment is local, the two superposed wave components which collapse into one are fully overlapped. Hence it is no more mysterious than your radio antenna collapsing superposed waves of thousands of radio stations striking it, into one component, that of a station you tuned in.
The real controversy is about existence of non-local collapse i.e. when two components and detectors are "far apart" (at space like distance), so that detection by detector D1 (supposedly) instantly collapses the remote field component causing the remote detector D2 to fail to detect it. Most recent experiment claiming to demonstrate such phenomenon with photon on a beam splitter actually cheated (see discussion here). In that claim they basically tweaked the timings on two coincidence circuits well out of manufacturer's specs so that they could never trigger D1 and D2 simultaneously.
Non-local collapse, which was never demonstrated empirically, does not follow from the Quantum Field Theory (discussion here) but is merely a hypothesis in the QM "measurement theory", which is the speculative, soft and fuzzy, part of the theory that has been debated among physicists, philosophers and mystics for nearly a century without getting anywhere so far.