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Global Biological Experiment Generates Exciting New Results

New submitter hoboroadie writes "Scientific American Magazine says antibiotic-resistance genes have moved from the incubators of our hospitals and factory farms, and are spreading through diverse species in the wild. Resistance genes have been detected in crows, gulls, houseflies, moths, foxes, frogs, sharks and whales, as well as in sand and coastal water samples from California and Washington. This stuff is getting more and more like a Hollywood script everyday, n'est ce pas?"

33 of 340 comments (clear)

  1. But.. by i+kan+reed · · Score: 5, Insightful

    We had a half a percent higher profit margin on cattle for a couple decades. That's totally worth having permanent incurable deadly diseases. Tragedy of the commons sucks balls, and time and again, it turns out that the "invisible hand" won't develop any solution to it.

    1. Re:But.. by ObsessiveMathsFreak · · Score: 5, Funny

      The ghosts of Friedrich Hayek and Ayn Rand find your lack of Market faith disturbing.

      --
      May the Maths Be with you!
    2. Re:But.. by i+kan+reed · · Score: 3, Insightful

      In this case the "commons" are literally our own bodies and the ecosystems they interact with. Are you suggesting some sort of absurd enclosure movement for air so that bacterial genes can't spread from one place to another? Or are you being an absurd believer in a system for no other reason than your outward facing political philosophy depends on it?

    3. Re:But.. by i+kan+reed · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I wasn't suggesting totalitarianism as an alternative. I don't know what might lead you to think that.

    4. Re:But.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The problem is that the free market model doesn't take non-local effects into account. (Or "Not my problem")
      Essentially it doesn't prevent someone from causing damage to someone else for profit.
      If there had been any connection, that is you can make huge profits by causing a little damage to someone else, this wouldn't be a big problem, then it would be possible to compensate those who got hurt.
      Sadly the free market model leads to a situation where someone will cause much damage on a global level for a very tiny profit.

      The regulated version is a form of socialism where the government limits and punishes those who tries to make a profit on the behalf of others.
      The non-regulated version is an anarchy where the government doesn't step in and protect those who makes a profit when the those who were hurt by it wants to hang them.

      The people who talks about "less regulation" seldom wants the second alternative, rather they strive for a system that is called fascism where the government steps in and protects specific individuals so that they can abuse others.

    5. Re:But.. by SuricouRaven · · Score: 4, Funny

      That's called 'externalising the costs,' or 'the invisible middle finger.'

    6. Re:But.. by i+kan+reed · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I interpret it literally because there are fundamental scientific principles at work here, like convection, and the carbon cycle, which humans have not demonstrated any capacity to overcome in any sort of pragmatic sense.

      Your attitude treats the market like a magic wand that you wave and *poof* no more serious real-world problems.

    7. Re:But.. by gstoddart · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If, as you say, it's good for each individual, then it mustâ"by definitionâ"be good for the group.

      Horseshit. Complete and utter horseshit.

      Individuals do not necessarily exhibit fully rational behavior (in fact quite seldom do), and individuals will always try to get 'more better' for themselves -- because people are irrational selfish bastards.

      So, if I decide that what is better for me is to take away what you have, that isn't better (or even good) for the group if we depend on one another. Very often, what's good for an individual is detrimental to the group if the individual is utterly selfish or shortsighted -- like eating all of the food now and leaving none for later. Taking fresh water, bottling it and selling it isn't good for anybody except the ones selling it -- and once it's all gone, we're all fucked. But, for the short term, it was beneficial for some individuals to do what is best for them, and the group suffers.

      The prisoners dilemma demonstrates that if everyone does what is strictly in their own best interests, everybody loses.

      Capitalism just tries to take the things which are shared resources, and make sure someone gets to it first and claims ownership of it. And when we're talking about our environment and ecosystem, it impacts all of us. And in the end you get the selfish decisions of a few impacting everybody else.

      People like to pretend that 'the market' will solve these problems, when in fact it's mostly a race to the bottom where every sociopath around grabs as much as he can, to the detriment of those around him.

      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    8. Re:But.. by gstoddart · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Does market capitalism solve everything? No. It has some glaring weaknesses.

      I'll still take it over totalitarianism - no matter how benign or benevolent it says it will be.

      Right up until capitalism leads to its own form or totalitarianism, as corporations and cartels control pretty much everything and we all become serfs again.

      Capitalism claims to be benign and benevolent, but since everyone tries to gain an unfair advantage and cheat the system, it just leads to a different form of losing your freedoms. The notion that it will self correct assumes that people are honest and not inherently out to screw everyone over -- which is completely disconnected from reality.

      Left to its own devices, capitalism will subject you to the same atrocities, it will just defend them on a different set of principles.

      Some people have mythologized capitalism and the free market to the point of it being a religion -- it is uncritically championed as being perfect and infallible, and completely ignores many aspects of human behavior which negate some of its assumptions. And once you are convinced that you are the keeper of Immutable Truth and Knowledge, you will defend that belief to the exclusion of evidence to the contrary.

      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    9. Re:But.. by Baloroth · · Score: 3, Interesting

      First: it's not a free market. Not in the US, anyways. The FDA and CDC and whatnot regulate what antibiotics can be used in animals... or, at least, in food animals (which is where most animal antibiotics are used). Secondly, the antibiotics used (and therefore the resistances generated) are different in animals than in humans, in large part for exactly that reason: we don't want the widespread usage of antibiotics in animals to result in human diseases becoming much more resistant. And finally: permanent and incurable is incredibly unlikely. Antibiotics resistance has an energy cost associated with it: it takes more effort to be antibiotic resistant than not. That means, absent the use of antibiotics, the resistance will naturally be selected against and fade from the population over time. And even then, there are many classes of antibiotics. Resistances are only to one or two of those classes (although a bacteria resistant to all of them is truly terrifying, it requires even higher energy cost for the bacteria).

      Antibiotics resistance is a major problem on multiple levels, but the problem of resistant strains in humans is due to usage of antibiotics in humans (you know, to save people's lives), not the usage in animals. Resistant animal diseases is also a major issue, of course, because they're a huge part of our food supply, but not so much because we're worried about human diseases becoming resistant to human antibiotics because of antibiotics usage in animals.

      --
      "None can love freedom heartily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but license." --John Milton
    10. Re:But.. by fredmosby · · Score: 3, Insightful

      If capitalism and totalitarianism were the only options you might have a point.

    11. Re:But.. by operagost · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Capitalism just tries to take the things which are shared resources, and make sure someone gets to it first and claims ownership of it.

      A resource can't be shared if no one claims ownership of it. So is your solution that no one is allowed to claim ownership? Or is it that the State will claim ownership?

      In a system where property is not allowed, what is the motivation to be productive? An interest in the common good? That demands altruism. Without individual moral principles, the common good fails... and look, here is the tragedy of the commons again.

      I guess what we've discovered here is that both capitalism and a demand economy fail when people are immoral.

      --

      Gamingmuseum.com: Give your 3D accelerator a rest.
    12. Re:But.. by Mab_Mass · · Score: 5, Insightful

      You act as if there were no regulation of the health care industry. Indeed, it's probably the most regulated in the world. So what are the free-market forces which you claim are responsible for this issue?

      First of all, the regulation of the health care industry is to the side of this issue. The largest driver for resistance is the over-use of antibiotics in non-health care related fields, like industrial agriculture, and hand soap.

      The market forces here are the desire for higher meat production (ie, more profit!) as well as the marketability of antibiotics to consumers that don't realize that you don't need or want antibiotics everywhere.

      Where the market forces completely and utterly fail is that the very high cost of widespread antibiotic resistance is NOT being directly felt by the industries that are using them the most. It is in fact a very nice example of where pure capitalism fails - large, long-term, external costs are not felt by the people making short term profits.

    13. Re:But.. by minstrelmike · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Despite the myth of Ayn Rand's _fiction_ ,
      1. The market cannot regulate itself (the government is what regulates it and enforces contracts and legitimizes the money exchange)
      2. Adam Smith's free market book talks about how competitive markets lower prices for consumers.
      Monsanto does NOT want to be competitive. They say people won't buy GMO-labeled food when what they mean is people won't buy GMO-labeled food at the same price as already-familiar food. If Monsanto is forced to label it, they are also forced to pass the cost savings on to consumers in exactly the way Adam Smith--the god of free market enterprise--postulated.

      Like most, they want all the benefits of the market without having to follow the rules that actually keep the market working for society as a whole.

    14. Re:But.. by locofungus · · Score: 3, Informative

      it takes more effort to be antibiotic resistant than not. That means, absent the use of antibiotics, the resistance will naturally be selected against and fade from the population over time.

      Actually, this (often) isn't the case.

      It's obvious in theory that antibiotic resistance may or may not have a cost associated - but without any selection pressure, whether the resistance evolves is down to luck. Add the antibiotic and the selection is driven but remove the antibiotic again and the selection pressure doesn't need to be back towards the original state.

      What is perhaps more surprising is that reversion to antibiotic susceptibility in the absence of the antibiotic is relatively rare - what actually tends to happen is that there are other mutations driven by the absence of the antibiotic rather than loss of the resistance.

      http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/163
      http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.12158/abstract
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/11/14

      The third one is interesting in that it says that sometimes antibiotic resistance can evolve due to a selection pressure unrelated to the antibiotic. If antibiotic resistance was very costly then you wouldn't expect to see this.

      --
      God said, "div D = rho, div B = 0, curl E = -@B/@t, curl H = J + @D/@t," and there was light.
    15. Re:But.. by Prune · · Score: 3, Informative

      Where the market forces completely and utterly fail is that the very high cost of widespread antibiotic resistance is NOT being directly felt by the industries that are using them the most.

      Mod parent up. This is one of the most insightful comments I've seen on Slashdot today; it both gets to the root of the matter, and generalizes well to many related issues.

      --
      "Politicians and diapers must be changed often, and for the same reason."
    16. Re:But.. by ultranova · · Score: 5, Funny

      The ghosts of Friedrich Hayek and Ayn Rand find your lack of Market faith disturbing.

      The ghost of Ayn Rand should find her own existence disturbing, since ghosts are supernatural.

      --

      Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

    17. Re:But.. by Solandri · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Right up until capitalism leads to its own form or totalitarianism, as corporations and cartels control pretty much everything and we all become serfs again.

      Capitalism claims to be benign and benevolent, but since everyone tries to gain an unfair advantage and cheat the system, it just leads to a different form of losing your freedoms.

      Capitalism doesn't claim to be benign or benevolent. It just claims to be better at finding more efficient solutions than systems which are (over)managed.

      The key to making capitalism work though is competition. The more eyeballs you have looking at a problem and trying to solve it, the more quickly you can arrive at an optimal solution (vs. a single set of eyeballs in the managed solution). Evolution is capitalism. The totalitarianism and serfdom you complain about is the antithesis of capitalism. If you corrupt the system so all parties can no longer compete freely, by definition it's no longer pure capitalism.

      The one area where capitalism does fail is in externalized costs. Where one actor gains the benefits of their decision while the other actor is stuck with the costs. Pollution and overfishing are primary examples of this. The technical nomenclature is the prisoner's dilemma (one actor shifts the costs of their decision onto another actor) and the tragedy of the commons (one actor divides the cost among all actors). So it's not a case of capitalism being a panacea or a complete failure. In these types of situations, capitalism fails and you need management. Outside of these situations, it's the most efficient solution (that we've been able to find) and management is usually just an opportunity to introduce corruption. Both sides of this debate are right, we just need to clarify the situations when one side is right and when the other side is right.

    18. Re:But.. by Altrag · · Score: 5, Insightful

      However, a tragedy of the commons is in no way in the interests of any individual!

      This statement is absurdly false. If this were true, there would be no tragedy of the commons to talk about because everyone would be on the look out for such situations.

      The tragedy of the commons happens because somebody does benefit from screwing everyone else over. In this particular case, if the beef industry was at all concerned with the tragedy of the commons, they would have abandoned antibiotic over-application years ago when resistant bacteria were first discovered.

      The free market fails because some things simply are necessarily shared -- the air we breathe for example. By your "free" market, you're perfectly free to pollute the air above your land as much as you want. But unless you've figured out how to control the wind, that polluted air is going to affect all of your neighbors.

      You, being the awesome capitalist that you are, see no reason to spend money installing air filters because what do you care? If you don't like the pollution yourself you just go ahead and use the money you saved on air filtering to buy a nice house a few miles away where it doesn't affect your personally.

      So now we're in a situation with one of three outcomes:
      - Your neighbors coerce you into installing air filters against your will.
      - Your neighbors have to install their own air filters (essentially being coerced by your lack of care, to use your terminology.)
      - Your neighbors just have to live with it (essentially being coerced to breathe bad air by your lack of care.)

      In all of those cases, some form of market-breaking coercion is in effect. And its unavoidable as long as air is able to freely move across our arbitrarily defined boundaries.

      Now you might say this is just an opportunity for more capitalism -- someone can just start producing air filters and make a fortune! This is true but it doesn't negate the fact that we're buying those air filters due to an initial breakdown in the market caused by you damaging an unavoidably shared resource.

      And that's an example with fairly immediate and obvious impacts. Something like the antibiotic resistance is neither immediate nor obvious, so you don't even have to be a complete jerk to screw up the free market -- you can manage to do so completely unintentionally.

      The free market works great under perfect conditions with a complete lack of externalities and a complete lack of barriers to entry. Unfortunately the real world doesn't have such conditions. The free market can still work well in the real world but some control must be influenced in order to prevent destroying public resources, prevent unnatural monopolies, keep natural monopolies in check and so forth. As usual, its very debatable exactly how much control is necessary for these purposes but it should be fairly obvious that the answer is neither "none" nor "total" but somewhere in between.

    19. Re:But.. by kurzweilfreak · · Score: 3, Insightful
      Because the public is so willing to listen to scientists, right? *cough creationists cough*

      At least in the US, there's an underlying sentiment of anti-intellectualism and "my opinion is just as valid as your knowledge", and a lot of people who just straight out don't trust scientists because of their own self-ignorance. This is why we have things spreading like creationism, anti-GMO activity, climate change debate, etc. If it were that easy, these things wouldn't exist. You can lead a horse to water....

      --

      kurzweil_freak

      5th Kyu Genbukan Ninpo/KJJR student

      Be the darkness that allows the light to shine.

  2. Duh by onyxruby · · Score: 5, Insightful

    If you use something that kills of the weak members of a given entity over a period of time the result will be the surviving members will become strong. Darwinism is brutal and efficient like that whether you want it to be or not. In this case by over using antibiotics everywhere from handsoap to feed for cows we have resulted in the saturation of the environment. The result was inevitable and it really is a case of we did this to ourselves.

    If memory serves Norway prohibits their use in all settings but hospitals and has healthier citizens as a result. It really does boil down to the classic George Carlin germs are good comedy bit. We need regular exposure to germs to become stronger and build healthier immune systems. The only thing were building is stronger and healthier bugs and weaker humans - there's something wrong with that.

    1. Re:Duh by nctritech · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I wasn't a terribly "clean" kid; I didn't shower often at all and didn't wash my hands unless I was about to cook food. I still refuse to use hand sanitizer or anti-germ wipes and I don't expect every surface I touch to be disinfected. Some of that has changed as I have gotten older (I shower at least once a day and by most peoples' standards I'm quite "clean"), but I'm willing to bet that my "unclean" behaviors in the past and my lack of fear of germs and dirt and grease under the nails explain why I very rarely get sick (once a year maybe) and even more rarely stay sick longer than a few days.

      I read somewhere that there's a theory about auto-immune diseases being a result of humans no longer having parasites and infections. The theory was that the immune system has nothing to do and "gets bored." The possible solution is introducing a limited amount of relatively benign parasites. I don't feel like searching for it right now, but I found it to be a fascinating theory.

      As an added bonus, I can kill germ-o-phobes by breathing at them and there will be no evidence linking it back to me. I'M A FUCKING VIKING.

    2. Re:Duh by omems · · Score: 5, Informative

      Er, hygene hypothesis predates House by about 15 years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis

    3. Re:Duh by somersault · · Score: 3, Interesting

      High sugar intake weakens your immune system, and is inflammatory.

      Citation required. For both claims.

      Maybe for the first one, but if you read even a little into how your diet affects the body then you should know that sugar is inflammatory.. but here you go

      Effect of various carbohydrates on immune system. This shows that ingesting sugar weakens your immune system, and that fasting actually boosts it (which may be a reason that we sometimes lose our appetite when we're sick).

      Sugar and inflammation. Though if you wanted, you could just try it yourself. Increasing your sugar intake also causes your body to retain more water and salt.

      Given that most of the food i have still goes off, clearly its less preserving than your assertion.

      Does most of the food that you have also contain artificial preservatives? I doubt it. I have to avoid sulphites. They're found in pretty much all wine, some beers (anything German is usually fine thanks to the Reinheitsgebot), cider, dried fruits, glucose syrup, any processed corn ingredient (maize starch, corn flour, HFCS, etc), and more..

      --
      which is totally what she said
  3. Mean two different things... by LongearedBat · · Score: 3, Interesting
    These two mean very different things...

    genes that make the crows resistant to antibiotics

    bacteria in the crows were resistant to several other antibiotics

    I presume that the bacteria in the crows are resistant, not the crows themselves.

    If so, then we're in for a Hell of a time finding a cure when we're hit with a devastating bacteriological pandemic.

    However, if the crows were resistant (I doubt that's what the article means) then that would be a cool idea, because it would mean that bacteria could act as a DNA conduit between species.

    1. Re:Mean two different things... by EvilSS · · Score: 3, Funny

      I had the same thought. When was the last time someone had to fight off a crow infection?

      1963

      --
      I browse on +1 so AC's need not respond, I won't see it.
    2. Re:Mean two different things... by Charliemopps · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Actually, they've found that Bacteria and other organisms in your body do communicate through geene expression. So yes, Bacteria can change an animal in such a way that the animals own body informs future bacteria how to deal with antibacterial drugs.

      Secondly, the devastating bacteriological pandemic is already here. Hospitals around the world are now opperating under the assumption that they now have permanent, incurable Gram Negative bacterial infections throughout their hospitals. Most hospitals wont even release data on the subject. They're finding drug resistant bacteria in the drinking water wells in India. This Genie is already out of the bottle.

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria

  4. PBS Frontline "Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria" by rwyoder · · Score: 5, Informative
  5. Re:Dystopia by interkin3tic · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Wrong agriculture business. This is antibiotic resistance. Monsanto is arguably causing herbicide and pesticide resistance, although such claims are stupid: they made the herbicides and pesticides, and they worked. It wasn't going to last forever if it was used widely, and if it wasn't used widely to make cheap foodstock, what's the bloody point?

    They even took steps to limit that much. The terminator seed technology was partly intended to prevent contamination: if the plants can't breed, they're less likely to mix with wild species and contaminate them. Obviously they had a lot of financial interest in it, both because if resistance gets into the pest populations, that's going to make their product worthless. And in response to the controversy and accusations that it would screw over farmers, Monsanto never actually put terminator seeds on the market.

    Anyway, pointing fingers is only so helpful, even at the agricultural entities that ARE driving antibiotic resistance. At this point, we know the looming disaster. It's not rocket science or even climate science either. This is high school biology. Businesses can be expected to faithfully act without any regard other than immediate profit. Ignorant patients will always find greedy doctors willing to give them antibiotics they don't need for diseases that aren't bacterial. Fixing the problem won't happen voulontarily. We need legislation to prevent milk from cows treated with antibiotics from being sold in supermarkets cheaper than untreated milk. Same with other livestock. It's an externalized cost: there's an advantage to it that needs to be taken away. We also need to strip the medical licenses of doctors who give out antibiotics for the cold. Either they're shockingly ignorant of the last 20 years of research and aren't fit to be doctors, or they're intentionally contributing to a real health hazard and should face criminal charges.

  6. Very poorly written article... by dtjohnson · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The article makes it sound as if the crows are themselves acquiring genetic modifications giving them resistance to antibiotic compounds. However, it is the bacteria inhabiting the crows intestine that have acquired the antibiotic resistance genes, not the crows themselves. The article also suggests that antibiotics dispensed in hospitals are somehow a major factor when, in fact, the quantity of antibiotics dispensed in factory farms surpasses the quantity dispensed for human medical needs by orders of magnitude. If antibiotic resistance leads to increased human mortality, blame the steak on your plate, not the poor fellow down the street having surgery at the hospital.

  7. Re:Dystopia by SeattleGameboy · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Because if a doctor did that and by some remote chance, the patient did have a bacterial infection and died, the doctor would be in a great deal of trouble.

  8. Some do by Roger+W+Moore · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Why aren't doctors allowed to give people sugar pills instead of antibiotics? Of if they are allowed, why aren't they actively doing it...

    Some do. My dad used to do this with obstreperous patients who would not take no for an answer when antibiotics and their ineffectiveness on viruses were explained to them. He was honest though. He did not call them antibiotics but rather he would prescribe a regular dose multi-vitamin with a fancy sounding name and tell them that this was the best treatment for them given their condition (usually just a bad cold).

    The patients were not exactly happy with not getting an antibiotic but at the same time at least felt they were getting something to treat their condition. On the flip side my dada felt that he has not lied to the patient and, given that they had a virus, he was still giving them the best treatment option both for themselves and humanity at large. However my dad was a doctor years ago (and is now beyond the reach of any human courts!) and in this increasingly litigious world I can well imagine that doctors think twice about doing this. Even if it is in everyone's best interests they don't want to be dragged into some long lasting, expensive court battle just to prove it which is likely what would happen if a patient ever found out they had been prescribed simple vitamins.

  9. Re:Dystopia by marcosdumay · · Score: 3, Insightful

    There should be organization at a national level to produce nicely packaged placebos in important looking boxes. They could even change the name every few months so people don't figure it out.

    It's called homeopathy, and they didn't need to change the name in centuries.