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How Disney Built and Programmed an Animatronic President

An anonymous reader writes with this interesting look at how Disney created realistic animatronic figures in a time before programming languages and systems on a chip. Animatronics have powered some of sci-fi and fantasy cinema's most imposing creatures and characters: The alien queen in Aliens, the Terminator in The Terminator, and Jaws of Jaws (the key to getting top billing in Hollywood: be a robot). Even beloved little E.T.—of E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial—was a pile of aluminum, steel, and foam rubber capable of 150 robotic actions, including wrinkling its nose. But although animatronics is a treasured component of some of culture's farthest-reaching movies, it originated in much more mundane circumstances. According to the Disney archives, it began with a bird.

Among the things Walt Disney was renowned for was bringing animatronics (or what he termed at the time Audio-Animatronics) to big stages at his company and elsewhere. But Disney didn't discover or invent animatronics for entertainment use; rather, he found it in a store. In a video on Disney's site, Disney archivist Dave Smith tells a story of how one day in the early 1950s, while out shopping in New Orleans antique shop, Disney took note of a tiny cage with a tinier mechanical bird, bobbing its tail and wings while tweeting tunelessly. He bought the trinket and brought it back to his studio, where his technicians took the bird apart to see how it worked.

56 of 97 comments (clear)

  1. Let me be the first to say it. by penguinoid · · Score: 1, Insightful

    Patent infringement! Sue Disney for all they're worth! For the Progress of Science and useful Arts!

    --
    Don't waste your vote! Vote for whoever you want, unless you live in a swing state it won't matter anyways
    1. Re:Let me be the first to say it. by amiga3D · · Score: 1, Insightful

      You beat me to it. Damn! You have to love the irony of the founder of one of the biggest proponents of onerous patent laws ripping off a small inventor. But really, isn't that what it's all about? Disney and their like ripping off everyone else. Their pet congress critters using our tax money to fuck us over at Disney's behest.

    2. Re:Let me be the first to say it. by Sarten-X · · Score: 1

      So... was it patented? Was there, in fact, any legal protection to prohibit Disney from using the technology, or was it left unpatented by an inventor who didn't care? If the latter, would the state of robotics be as advanced today without Disney making the control systems from that little bird widely known? Even if it were patented, did the patent broadly cover all use of such technology, or merely the specific implementation as used in the bird?

      I know that's a lot of questions to have to research before inciting an angry mob to go after the big-business bogeyman, but those are important questions to have answered. Go ahead; your pitchfork will wait here until you get back. You might want to extinguish the torch for now, though.

      --
      You do not have a moral or legal right to do absolutely anything you want.
    3. Re:Let me be the first to say it. by RabidReindeer · · Score: 3, Interesting

      while we may have not investigated the patent situation in this case the important question is did Mr. Disney do so or did he just take?

      Wind-up automatons are older than the American Revolution. There was quite the fad for them, to the point where people were scamming by creating fake automatons such as Maelzel's Chess Player, which hid a chess-playing dwarf. Incidentally, Maelzel and Beethoven designed one of the first "Moog Synthesizers" and Beethoven wrote "Wellington's Victory" to showcase it. This unit was truly automated. The drawing automaton in the movie "Hugo" is an example of another popular model.

      I believe that when Disney first started loading up on complex automata, they were "programmed" by tall stacks of cams. More recent models replaced some of the mechanics with compressed-air tubing, which allowed more flexibility than simple linkages. I haven't seen one lately, Presumably there are better options now.

      I did see one of the air-based systems in the programming room of a company that manufactures such things. They had it hooked up to a piano keyboard. I think it used MIDI to talk to the actual solenoid valves.

  2. According to the Disney archives by ArcadeMan · · Score: 4, Funny

    everybody's heard about the bird.

    1. Re:According to the Disney archives by Guy+Harris · · Score: 1

      everybody's heard about the bird.

      It doesn't sing, so it isn't a Nightingale, thus I've never heard of it.

      Well, you've heard of it now.

    2. Re:According to the Disney archives by camperdave · · Score: 1

      It was, until the 1970s, when Grease became the word.

      --
      When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
    3. Re:According to the Disney archives by Mr.+Droopy+Drawers · · Score: 1

      That would be great in the Tiki Room!
      Done with a Raspberry Pi and a hacked Hasbro toy bird...

      --

      To Copy from One is Plagiarism; To Copy from Many is Research.

    4. Re:According to the Disney archives by Rick+the+Red · · Score: 1

      I'm surprised they didn't mention the bird in Mary Poppins - the one that sings sitting on Mary's fingers. I always thought that was the first use of Anamatronics. That and the Parrot Head on Mary's umbrella.

      --
      If all this should have a reason, we would be the last to know.
  3. Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    This seems to explain the issues with Obama's birth certificate.

    1. Re:Well... by amiga3D · · Score: 1

      I have to ask. I know it's going to be some stupid shit but I have to know. What has this to do with the birth certificate?

    2. Re:Well... by Guy+Harris · · Score: 1

      I have to ask. I know it's going to be some stupid shit but I have to know. What has this to do with the birth certificate?

      Would an Animatronic President have a birth certificate?

    3. Re:Well... by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      He would have a "First boot!" system log entry.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    4. Re:Well... by RabidReindeer · · Score: 1

      I have to ask. I know it's going to be some stupid shit but I have to know. What has this to do with the birth certificate?

      Would an Animatronic President have a birth certificate?

      Well, Dell was sending out "birth certificates" for their servers.

      I've seen one, Had a baby footprint on it and everything.

      'Course I never saw the Long Form...

  4. Copyrights by StripedCow · · Score: 2, Insightful

    After this (*) I really don't care about Disney anymore :(

    (*) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C...

    --
    If Pandora's box is destined to be opened, *I* want to be the one to open it.
  5. Re:GCI is where it's at now... hello?? by PopeRatzo · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I challenge you to watch any of the movies in TFS again and tell me with a straight face the special effects are convincing and/or scary.

    Movies do not need special effects to be scary.

    --
    You are welcome on my lawn.
  6. Firesign Theater did a parody of this in the 70s by TarPitt · · Score: 1

    The album, "I Think We're All Bozos on this Bus" was a computerized theme park parody.

    It featured an episode with an animatronic President Nixon:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?...

    The computerized replica president failed when presented with a logical paradox presented as a question.

    --
    If your children ever found out how lame you are, they'd murder you in your sleep
  7. Re:GCI is where it's at now... hello?? by amiga3D · · Score: 1

    Often the effects detract from the terror.

  8. Animated devices goes back to the ancient Greeks. by original+bit+basher · · Score: 2

    The ancient Greeks had mechanical devices, such as animated birds, water works, temple Gods, and more, as far back as the 350's BC. By year 1 it was going strong.

    greekautomata is just one listing I found.

  9. Re:GCI is where it's at now... hello?? by bhcompy · · Score: 1

    I'd say Jurassic Park has held up quite well. And, actually, the most dated effects in the film are computer generated, not practical animatronics.

  10. Re:Prior Art by cyber-vandal · · Score: 1

    That was my first thought when I read the headline as well.

  11. the poor bird by Mister+Liberty · · Score: 1, Funny

    From the Disney diaries:

    >south
    Forest
    This is a dimly lit forest, with large trees all around. One particularly
    large tree with some low branches stands here.

    >climb large tree
    Up a Tree
    You are about 10 feet above the ground nestled among some large branches.
    The nearest branch above you is above your reach.
    On the branch is a small birds nest.
    In the bird's nest is a large egg encrusted with precious jewels, apparently
    scavenged somewhere by a childless songbird. The egg is covered with fine
    gold inlay, and ornamented in lapis lazuli and mother-of-pearl. Unlike most
    eggs, this one is hinged and has a delicate looking clasp holding it closed.
    The egg appears extremely fragile.

    >take egg
    Taken.

    >drop egg
    Dropped.
    The egg falls to the ground, and is seriously damaged.

    >down
    Forest
    There is a somewhat ruined egg here.
    There is a golden clockwork canary nestled in the egg. It seems to have
    recently had a bad experience. The mountings for its jewel-like eyes are
    empty, and its silver beak is crumpled. Through a cracked crystal window
    below its left wing you can see the remains of intricate machinery. It is
    not clear what result winding it would have, as the mainspring seems sprung.

    >jump
    Have you tried hopping around the dungeon, too?

    >jump
    Do you expect me to applaud?

    >jump
    Are you enjoying yourself?

    >jump
    Wheeeeeeeeee!!!!!

    >profit!
    That's not a verb I recognise.

  12. So Jobs was just like Disney: by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Jobs was just like Disney: "Good Artists copy, great artists steal!" Followed immediately by "Its mine! Mine! All mine, I got me a patent! Mine mine all mine, it came 'Out of my mind'(tm)".

  13. What a completely vacuous story. by Nutria · · Score: 1

    Did samzenpus even follow the link?

    --
    "I don't know, therefore Aliens" Wafflebox1
  14. Re:Prior Art by NoNonAlphaCharsHere · · Score: 1

    Yeah, there was always that clicking sound when Reagan blinked, and that whirring when he turned his head.

  15. Re:GCI is where it's at now... hello?? by UnknownSoldier · · Score: 2

    Indeed. Alfred Hitchcock was a master of this technique.

  16. ArsTechnica has a better article... by SternisheFan · · Score: 1

    arstechnica.com/the-multiverse/2014/06/how-disney-built-and-programmed-an-animatronic-president/

    1. Re:ArsTechnica has a better article... by SternisheFan · · Score: 1

      Crap, that is the 1st link. I saw Lincoln stand up and speak at Walt Disney World back in 1973, and it was amazing to see, for the time. People in the audience thought it was a human actor. To learn from the Ars article how all his movements were synced up on a master audio tape was interesting. Amazing tech for the time.

    2. Re:ArsTechnica has a better article... by westlake · · Score: 1

      To learn from the Ars article how all his movements were synced up on a master audio tape was interesting. Amazing tech for the time.

      Disney's animatronics were the central attraction of five pavilions at the 1964 New York World's Fair.

      Ford's Magic Skyway, a time travel trippy mix of Mustangs and Dinosaurs, GE's Carousel of Progress, which ended in a real-life demonstration of atomic fusion, Illinois's Meet Mr Lincoln and Pepsi's It's A Small World.

  17. Re:GCI is where it's at now... hello?? by excelsior_gr · · Score: 2

    Indeed they don't. I think that movies that show less are more scary because you need to imagine more in order to fill in the gaps. For the same reason, books are often even scarier than movies.

  18. Queue to GW Bush jokes by erroneus · · Score: 1

    Go!

    1. Re:Queue to GW Bush jokes by I'm+New+Around+Here · · Score: 1

      What does this have to do with Global Warming and groundcover?

      --
      If you think I voted for Trump because of this post, you're wrong. I voted for Dr. Jill Stein of the Green Party. Again.
    2. Re:Queue to GW Bush jokes by erroneus · · Score: 1

      Normally, yes, but I wanted them in a line.

    3. Re:Queue to GW Bush jokes by Tablizer · · Score: 1
  19. Wall Street & Democrat party by david999 · · Score: 1

    Wall Street and the Democrat party have created one called obama.
    Turn on teleprompter and he speaks.

  20. Re:Prior Art by PopeRatzo · · Score: 1

    APK, you are a trip. You have to get out once in a while. I know it's scary at first, but once the bandages come off, people will stop staring at you and you won't have to wear that baseball batter's helmet all the time.

    And the drooling isn't as noticeable as you think. You can't even see it unless you're looking right at your chin.

    --
    You are welcome on my lawn.
  21. Check out Rolly Crump's It's Kind of a Cute Story by Flexagon · · Score: 1

    Rolly Crump, one of the original Imagineers, mentions some of this in his "It's Kind of a Cute Story" book and "More Cute Stories" audio CDs that have come out fairly recently. Plus a lot more Disney history from around that era. (I have no direct interest, other than enjoying these a lot.)

  22. Re:Animated devices goes back to the ancient Greek by rtb61 · · Score: 1

    Yes, but have they been patented yet. That's all that counts forget prior art, forget obviousness, all that counts to US patents lawyers is has it been patented yet in the US and can they force people to spend millions of dollars in US courts fighting over patent no matter how bullshit that patent is.

    --
    Chaos - everything, everywhere, everywhen
  23. Re:sigh by Rob+the+Bold · · Score: 1

    The jokes write themselves. So I won't bother.

    You're never gonna get any whuffie that way. Then you're gonna end up down and out.

    Apparently the mods don't have the same reading list that you do . . . even on Slashdot . . . where you'd expect some familiarity.

    --
    I am not a crackpot.
  24. Lincoln at '64 World's Fair by jddj · · Score: 1

    I saw Lincoln at the Fair, and my 5-year-old self was amazed. I knew it was a machine, as I had been told, but...how on earth could it move and stand just like a person? It was breathtaking!

    Over the years, I've wondered at roboticists having trouble mimicking human motion, or Asimo falling over. My first thought was always "Really? How hard can it be if they could do it in '64?"

    Of course, with the passage of time, I've learned about the difference between a recorded demonstration and the ability to do arbitrary kinds of work, begun to realize the power management needs and controlled environment constraints that let them pull it off, but 50 years later, it remains a high-water mark for me in the simulation of human motion onstage.

    I recently visited Kennedy Space Center, and enjoyed the (sorta) animatronic presentation on the moon landings, but the astronaut is a stationary stuffed suit. They spent their budget on putting a model LM down onstage, not the figure's motion. The seams show.

    BTW, my 5-year-old self also straightened out a docent at the Fair. Seems this clown was telling people the X-15 launched like a rocket and landed like a plane. I'd just built the Revell B-52 with the X-15 under the wing, and knew better. Indignantly straightened his ass out. Hmmph!

  25. Beware of Hitchhiking Ghosts! by robbiedo · · Score: 1

    Never truer words spoken. That was such a make-out ride in my teens.

  26. Re:Animated devices goes back to the ancient Greek by Tablizer · · Score: 1

    One can wind twine around wooden pegs in a way to "program" the movements. For example, reversing the winding direction on a spool can make a doll head turn the other way, and by controlling the wind counts per peg "lane", it can syncopate to a tune. It's speculated this kind of technology is how ancient Greeks did it. It takes more work to "re-set" than gears, but good enough for a show to the big wigs.

  27. Re:sigh YOU BROKE THE PRESIDENT by TheRealHocusLocus · · Score: 1

    Question.
    Evaluate.
    Why does the porridge bird lay his egg in the air?
    Obligatory Firesign Theater reference.

    Listen to an ananamatroiniclly correct president!
    Listen as the president is hacked!
    Listen as the president is placed in diagnostic mode!
    Listen as the artificial intelligence is crashed!
    Listen as the president is broken!
    Listen!

    This was done in 1971 Either these folks were waay ahead of their time,or things haven't changed much. Rewind and listen to the whole thing. It's a life changing experience. As my parents would attest.

    --
    <blink>down the rabbit hole</blink>
  28. Prepare ...for a period of simulated exhilaration! by Mr+Z · · Score: 1

    Firesign Theatre was definitely excellent stuff. "I'm Arty Choke, and we're just a joke. So it's back to the shadows again..."

  29. Do you remember the future? Forget it! by Mr+Z · · Score: 1

    "Hey Paolo! He broke the President!"

    I remember many years ago reading an article (probably in Wired; these days, it'd be a blog post) where someone described walking around EPCOT Center while listening to this exact album. Sounds like quite a trip, really.

    And then there's this article from several years ago that's also fitting. Apparently Disney was working on their version of the Holy-Grams too..

  30. A puppet president? by angularbanjo · · Score: 1

    I knew they were big in the lobbying industry for copyright extensions, but surely this is a step too far?

  31. Re:sigh by MightyYar · · Score: 4, Insightful

    In order to make money from kids they solve a whole bunch of interesting engineering and logistical challenges.

    --
    W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
  32. Walking bad, facial expressions good by phorm · · Score: 2

    Animatronics seemed to do really well at facial expressions and general body movement. What they sucked at was walking or things that involved moving across a room. I believe this was mainly because the walking was done "on stilts"

    For example, see movies like the original "Alien" (/Aliens) Was Alien pretty scary, you bet. While the Gremlins were not so scary (more of a kids movie than Alien), the animatronic creatures with real oozing fluids etc were quite realistic. Better yet, you didn't have to do "computer generated" light effects (realism is hard even nowadays!), since you got to use real light.

    What sucked was movement. The chest-burster running across the table: decent but still missing on the realism. Gremlins toddling across the snowy streets... stilty and not so believable. But facial expressions? That Alien with its inner mouth sliding out inches from Ripley's face, with slimy drool and everything. Awesome, and more believable than any CG I've seen.

    1. Re:Walking bad, facial expressions good by PopeRatzo · · Score: 1

      . What they sucked at was walking or things that involved moving across a room. I believe this was mainly because the walking was done "on stilts"

      Walking on two legs is unnatural and requires a shit-ton of processing power. Try to stand a GI Joe up. It's why you don't often find two-legged chairs.

      I wonder how much of the relative size of our brains is because some dim ancestor decided to get up on two legs and didn't realize what he was getting us into.

      Four legs good...

      --
      You are welcome on my lawn.
  33. Romans had steam-powered robotic toys by peter303 · · Score: 1

    Play out scenes in mythology or props in plays. Perhaps they learned steam technology from building hot baths in every city. They never industrialized this technology however. I was quicker and cheaper to use slaves.

  34. Re: Prior Art by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 1

    Ob. Robin Williams link.

    --
    My God, it's Full of Source!
    OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
  35. Tiki Room is my hands-down favorite! by Mr.+Droopy+Drawers · · Score: 1

    The Tiki Room was Walt's favorite (and mine too). You can see him beam as he demonstrates it in many videos.
    My sons and I built a tribute to the Tiki Room using a Raspberry Pi and a Hasbro toy bird. It never ceases to get a laugh out of visitors. Here's a link.

    --

    To Copy from One is Plagiarism; To Copy from Many is Research.

  36. Re:Prepare ...for a period of simulated exhilarati by doccus · · Score: 1

    I doubt Firesign Theatre's inthelligent brand of humor would gain much traction in this flouride addled, grammatically crippled graduates, of the modern educational system of today.. Shame. Maybe that's why their LPs have not been reissued, at least AFAIK.. Or have they?

  37. FTFY by drainbramage · · Score: 1

    I'd say it would explain Al Gore.

    --
    No brain, no pain.
  38. Re:Prepare ...for a period of simulated exhilarati by Mr+Z · · Score: 1

    Rhino Records has reissued several on CDs. Also, Firesign Theatre has put out a few new albums in the last ~15 years, including Give Me Immortality or Give Me Death, Boom Dot Bust, and The Bride of Firesign.

  39. Re:Prepare ...for a period of simulated exhilarati by doccus · · Score: 1

    Ah yes.. Rhino..the ultimate reissuer.. Man I remember buying Rhino releases on cassette, when they were ultra cool.. Wild Man Fischer's second album, and a few others I think were rockabilly or perhaps blues, with numbers like RN003, RN004, etc..