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Researchers Crack Major HIV Mystery

mrspoonsi sends this news from Scientific American: "The difference between HIV infection and full-blown AIDS is, in large part, the massive die-off of the immune system's CD4 T-cells. But researchers have only observed the virus killing a small portion of those cells, leading to a longstanding question: What makes the other cells disappear? New research shows that the body is killing its own cells in a little-known process. What's more, an existing, safe drug could interrupt that self-destruction, thereby offering a way to treat AIDS. The destructive process has caught scientists by surprise. 'We thought HIV infects a cell, sets up a virus production factory and then the cell dies as a consequence of being overwhelmed by virus. But there are not enough factories to explain the massive losses,' says Warner Greene, director of virology and immunology at the Gladstone Institutes, whose team published two papers today in Science and Nature describing the work. Greene estimates 95 percent of the cells that die in HIV infections are killed through pyroptosis, so the findings raise hope for a new type of treatment that could prevent HIV from progressing into AIDS. 'Inhibiting activation of the immune system is not a new concept, but this gives us a new pathway to target,' says Robert Gallo. And in fact, a drug already exists that can block pyroptosis."

14 of 84 comments (clear)

  1. Both Science and Nature? by toQDuj · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This is how you milk science. I won't contest that it is incredibly useful, but the decision to publish in *both* Nature and Science shows the direction science is heading in. All for papers.

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    Every experiment which ends in a big bang is a good experiment.
    1. Re:Both Science and Nature? by rabtech · · Score: 5, Interesting

      If you don't publish papers, you don't get funding. Sucks, but that's what we get for budget cut after budget cut, tax cut, after tax cut.

      The big question appears to be if the latent infected cells can clear or deactivate HIV, or if they'll happily activate, travel to the site of an infection of some other kind, then start spewing HIV everywhere.

      This process is basically cells realizing they are being infected (virus) or eaten (bacteria) by a foreign organism, and responding by killing themselves and spewing massive amounts of chemicals that alert the immune system to the problem. Normally, this recruits other immune cells to the site and is probably the right strategy 99% of the time. The problem is when the infected cells are immune cells themselves, their death just recruits more immune cells to an area with a higher chance of picking up HIV. What they found was that the body's stockpile of immune cells in the spleen, etc (normally dormant, awaiting an infection) get infected by HIV, but don't replicate the virus due to being inactive, however they are active enough to sense the virus in their DNA and kill themselves before repair mechanisms can remove or deactivate the virus genes.

      The drug mentioned apparently shuts down or reduces this pathway, opening you up to a higher risk of bacterial infection but slowing or stopping the massive die-off of immune cells (assuming they are able to clean themselves up).

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      Natural != (nontoxic || beneficial)
  2. Re:AIDS is God's way of saying homosexuality is wr by hey! · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Lesbians, by this logic, are God's chosen, since female-to-female transmission of HIV is extremely rare.

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    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  3. Re:Great. by antifoidulus · · Score: 4, Informative

    As much as I hate to burst your "boo pharma, yay me!" bubble, the current batch of drugs, when taken properly(and that is the key) are almost as effective as condoms in preventing HIV transmission, and if used in conjunction with condoms, prevent probably about 99.9% of all infections. So yeah, obviously big pharma is trying to give everyone HIV. You cracked the case!

  4. Re:Tobacco has the same effect as VX-765 by rmdingler · · Score: 2

    It inhibits Caspase 3, necessary for apoptosis... I believe Caspase 1 is necessary for pyroptosis.

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    Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know.

    Ernest Hemingway

  5. So, is HIV still the cause?? by anvilmark · · Score: 4, Interesting

    HIV only kills ~5% of the T-cells.
    Newly discovered pyroptosis pathway kills the other 95%
    This is a radical departure from the accepted mechanisms of how HIV works. Pyroptosis can be triggered by a boatload of different inflammatory processes, I'll be looking forward to their smoking gun that HIV is the cause.
    With all the research money poured into HIV research, it's taken them 20 years to notice this?

    1. Re:So, is HIV still the cause?? by Arker · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It's a good question. All I see in this paper is fresh discovery of the same facts that were well known among skeptics like the Perth group back in 1990s. Is it really such a bizarre virus that acts like no other virus, kills like no other virus, and manages to hide the way it works so well that decades of research still leave us guessing? Or is it just a weak virus that cannot survive inside an uncompromised immune system and thus serves as a great diagnostic for immune problems that it does not actually cause?

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      Friends don't let friends enable ecmascript.
    2. Re:So, is HIV still the cause?? by Stickerboy · · Score: 3, Interesting

      HIV only kills ~5% of the T-cells.
      Newly discovered pyroptosis pathway kills the other 95%
      This is a radical departure from the accepted mechanisms of how HIV works. Pyroptosis can be triggered by a boatload of different inflammatory processes, I'll be looking forward to their smoking gun that HIV is the cause.
      With all the research money poured into HIV research, it's taken them 20 years to notice this?

      Hi! Your comments are a sterling example of the dangers that having just a little knowledge in a certain field poses. As a doctor who has worked in an HIV clinic, let me give you the best practical proof for your reinventing of the wheel. Take an AIDS patient who is sick with an opportunistic infection. Cure the infection, and start the patient on a good regimen of anti-HIV medications. In most patients who aren't too far gone, their immune systems will rebound, and as long as they're compliant with taking their meds, the odds are they will never reexperience the practical consequences of an AIDS diagnosis.

      Testing positive for HIV used to be a death sentence. Now with current anti-HIV meds, HIV can be relegated to a chronic illness less burdensome, and less deadly, than type 2 diabetes mellitus. Do you understand that? Treatment of an HIV infection can prevent the onset of AIDS, a clinical syndrome.

      If you want a better proof, have a scientist inject you with HIV virus. Make a journal, and see what happens in 5 years.

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      Light a fire for a man and he'll be warm for a day. Light a man on fire and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.
    3. Re:So, is HIV still the cause?? by Stickerboy · · Score: 2

      It's a good question. All I see in this paper is fresh discovery of the same facts that were well known among skeptics like the Perth group back in 1990s. Is it really such a bizarre virus that acts like no other virus, kills like no other virus, and manages to hide the way it works so well that decades of research still leave us guessing? Or is it just a weak virus that cannot survive inside an uncompromised immune system and thus serves as a great diagnostic for immune problems that it does not actually cause?

      It's a horrible question. Treating the HIV infection with anti-HIV medications can for the most part prevent or regress the syndrome of AIDS. If it was just a "great diagnostic for immune problems that it does not actually cause", treating and suppressing the HIV infection should be 100% ineffective in helping the patient.

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      Light a fire for a man and he'll be warm for a day. Light a man on fire and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.
    4. Re:So, is HIV still the cause?? by RDW · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Or is it just a weak virus that cannot survive inside an uncompromised immune system and thus serves as a great diagnostic for immune problems that it does not actually cause?

      You are confusing legitimate high quality research with HIV denialist fiction. This work describes a new and potentially very important mechanism by which HIV infection and partial replication lead directly to cell death. Uninfected cells are not dying. Uninfected patients are not developing AIDS. Unfortunately, HIV denial is one of the more harmful conspiracy theories, leading to (e.g.) hundreds of thousands of avoidable AIDS deaths in South Africa when scientifically uninformed officials were in charge of health policy.

  6. Yess!! by formfeed · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Face it, God hates fags.

    Skin cancer is prove that God hates Scandinavians.
    Current society is prove that God hates women.
    Diabetes is prove that God hates chocolate.
    Your comment is prove that God hates people.

    1. Re:Yess!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      And your comment is proof that God hates grammar.

  7. Re:Tobacco has the same effect as VX-765 by Nightlight3 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Epidemiology by itself isn't a junk science. It crosses into junk science when someone leaps from observed statistical associations on non-randomized samples to wishfully ($$$) declaring causal relations. Such associations are at best a hint that there may be causal relation, but one needs hard science, such as randomized trials or animal/human experiments to find out what kind of links (e.g. causal or protective/therapeutic) connect those correlated variables.

    That's how it is done in normal science, you use statistical hint to make hypothesis that is followed up with hard science. But antismoking "science" is stuck on the same hint since 1950.

    And it is not for lack of trying hard science. There were thousands of experiments done since then. The problem was that they all went the "wrong" way -- the smoking animals live longer, perform better on cognitive tasks, get cancers less often, etc. What can poor scientific mercenaries do, when their bosses want the opposite result, but stick with what works, parrot the statistical hints disguised as "science." This was so unusual pattern that already in 1958, the father of modern statistical methods, famous British mathematician R. A. Fisher noticed it and wrote (pdf; this article also contains a very readable exposition of the sample randomization topic):

    "Most of us thought at the time, on hearing the nature of evidence, which I hope to make clear a little later, that a good prima facie case had been made for further investigation. But the time has passed, and although further investigation, in a sense, has taken place, it has consisted largely of the repetition of observations of the same kind as those which Hill and his colleagues called attention to several years ago. I read a recent article to the effect that nineteen different investigations in different parts of the world had all concurred in confirming Dr. Hill's findings. I think they had concurred, but I think they were mere repetitions of evidence of the same kind..."

    Yet, the antismoking "science" still rests its case squarely on the same kind of soft/junk science that Fisher objected to over half a century ago.

  8. Re: AIDS is God's way of saying homosexuality is w by modmans2ndcoming · · Score: 2

    I know about Helena's play thing called the Council of Nicaea. Most of the crap we get spewed out of Christians' mouths are from Leviticus though so 3000 years is accurate though the written part is a little off since it was not written down until the Jewish exile to Babylon.