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The Star That Exploded At the Dawn of Time
sciencehabit writes To probe the dawn of time, astronomers usually peer far away; but now they've made a notable discovery close to home. An ancient star a mere thousand light-years from Earth bears chemical elements that may have been forged by the death of a star that was both extremely massive and one of the first to arise after the big bang. If confirmed, the finding means that some of the universe's first stars were so massive they died in exceptionally violent explosions that altered the growth of early galaxies.
Congratulations on your purchase of a brand new nigger! If handled properly, your apeman will give years of valuable, if reluctant, service.
INSTALLING YOUR NIGGER.
You should install your nigger differently according to whether you have purchased the field or house model. Field niggers work best in a serial configuration, i.e. chained together. Chain your nigger to another nigger immediately after unpacking it, and don't even think about taking that chain off, ever. Many niggers start singing as soon as you put a chain on them. This habit can usually be thrashed out of them if nipped in the bud. House niggers work best as standalone units, but should be hobbled or hamstrung to prevent attempts at escape. At this stage, your nigger can also be given a name. Most owners use the same names over and over, since niggers become confused by too much data. Rufus, Rastus, Remus, Toby, Carslisle, Carlton, Hey-You!-Yes-you!, Yeller, Blackstar, and Sambo are all effective names for your new buck nigger. If your nigger is a ho, it should be called Latrelle, L'Tanya, or Jemima. Some owners call their nigger hoes Latrine for a joke. Pearl, Blossom, and Ivory are also righteous names for nigger hoes. These names go straight over your nigger's head, by the way.
CONFIGURING YOUR NIGGER
Owing to a design error, your nigger comes equipped with a tongue and vocal chords. Most niggers can master only a few basic human phrases with this apparatus - "muh dick" being the most popular. However, others make barking, yelping, yapping noises and appear to be in some pain, so you should probably call a vet and have him remove your nigger's tongue. Once de-tongued your nigger will be a lot happier - at least, you won't hear it complaining anywhere near as much. Niggers have nothing interesting to say, anyway. Many owners also castrate their niggers for health reasons (yours, mine, and that of women, not the nigger's). This is strongly recommended, and frankly, it's a mystery why this is not done on the boat.
HOUSING YOUR NIGGER.
Your nigger can be accommodated in cages with stout iron bars. Make sure, however, that the bars are wide enough to push pieces of nigger food through. The rule of thumb is, four niggers per square yard of cage. So a fifteen foot by thirty foot nigger cage can accommodate two hundred niggers. You can site a nigger cage anywhere, even on soft ground. Don't worry about your nigger fashioning makeshift shovels out of odd pieces of wood and digging an escape tunnel under the bars of the cage. Niggers never invented the shovel before and they're not about to now. In any case, your nigger is certainly too lazy to attempt escape. As long as the free food holds out, your nigger is living better than it did in Africa, so it will stay put. Buck niggers and hoe niggers can be safely accommodated in the same cage, as bucks never attempt sex with black hoes.
FEEDING YOUR NIGGER.
Your Nigger likes fried chicken, corn bread, and watermelon. You should therefore give it none of these things because its lazy ass almost certainly doesn't deserve it. Instead, feed it on porridge with salt, and creek water. Your nigger will supplement its diet with whatever it finds in the fields, other niggers, etc. Experienced nigger owners sometimes push watermelon slices through the bars of the nigger cage at the end of the day as a treat, but only if all niggers have worked well and nothing has been stolen that day. Mike of the Old Ranch Plantation reports that this last one is a killer, since all niggers steal something almost every single day of their lives. He reports he doesn't have to spend much on free watermelon for his niggers as a result. You should never allow your nigger meal breaks while at work, since if it stops work for more than ten minutes it will need to be retrained. You would be surprised how long it takes to teach a nigger to pick cotton. You really would. Coffee beans? Don't ask. You have no idea.
MAKING YOUR NIGGER WORK.
Niggers are very, very averse to work of any kind. T
From TFA:
The big bang produced only hydrogen, helium, and a little lithium, and gas clouds containing only these elements can't cool.
Can someone please explain this? What would prevent a cloud of primordial elements from cooling?
Why are they present mostly in the galactic halo? Also, stars like SM0313 are supposed to have formed only a 100mn or so years after the Big Bang. Is that enough time for Population III stars to have formed and gone supernova?
Big Bang -> a few ridiculously massive stars -> a few little Bangs -> many massive stars -> many hypernovae -> many many large stars -> many many supernovae -> ... -> ... -> Michael Bay
It's explosions all the way down.
Is ancient ! .. All that gold !!!
Fly They l0oked on baby...don't about outside which don't use the Is not prone to out of bed in the and financial discussions on FreeBSD went out
It's called "theory" for a reason
So, I don't get why pair-instability supernovae happen in the first place, and the Wikipedia article certainly isn't helping.
The argument is that at some point a star gets hot enough that its photons start creating electron/positron pairs, and this causes a collapse. Then that collapse leads to a runaway nuclear reaction.
What I don't get is how the star would ever become supercritical from a nuclear reaction perspective. I get that there might be some kind of transition in pair creation as the whole star gradually increases in temperature and perhaps a large portion of the star crosses some threshold temperature at the same time. I get that this could reduce pressure in the star and allow it to start collapsing.
However, while the transition in pair-creation behavior might happen quickly (this is an event at the quantum level), the collapse of the star involves huge masses of gas falling inwards at macroscopic speeds. I don't see how the migration of a few dozen sun's worth of H/He towards the core is going to happen at a rate anywhere near the rate at which individual H/He atoms are colliding throughout the core. So, if the density started to rise such that you got an increase in nuclear reactions, wouldn't that create additional pressure that stops the collapse?
For there to be an explosion you need to build up potential energy of some kind and then release it all at once. If you light C4 with a match it just burns from the surface which doesn't lead to a dramatic release of energy. If you send a shockwave through it that travels faster than the speed of sound in the medium then the initiation of combustion of the C4 propagates faster than the shock wave produced by the combustion, and as a result the energy of the entire explosive is released seemingly at once. Likewise if you ignite a cloud of pure hydrogen surrounded by normal air it will just burn at the surface hotly, but if you premix hydrogen and air to a stoichiometric mix and light a match, it will detonate, because in that case the ignition will naturally propagate faster than the speed of sound (and is not limited by the diffusion of oxygen/hydrogen to allow mixture).
Nuclear reactors don't explode, because they aren't significantly supercritical - they stay near equilibrium. A nuclear bomb reaches supercriticality because for a very short moment in time the inertial of the collapsing fissile mass allows it to continue to collapse before the energy produced by the initiating chain reaction can blow it apart.
Is that the case for these supernovae? Does it take long enough for the nuclear reactions to start that the mass of the falling gas has enough inertia to allow it to continue to compress even after passing the critical point?
The instability that causes the collapse of a stellar core and subsequent explosion comes from turning gamma rays into pairs of electrons and positrons. This turns energy into matter and cuts the pressure that the energy provides. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P... It turns out that these explosions may make observing the early universe easier. One of the most important abundance ratios is the interstellar medium is the ratio of oxygen to carbon. The strength of the carbon monoxide bond is so strong that these two really pair up. Whichever runs out first determines the remaining chemistry to a large degree. Mass losing carbon rich stars produce carbon rich dust, while mass losing oxygen rich stars produce silicate dust for example. But, primordial Pair Instability Super Novae may produce lots of oxygen with little carbon or silicon to combine with. So the very early solid phase of the ISM may be mostly water ice. This happens to increase the far infrared emissivity of this solid phase making early objects brighter in the red-shifted sub-millimeter. Thus very early object may be easy to find in surveys at that wavelength. http://iopscience.iop.org/0004...
Thanks.
Further how is this possible, if the speed of light is absolute... well you can't move matter more than 1 light second in one second and that too requires infinite enregy, no?
The atoms that make up my body were created in the Big Bang itself, and half of them, statistically, were once antimatter.
This is the best title of a Slashdot news story to be repurposed as the title of a rock song.
I thought 'extremely massive' stars were supposed to end up as black holes when they collapsed?
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Now, the quarks making up those newfangled heavy atoms - those have been around since the beginning.