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Mars Base Design Competition Open To Non-Scientific Professionals
An anonymous reader writes "MakerBot, in collaboration with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is hosting a competition for the design of a future Mars base. The competition is open to any Thingiverse account holder regardless of professional or educational background. Winners will be chosen by a subjective panel of JPL and MakerBot employees based on scientific feasibility, creativity, and printability. Contest ends June 12, and contestants have to be at least 13 years old. The first place winner will receive a MakerBot Replicator 2 Desktop 3D printer and three spools of MakerBot Filament. The second place winner will receive two spools, and the third place winner will receive one spool. All three will have their design featured on Thingiverse."
You can also browse the entries so far.
Bre Pettis is bad human.
MakerBot went closed source after taking community ideas
http://www.cnet.com/uk/news/pu...
They patent community ideas
http://yro.slashdot.org/story/...
Do NOT use them or their services.
P.S what the best thingiverse replacement?
Signature v3.0, now with 42% less memory usage.
In his trilogy beginning with Red Mars , Kim Stanley Robinson had the colonists struggling with the infiltration of ultrafine particles of dust even in sealed plastic habitats. The Martian regolith may be harmful to human lungs. The same fear is held about lunar regolith. Initial habitats will have to be well-sealed from the local environment before further studies can be done.
You not only assume that the cave is otherwise airtight, you also assume that it contains no harmful minerals that could pose dangers to humans.
We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
Dont need it airtight, just keep pressure high enough for .8 atmospheres.
Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
Potentially poisonous minerals remain a problem, though. Not to mention that oxygen is precious, it might not be an option to simply keep inflating a leaky balloon.
We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
If the martian regolith can be sintered or vitrified, perhaps that would be the best solution? Just apply some heat.
Ezekiel 23:20
This is an urban myth and has been thoroughly debunked. Sad to see it being thrown forth on Slashot.
NASA lends its name for a publicity marketing bullshit event for half-assed gizmo outfit, making zero progress toward landing men on Mars.
Fuck systemd. Fuck Redhat. Fuck Soylent, too. Wait, scratch the last one.
Based on "Contest ... is void ... where taxed" phrase I'm under the impression this contest would be mainly open to Americans only, if even them. (Some weird legalese and syntax in the terms). Additionally, "All Entries must include a description of how and why the submitted MakerBot Mars Design is suitable for the living conditions of a Martian. For the purposes of this Contest, ÃoeMartianà is defined as a native inhabitant of the planet Mars." Given current science is fairly certain there are, in fact, no native Martians, I should probably submit a sold block with a description to that effect. Either that, or a petri dish.
The problem with building a human habitat in such a remote location is lack of heavy machinery and lack of energy source. It has to be almost self erecting and require very little (or at least very lightweight) material and only the power a human wearing a bulky suit can provide. Ideally it would be near a source of water and situated where the Sun and wind are favorable. Of course even if you could build it and get people moved in they wouldn't have anything to do that a robot couldn't do better.
Perhaps NASA can develop a spray paint kind of solution to fully seal the rock. That would probably weigh a lot less to transport to Mars than a structure strong enough to provide proper shelter against dust storms etc. Caves provide less extreme temperatures which might reduce the energy requirements as well.
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Easiest answer is nuke a polar icecap, gently lower a prefabbed nuclear powered station into the crater, and wait for the meltwater to pour back in. Or start shovelling, whichever is quicker.
Since Mars has no atmosphere, wouldn't living on Mars require shielding against micrometeorites? What about radiation?
Why build something above the ground? Make an underground city and you gain "free" extra-thick shielding and you also get real radiation shielding at the same time.
Get free satoshi (Bitcoin) and Dogecoins
NASA lends its name for a publicity marketing bullshit event for half-assed gizmo outfit, making zero progress toward landing men on Mars.
True!
Achille Talon
Hop!
Coffins would make the perfect Mars base since first settlers are likely to arrive dead.
Achille Talon
Hop!
And you don't have to worry about landing it.
"[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz
More like the fiction was based on science and provides an entertaining way of getting up to speed with some the possible complications of human settlement of the Red Planet.
I brought up the work of fiction because 1) it comes from a canon of science-fiction classics that many Slashdotters are likely to have already read, and 2) it is a work of hard science-fiction and uses a fictional story to explore various scientific and technological challenges to colonizing Mars that Robinson had researched for years before the book's publication. Is not one of the attractions of the genre that it allows one to consider science in an entertaining way?
I read it as suggesting one of many possible difficulties with starting a mars base. Scientists have studied the issue of lunar dust toxicity, but further studies are needed. Mars has a lot of dust, and if it's toxic then extra precautions will need to be taken. A work of fiction has explored this possibility, so it's not a new idea. I don't think he was trying to imply that Red Mars is factual, merely that it is illustrative and partially based on a real potential problem.
Not a sentence!
They already have that. very thick latex paint can do exactly what you talk about.
Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
More like the fiction was based on science
Humans have lived in close proximity to dirt for a long time. What is so special about Martian dirt that makes it more harmful than terrestrial dirt? Lunar dirt is different, because there is no wind or water erosion, so fine particles have sharp edges that never get rounded off. Mars doesn't have water, but it does have wind and dust storms, so it will be more like terrestrial dirt than lunar dirt.
This article notes that scientists are worried about the high content of perchlorate and silicates in Mars regolith.
If I had cited the book in question as fact, I would have said "Colonists went to Mars in 2026 and had problems with regolith", not mentioned that one creative personality made it a plot point as part of a popular-science presentation. As the other poster responding to you pointed out, fiction can be illustrative of scientific concepts even if the particular story is fiction. I should think that obvious. Well, perhaps you are autistic and that is unfair of me.
An interest in science-fiction is one of the distinguishing features of the nerd, you know, the demographic that Slashdot traditionally targets. If you are uncomfortable with science fiction, you might want to find another news site.
Yeah, it is not like the red planet has anything like iron.
OK, so we separate the iron out of the iron oxide, and use the iron as a building material, what are we supposed to do with all the extra oxygen, Mr. Smartypants, *breathe it* and *use it for fuel*?!?!
Oh... Wait...
Have gnu, will travel.
Because gravity ain't big enough on Mars for your skeletal and muscular system not to deteriorate under. On Earth g=9.806 m/s2, on Mars this is 3.711 m/s2, or 37.6% of g on Earth (meaning 100 lb person will weigh 37.6 lbs, a 200 lb person 75.2 lbs, etc) and on the Moon g is 1.622 m/s2, or 16.5% of g on Earth, (meaning a 100 lb person will weigh 16.5 lbs on the Moon, and a 200 lb person 33 lbs, etc.), while in outer space in a "free fall" circular or elliptic orbit around a gravitational object like the Earth, Mars, Moon, or the Sun, g=0, and your weight is 0 lbs, and you float in space. In all places your skeletomuscular systems deteriorate from nonuse and cause all kinds of systemic ailments, and there are records of length of times astronauts have spent in space, I think Russians stuck on their Mir )(meaning peace, btw. it has been intentionally allowed to burn up and destroyed by hitting the Earth's atmosphere like a shooting star meteorite) not having funds to haul their guys down and Nasa having to step in to use the Space Shuttle for the trip, hold the record. In all cases the astronauts had to be carried on hospital beds because they lost their muscles due to unuse and could not stand on their own feet.
/Pi * 180)=0.3837/3.1416*180 degrees=0.1221*180= degrees. So the walls of the cylinder have to be tilted 21.98 degrees,or 22 degrees tilt wall conical wall surface.
.303/3.1416*180=17.36 degrees/s rotational speed.
The answer to such health problems is artificial gravity. The way to create artificial gravity is really simple, it happens in centrifuges, like washing machines, or even merry go rounds or rollercoasters going upside down in a circle going fast enough not to fall down but stick to the track upwards. In 0 g environment like in free space all you need is a rotating cylinder space station and you walk on the inside walls. On reduced gravity places like Mars and the Moon, a flat cylinder doesn't work, instead you need a conical cylinder, with the walls angled dependent on the outside gravity. In free space the cylinder walls should be parallel, but on the Moon and Mars at a certain degree. I'm too lazy to do the vector calculations right now, oh what the heck, here we go, you need to draw a vector diagram, basically you're looking for the angle of omega^2 x r + vector add g_of_planet = g_of_Earth, shorthand w^2.r + (vector+) g_P=g_E, changing vector add triangle into scalar terms using Pythagoras theorem for right triangles (w^2.r)^2+g_P^2=g_E^2, solve for w^2.r (for each (cylindrical-conical-belt) radius there is a different w2 angular velocity that gives the correct centripetal force), and tan(alpha)=w^2.r/g_P, from which the angle can be calculated as alpha=arctan(g_P/w^2.r), when g_P is 0 then angle being 0, or cylinder. So w^2.r=sqrt(g_E^2-g_P^2), on Mars this is w^2.r term is 9.806^2-3.711^2 = 96.16-13.77 = 84.39 m2/s4, square root of which is 9.19 m/s2, and alpha angle=arc tan (3.71/9.19)= arc tan (0.4037)= -.3837 radians angle, or, in degrees angle = (0.3837 rads
Suppose we have a 100 meter radius conical cylinder, as omega^2.100 m=9.19 m/s2, omega^2=0.0919 radians^32/s^2, or omega=sqrt(0.0919)=.303 rad/s, or
For a tiny 10 meter radius conical cylinder the correct rotational speed is sqrt(0.919)/3.1416*180=54.9 degrees/s. If I didn't make a mistake in the calculations, which I often do.
Of course as a 22 degree tilt of the cylinder-cone walls on Mars modifies the radius, the actual g at the bottom and top of the cone will differ, and the corresponding angle against which you walk perpendicularly is more vertical toward the top due to higher than 9.8 g, and less at the bottom, again, I'm too lazy to do those calculations. So there is a spread of actual weights you will feel on a curved conical surface, weighing more toward the top than toward the bottom. What a healthy g is is up for debate, nobody who weighs 200 lbs wants to weigh 250, instead they'd rather weight 150 and still feel healthy, it also requires less food and ox
Inhaling Mars dust is a big problem! Especially when it has almost no atmosphere! You're breathing by sucking gas out of a friggin can, who cares about the toxicity of the dust? And by the way it should be normal silicate rock, you know, kind of like the stuff you find in riverbeds, volcano ash, or deserts.
The atmosphere is so thin on Mars, the storms are not that bad. The only reason why the dust floats is because gravity is so low. But going to Mars is like a waste of time when you can go to the Moon instead, and get your materials there for constructing a space station. It's a lot closer, and it has a lot less gravity too than Mars, ideal thing to mine for materials.
There is 2.7 % nitrogen and 1.6% argon, both of which work great for breathing gas, you can cryogenically separate the 95% CO2 which doesn't have to be cooled so much, after combusting the toxic carbon monoxide into CO2 also with heated copper oxide gauze. That should eliminate any nitrous oxides too generated by UV/cosmic rays.
For oxygen you can either use the standard but extremely energy hungry silicate rock oxygen extraction, or you can get it out of the CO2 you liquefied. The easiest way is to react it with hydrogen to methane+H2O, electrolyze the H2O, and graphitize your methane in absence of air into a tar/graphite, hence ending up with C and O2, recycling the H2. It should be much less energy intensive than extracting oxygen from silicate rock, and would need a smaller nuclear power module to get it done.
By the way nitrogen has a molecular weight of 34 for N2, oxygen 36 for O2, and argon 39 for Ar. Helium has a molecular weight of 4 as He, and inhaling it from balloons increases the pitch of sound coming from your vocal chords to something really funny. As Ar is so close to normal air, the pitch change should be almost unnoticeable, but toward the deeper sounds. Heavier stuff like Xenon(mw 131) or even Krypton(mw 84) might create difficulty with breathing (I have no clue, possibly diver's nitrogen bubble in blood issues) but it should produce a really deep sound as an oxygen diluent, on Mars. But sulfur hexafluoride which is not in the Martian atmosphere is best at lowering the pitch of sound as it has a molecular weight of 146. See the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S... page for discussion about effects on vocal chords.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?...
is a youtube video about sulfur hexafluoride and helium effects comparison on voice.
No no no, we should invest and waste all this time on finding a martian cave to live in like caveman, and then maybe we can go hunt for nonexisting martian dinosaur bones to use as weapons against the nonexisting martian martians.
/lb in rocket fuel alone, and for a 200 lb person that comes to like 2 million dollars, so it's really expensive to emigrate into space even if there were livable space stations and farmable areas, but it's only a matter of energy. If you can put up huge solar shades and solar panels all over outer space, you can get a lot of energy that you can convert into rocket fuel, and drop the price of taking a trip to space to something like an airplane ticket cost. But we're so stupid down here we can't even figure out a way to live well, and instead we pay $4/gallon for gas with $8/hr minimum wage. Idiocracy.
Going to Mars in the first place is a major waste of time and taxpayer dollars, as the Moon is a lot closer with a lot less gravity to build a rotating cylinder centrifugal artificial gravity space station from. Then only thing Mars has going for it is the 100 x thinner than Earth's atmosphere atmosphere that has a lot of CO2, a good source of carbon should it be difficult to find in lunar rocks or meteorites, in a low gravity gravity well, but it's kinda far to go for it, and also solar panels and farming are less efficient that far away from the Sun. We should instead focus on turning Venus into a livable space, by smacking artificial comets into it to move it farther away from the Sun and to get it to start spinning and develop a magnetic field van Allen belt Aurora Borealis protection for its atmosphere from the solar wind, and possibly put up gigantic shades if we can't get it far enough from the Sun. It also has a lot of CO2 as carbon source for space station based life forms, such as more humans, especially if you end up with humans in the trillions instead of the 7 billion we have today, they need room to live and also lots of carbon to make up their bodies. There is a lot of room in outer space to put a lot of people, you just have to make it possible to live well surrounded by vacuum. Also Venus is a longterm project, and the biggest priority right now is setting up a Moon base, digging for silicate dust/rock and extracting oxygen and silicon and aluminum and iron and titanium via calcium reduction, making a gigantic tiltable solar panel/shade system at the Earth-Sun Lagrange point as an antidote for global warming, as a cooling effect, and then we can go berserk down here invading our deserts with greenhouse jungles, turning every livable place on the face of Earth green and full of life, instead of desert nothingness, and migrating sand dunes. What a waste of real estate deserts are, but you cannot invade them without upsetting the solar reflectivity of the Earth, and the heat budget. Of course even with a jungle invasion you still need to set up a few natural reservations for cactus and rattlesnakes and such, but much of the Sahara is full of nothing, almost 100% zero life. Once you can live on the Moon, you can also live in deserts, and then people don't have to get so congested in the good farming areas when there is 7 billion of them, or there can be a lot more of us to get the same congestion effect down here on Earth.
Taking a trip to outer space right now costs on the order of $10,000
So just as dangerous as any small particulate matter. It will stick to space suits, get in via airlocks, cover equipment that goes outside, etc. You don't want to be breathing fine rock dust. The levels in the pressurized areas will be low, but it's still something to be concerned with. Even if not breathing, it can get into mechanical components of suits and machinery and cause wear. Of course this is assuming a system with a pressurized base and the outside area having natural Martian atmosphere (tenuous and oxygen-free, but present.)
That said, dust can be dealt with. The US military has been learning how to do so in Iraq, dust gets into everything there. It takes quite a bit of effort to keep things clean and operational in a dusty desert environment.
Not a sentence!
Hey it beats putting a wind turbine into the vacuum of outer space with 0.000..001% Earth atmospheric pressure.
Taking a trip to outer space right now costs on the order of $10,000 /lb in rocket fuel alone, and for a 200 lb person that comes to like 2 million dollars, so it's really expensive to emigrate into space even if there were livable space stations and farmable areas, pace, you can get a lot of energy that you can convert into rocket fuel, and drop the price of taking a trip to space to something like an airplane ticket cost.
Falcon 9.1 costs are already $1867/lb, so you're off by a factor of over 5X, and the Falcon Heavy is on target for $709/lb, meaning you're off by a factor of 1X4 once that's up and running.
A DC-X would have had less of cost per lb than that, but really, who wants the average person with access to ceramic coated rebar having cheap access to space?
Much closer, more scientifically useful.
If you want sustainably habitable, Venus is a better choice. Similar in size to the Earth, and much closer than Mars. Use 'global warming' mitigation techniques developed on Earth to convert Venus CO2 to oxygen, and then add hydrogen to create water. The biggest problem is figuring out how to speed up the rotation of Venus. That's a tough one.
Because gravity ain't big enough on Mars for your skeletal and muscular system not to deteriorate under.
We actually don't know that at all. We know that there is deterioration in microgravity/freefall, but we don't know that ~1/3 Earth gravity or even ~1/6th will lead to any deterioration at all. We won't know until we've either had astronauts on an extended trip to Mars or the moon, or until we've tried some other experiment like centrifigul "artificial gravity" in orbit. It may very well be the case that there's no deterioration, or that it can be avoided by wearing weights or just maintaining a higher level of activity.
In all cases the astronauts had to be carried on hospital beds because they lost their muscles due to unuse and could not stand on their own feet.
Not exactly the case. They "had" to be carried due to an abundance of caution. Every last one of them was able to walk in much less time than they could have possibly recovered lost muscle mass. That makes it pretty clear that, while they were weaker than when they went up, the only problem most of them had was with remembering how to balance and walk.
Suppose we have a 100 meter radius conical cylinder, as omega^2.100 m=9.19 m/s2, omega^2=0.0919 radians^32/s^2, or omega=sqrt(0.0919)=.303 rad/s, or .303/3.1416*180=17.36 degrees/s rotational speed.
I've looked into this a bit myself. I consider it unlikely to be neccessary on Mars and probably the moon as well. One important consideration is human comfort. In any rotating system with rpm higher than about 2, some humans experience Coriolis forces that make them feel sick. Above 7 rpm is unbearable for pretty much everyone. I believe I calculated it as requiring something around a 230 meter radius to get 1 G with coriolis forces kept low enough that no-one would be uncomfortable. I envisioned it as a high speed train running on a sloped wall at a bit under 180 kph. Once again though, it's highly unlikely that it would be neccessary.
Mars gets much less little solar energy than Earth, and the atmosphere is murky/dusty. See Nuke power plant above.
Mars has lower insolation than Earth due to distance from the sun, but it's not as bad as you think. Not least because you're exactly wrong about the murkiness/dustiness of the atmosphere. The Martian atmosphere is spectacularly clear. Even during the worst dust storms (which aren't really all that common) the amount of light reaching the ground is barely affected. So, although the average insolation on Earth is 250W/m^2 and the average on Mars is 150W/m^2, more of that power is actually usable on Mars. Based on the numbers I could find for Spirit and Opportunities 1.3 m^2 solar arrays, which average about 24 Watts electrical(that's an average, bear in mind), that's an average of something like 18.5 Watts per m^2. It's a peak of maybe something like 60 Watts.
It doesn't seem like all that much. You would need a 6m X 6m array just to run a heavy duty consumer microwave at midday. Whether it would be reasonable or not depends on how light the panels can be made compared to other power sources.
Humans have taken shelter in caves on earth before they had the means of building advanced structures. We might revert to caves on Mars too until we have sufficient technology there to build our own structures.
You are assuming, quite incorrectly, that the walls, roof and floor of the putative cave will be impermeable. You'd need to at the least seal over the "fracture porosity" (I was discussing an oil well I drilled a few years ago with extensive fracture porosity with an evaluation engineer earlier today, on the off-chance that we have to use such evaluation techniques on the project we're currently employed on ; it's tedious detail, and not even a particularly rare situation). Which could mean grouting a crack in the wall every metre or so with some gas-tight relative of plaster-of-Paris. Or it could mean that you essentially have to coat the whole inner surface with a 500 micron thickness of an appropriate plastic, and then look for the remaining leaks.
It's not as easy as "sealing the entrance". But it would still be a whole lot easier than building out on the plain surface. And, essentially for free, you get all the radiation shielding you want, just by choosing a deep enough cave system.
I would recommend that you take a long trip down a terrestrial "lava tube cave" ; they're common enough that you shouldn't experience any difficulty in finding one. There you can examine in the walls the detailed structure of the lava beds which the tubes laid down as they were constructing themselves. That's if you don't want to take the advice of a geologist (points finger at myself) who is also a speleologist (different finger, same self), and who has gone on day-trips down such caves as part of a volcanology holiday (different finger, same self), and spent several hours discussing this exact point with a professor of volcanology (the holiday leader) while getting nose to the rocks to examine the evidence.
It may not be your idea of fun, but it is mine. And the wife quite enjoyed the scenery and the walking too.
Using lava tube caves as a base for accommodation in/ on Mars is a real prospect for establishing a research base there (I dismiss terraforming Mars ; by the time we have the technologies for that, we simply won't need them). The biggest hindrance would be in finding suitable caves (they are known, but they are also rare) and surveying their geotechnical (areotechnical?) competence, particularly in the roof. Even on Earth, our ability to remotely detect caverns is severely limited to those within a few metres of the rock surface, and those are likely to be the mechanically weakest and most poorly suitable ones. Robotic surveyors are a workable tool kit for doing this sort of work.
TL;DR version : It's not that easy, but it's certainly not impossible.
Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
You don't seal the cave. You enlarge the cave and seal the huge rotating metal cylinder spaceship you put inside that has artificial gravity from spinning, a centrifugal effect, and you walk on the inner walls, your weight matching that on Earth..
On Mars the most energy efficient process of extracting oxygen is from carbon dioxide, and you get carbon as a valuable byproduct too. Or jut pressurize the atmosphere up, then let plants do their weak photosynthesis, and voila, you get oxygen, on Mars.
Eventually when there are trillions of humans in existence, Earth will be kind of like a reservation with some jungle people here and there, and there will be a lot of space-age average persons in space, cuz there is a lot of room up there to put them. With ceramic rebars and whatnot. Some of them will be space-terrorists, and instead of mass shootings, they will create intentional holes in the walls and leaks inside space stations and let them go to full vacuum.
I like to see the price of shipping and handling to space drop. I still think it's very expensive, and think of really tiny people I've come across in life, they must have been like 4'10" at age 20 or so, they (or their kids assuming they'd be of tiny growth too) would make great cheap astronauts to keep sending up and down, all we gotta do is tell them what buttons to push when up there. Compared to a 200 lb person, even at $700/lb a saving of 120 lb comes to $84,000. Come to think of it $84,000 is not that much, except when you're talking about NASA, who's put on a shoestring budget by Obama and every penny counts. Obama sees keeping people from starving as his priority, not flying to outer space, and I can't talk enough on here that simply feeding people doesn't solve the problem, yes, indeed it does buy time, but achieving self sufficiency should be the ultimate goal, and in that you can't give everybody a job in this joblessness world, so you have to let them be self sufficient as Jefferson's yeoman's farmers. Fuck the economy if you can't fix it, let people be self sufficient irregardless of having a job or not, whether there is an economy or not, etc. You gotta figure out a way to buy land for them to get them off welfare, land which is impossible to procure, so the next best thing happens, urban areas are de-densified and streets that have gone empty and devoid of any buildings, well, eventually they are gonna be farming areas, not sufficient in area to feed yourself, but anything beats absolutely nothing.
We can build a 500 meter radius rotating cylinder, a kilometer or two long, out of Moon-mined metals no problem. We have the technology. Ca-thermite reaction with any silicate rock to get CaO, electrolyze CaO somewhat dissolved in water with a mercury cathode to get oxygen and a calcium amalgam, then strip the mercury amalgam with an aprotic ionic solvent that dissolves Ca well and electrolyze back the Ca from it, kinda like copper is refined, and repeat the thermite reaction with fresh materials.Silicate becomes oxygen and aluminum-silicon-magnesium-sodium-potassium-iron-titanium slag, separate the magnesium, sodium, potassium with vacuum heating in a retort, and separate using chlorine to get volatile chlorides from the rest, AlCl3, SiCl4, TiCL4, FeCl3.You can get very clean Al, Si, Ti Fe this way. Maybe bromine would be better.
By the way with Ca amalgam electrolysis the coulombic efficiency is not 100% because of hydrogen gassing, and the hydrogen overpotential is current density dependent, high current densities lowering the waste, relatively speaking. There are additives that hog active catalytic hydrogen absorption, molecule formation, and surface tension bubble growth (which takes immense pressures at just above Brownian motion scale random bubble sizes), things such active site hogging acetylenic things as used in the steel picking industry that can pickle a rusty iron nail into a shiny thing in concentrated hydrochloric acid, without any hydrogen gassing or attacking the metallic portion of the nail. But these things turn into a nasty crud and tar under electrolytic conditions, so it's easier to just simply combust back the hydrogen into water, and live with some hydrogen production, for the sake of having a clean and long lasting process. Platinized platinum makes a hydrogen oxygen mix explode at room temperature, and it could be used, it would convert any hydrogen back into water with some of the oxygen, without having to worry about a pilot flame.
As far as metallic calcium vapor production CaF2/CaO electrolysis goes with iridium electrodes, of course other things such as rhenium, etc. should also be evaluated as anode materials. On the cathode side, or just in general, there is a caveat of platinum being badly corroded by metallic silicon even at 700C, which is very low, and cannot be used as a molten silicate electrolysis electrode, and similar corrosion issues of residual impurities of silicon, aluminum, etc in the CaO might be an issue, to where an water purification of the CaO, or converting into soluble chloride and purification like that may be needed, driving up the cost of this method a lot. The nice thing about CaO, burnt lime, is that it's devastated by water into quicklime, and reactive, unlike silicates and the other oxides, including , the , SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, silicates which are only difficultly reactive with such things as Ca thermite reaction, or carbo-chlorination (difficult, bottleneck is nonvolatile carbon, can be helped with sulfur volatile contamination), or simply sulfo-chlorination.By the way all this is ancient technology, from around 1850-1930, but lawyers can say things like, well it's novel in the way that is hasn't been applied to outer space, and then waste hours and hours deliberating the interpretations of uninterpretable patents, the litigation dragging out only for as many years as the lawyers have a need to make more money, without getting bored and finally closing the case, not by someone winning, but settling out of court in a cross-patent licensing deal, as in I agree not to sue you for your patents if you agree not to sue me for your patents plus a few million dollars either which way. That is why it's important to create and be armed with a lot of junk patents, so you can come to a standstill and break the tie with a cross licensing of bullshit, as opposed to being caught owning no bullshit patents, and then no cross licensing deal, and you're getting screwed bigtime then. Patents are like who's down with OPP, yeah you know me. Cuz I own your thoughts, whatever you can ever think of, I want to hog all that and own it, and whoever I happen to work for loves shoving one of those intellectual property agreements disguised as "confidentiality agreements for 10 years" under my nose, and I absolutely despise signing those, but it's not up for negotiation, if you say you want to work here but you're not willing to fill out a paperwork HR is sticking under your nose, they are like sorry, we can't process them without the signature, and you're welcome not to have a job but go jerk off somewhere, because it's not up for negotiation. You may try to negotiate it but there's the door, employment at will. And most people you talk to, one was on unemployment for 2 years, the other didn't have a job for 5, when someone gives you a job you have to respect that, but when they shove some intellectual prope
Oh, I forgot that sealed lead acid batteries can be sealed because of the special lead-calcium electrodes they used, as opposed to the old standard ones, mostly lead-antimony and other minor things, and I have no clue why that works, but it would be interesting to see if calcium also improves hydrogen overpotential in mercury, but then you might have to go really high on amalgam concentration, into the no longer fluid region.
By the way, if you can figure out an aprotic oxidation and reduction resistant ionic solvent that dissolves CaO at room temperature, you may get Ca and O directly, but good luck with that.