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Ask Slashdot: Practical Bitrot Detection For Backups?
An anonymous reader writes "There is a lot of advice about backing up data, but it seems to boil down to distributing it to several places (other local or network drives, off-site drives, in the cloud, etc.). We have hundreds of thousands of family pictures and videos we're trying to save using this advice. But in some sparse searching of our archives, we're seeing bitrot destroying our memories. With the quantity of data (~2 TB at present), it's not really practical for us to examine every one of these periodically so we can manually restore them from a different copy. We'd love it if the filesystem could detect this and try correcting first, and if it couldn't correct the problem, it could trigger the restoration. But that only seems to be an option for RAID type systems, where the drives are colocated. Is there a combination of tools that can automatically detect these failures and restore the data from other remote copies without us having to manually examine each image/video and restore them by hand? (It might also be reasonable to ask for the ability to detect a backup drive with enough errors that it needs replacing altogether.)"
ZFS without RAID will still detect corrupt files, and more importantly tell you exactly which files are corrupt. So a distributed group of ZFS drives could be used to rebuild a complete backup by only copying uncorrupt files from each.
You still need redundancy, but you can get away without the RAID in each case.
If you really want hassle free and safe, it would be expensive, but this is what I would do:
ZFS for the main storage - Either using double parity via ZFS or on a raid 6 via hardware raid.
Second location - Same setup, but maybe with a little more space
Use rsync between them using the --backup switch so that any changes get put into a different folder.
What you get:
Pretty disaster tolerant
Easy to maintain/manage
A clear list of any files that may have been changed for *any* reason (Cryptolocker anyone?)
Upgradable - just change drives
Expense - You can build it for about $1800 per machine or $3600 total if you go full-on hardware raid. That would give you about 4TB storage after parity (4 2TB drives - $800, Raid Card - $500, basic server with room in the case - $500)
What you don't get: Lost baby pictures/videos. I've been there, and I'd pay a lot more than this to get them back at this point, and my wife would pay a lot more than I would..
Your current setup is going to be time consuming, and you're going to lose things here and there anyway.. If you just try to do the same thing but make it a little better, you're still going to have the same situation, just not as bad. In this setup you have to have like 5 catastrophic failures to lose anything, sometimes even more..
Bitrot is a myth in modern times. Floppies and cheap-ass tape drives from the 90s had this problem, but anything reasonably modern (GMR) will read what you wrote until mechanical failure.
This isn't just wrong, it's laughably wrong. ZFS has proven that a wide variety of chipset bugs, firmware bugs, actual mechanical failure, etc are still present and actively corrupting our data. It applies to HDDs and flash. Worse, this corruption in most cases appears randomly over time so your proposal to verify the written data immediately is useless.
Prior to the widespread deployment of this new generation of check-summing filesystems, I made the same faulty assumption you made: that data isn't subject to bit rot and will reproduce what was written.
ZFS or BTRFS will disabuse you of these notions very quickly. (Be sure to turn on idle scrubbing).
It also appears that the error rate is roughly constant but storage densities are increasing, so the bit errors per GB stored per month are increasing as well.
Microsoft needs to move ReFS down to consumer euro ducts ASAP. BTRFS needs to become the Linux default FS. Apple needs to get with the program already and adopt a modern filesystem.
Natural != (nontoxic || beneficial)
Don't forget the old-fashioned method: make archival prints of your photos and spread copies among your relatives. Although that isn't practical for "hundreds of thousands", it is practical for the hundreds of photos you or your descendants might really care about. The advantage of this method is that it is a simple technology that will make your photos accessible into the far future. And it has a proven track record.
Every other solution I've seen described here better addresses your specific question, but doesn't really address your basic problem. In fact, the more specific and exotic the technology (file systems, services, RAID, etc.) the less likely your data is to be accessible in the far future. At best, those sorts of solutions provide you a migration path to the next storage technology. One can imagine that such a large amount of data would need to be transported across systems and technologies multiple times to last even a few decades. But will someone care enough to do that when you're gone? Compare that to the humble black-and-white paper print, which if created and stored properly can last for well over a hundred years with no maintenance whatsoever.
Culling down to a few hundred photos may seem like a sacrifice, but those who receive your pictures in the future will thank you for it. In my experience, just a few photos of an ancestor, each taken at a different age or at a different stage of life, is all I really want anyway. It's also important to carefully label them on the back, where the information can't get lost, because a photo without context information is nearly meaningless. Names are especially important: a photo of an unknown person is of virtually no interest.
Sorry I don't have a low-tech answer for video, but video (or "home movies", as we used to call it) will be far less important to your descendants anyway.
100,000s -- like 300,000? More? How many of them will you actually ever look at again? Less 1% I'm guessing. Here's my advice (and it's what I do), step 1) when transferring pics to your computer, delete the ones that are out of focus, bad lighting, framed poorly, etc. This is about 15%. Step 2) once a month, go through the photos you have taken the previous month and delete those that just don't mean as much anymore (if they have decreased in emotional value in 30 days, just think how utterly worthless they would be in 5 years?). This takes care of another 30%. Step 3) once every 3 months, I and my wife pick the cream of the crop for physical prints. This is about 10%. These are stuck into photo albums, labeled and kept in a fire proof safe in our basement. So 200 photos a month, gets reduced to ~100, and then 10 per month are printed. YMMV