Slashdot Mirror


Ammonia Leak Alarm On the ISS Forces Evacuation of US Side: Crew Safe

New submitter BabelBuilder writes: An alarm signaling a possible ammonia leak aboard the ISS this morning caused the crew to evacuate the U.S. side of the station. All crew aboard the station are safe. "Flight controllers in Mission Control at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston saw an increase in pressure in the station's water loop for thermal control system B then later saw a cabin pressure increase that could be indicative of an ammonia leak in the worst case scenario. Acting conservatively to protect for the worst case scenario, the crew was directed to isolate themselves in the Russian segment while the teams are evaluating the situation." They don't yet know whether it was caused by a faulty sensor, a problem in the relay box, or another malfunction.

95 comments

  1. This is why I like analog gauges... by TWX · · Score: 3, Interesting

    ...with no electrical or electronic component to their basic functionality. I find I can confirm false-readings much more easily than relying on an electronic sensor, and that it seems like at least with automobiles, the sensors themselves fail more often than the conditions that the sensors were designed to detect actually manifest.

    --
    Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    1. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Russ1642 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      When there are a thousand sensors it gets problematic to monitor all of them. That's why we invented electronic sensors, so that we could use software to do all the work of monitoring them, logging data, triggering alarms, etc.

    2. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by sribe · · Score: 5, Insightful

      And, analog gauges are not magically immune to failure...

    3. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Richard_at_work · · Score: 3, Insightful

      And weigh a shit load more...

    4. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Russ1642 · · Score: 2

      And you have to add an electronic sensor anyway for logging and transmitting and whatever else.

    5. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 5, Interesting

      You want analog? Check this out. This is a 360 view of the engineer's station of a Convair B36. I'm not quite sure where I'd stash my slide rule, but I'm sure there's a spot somewhere.

      --
      Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
    6. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Holy fuck.

    7. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by Frosty+Piss · · Score: 2

      How much is a "shit ton"? Can you relate that to a metric shit ton? I'm looking for a car analogy...

      --
      If you want news from today, you have to come back tomorrow.
    8. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Interesting, thanks. It looks more complicated than it is since everything is repeated 6x for each engine.

    9. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by fisted · · Score: 1, Funny

      Holy fuck.

      ERROR:
      Javascript not activated

      I concur.

    10. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 1

      True, however many of the gauges are selectable for individual cylinders of each engine; head temperature and the others in the left bank of six columns. Power was six Pratt & Whitney R-4360 radials, each with 28 cylinders in four banks of seven. Having an individual cylinder drop out was not uncommon apparently.

      --
      Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
    11. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1

      There's a bank of switches on the right for each engine, the label is worn down but I'm pretty sure it says "ENGINE OIL DILUTE" 8-(

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    12. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by Oliver+Wendell+Jones · · Score: 4, Funny

      A standard US shit ton = 2.65 metric shit tons, or 78.1 US crap-loads.

      --
      A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing -- Emo Phillips
    13. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Virtucon · · Score: 0

      who watches the watchers?

      --
      Harrison's Postulate - "For every action there is an equal and opposite criticism"
    14. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1

      And 4x for each jet engine!

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    15. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's 7.37 1964 Buick Skylarks - no positraction.

    16. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by DerekLyons · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This is why I like analog gauges with no electrical or electronic component to their basic functionality. I find I can confirm false-readings much more easily than relying on an electronic sensor

      Do you also enjoy spending hours that could be used productively doing nothing but working your way through gauges scattered across a system? Because that's one of the hidden costs of analog gauges - either you keep the system simple and keep the gauges near the point of measurement, or make it more complex and heavier by introducing a method to transfer the measured quantity (fluid, gas, what have you) to a convenient location for the gauge? (And an awful lot of what people see as analog gauges are actually voltage or resistance meters - the measured quantity is measured locally and then transmitted to a distant gauge as an analog electrical signal.)
       
      On top of that, you can only confirm false readings if it's not the gauge or measurement system itself supplying the false reading in the first place. Analog gauges do break and their calibration does drift. Piping used to transfer fluid or gas to a measurement point does get clogged up. (And people shut or forget to open gauge stops and isolation valves at the most inconvenient of times.) If it's a hybrid (analog mechanical and analog electrical) system, there's a whole additional level of potential for faults and drifting calibration (without any of the advantages that using the same wiring for digital provides).
       

      it seems like at least with automobiles, the sensors themselves fail more often than the conditions that the sensors were designed to detect actually manifest.

      The plural of anecdote is not data.
       
      In my experience, the vast majority of people who pine for analog gauges have never dealt with an analog system other than their automobile dashboard (which after the late 80's is probably a hybrid (digital with analog displays) system anyhow) or something else equally simple and only having a handful of gauges (at most) in the first place. I have (USN Submarine Service, '81-'91), and I'll take a digital system over an analog system any day of the week. They're much easier to maintain, offer far more functionality, and are much easier to use.

    17. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Firethorn · · Score: 1

      They're using Javascript because it's a fancy 3d rollable image.

      --
      I don't read AC A human right
    18. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Sechr+Nibw · · Score: 1

      The plural of anecdote is not data.

      Anecdata?

    19. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It requires Flash as well, so whatever it is, I'll pass.

    20. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by smooth+wombat · · Score: 1

      You are correct (you can zoom in). Directly below that bank of switches it says "Engine Water Injection".

      --
      We will bankrupt ourselves in the vain search for absolute security. -- Dwight D. Eisenhower
    21. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      He didn't say "shit ton(ne)", he said "shit load", and that depends on the size of the car.

      On the other hand, he should have said "fuck ton" (your fucked if you can't get off the ground and that would be the "shits"). Plus you can haul a "fuck ton" in the back seat of a car. Just add dual wheels and helper springs.

    22. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Always tap them a few times before reading.

    23. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I looked around and couldn't find a way in.

    24. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by caseih · · Score: 1

      You must specify units. Republican or Democrat?

    25. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by antdude · · Score: 1

      Why not have both analog and digital?

      --
      Ant(Dude) @ Quality Foraged Links (AQFL.net) & The Ant Farm (antfarm.ma.cx / antfarm.home.dhs.org).
    26. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Look up.

    27. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 1

      this appears to be one of the earlier ones before the addition of the four jet engines.

      --
      Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
    28. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1

      No it has them, you can see the jet throttles on the left of the cockpit roof (you have to look behind you).

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    29. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1

      Water injection I can understand, but oil dilution just seems like a bad idea!

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    30. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by riverat1 · · Score: 1

      Well, he said a "shit load". And that would depend on the size of the manure spreader he's using.

    31. Re: This is why I like analog gauges... by JWSmythe · · Score: 1

      2 dr coupe, 4 dr sedan, 2 dr convertible, 4 dr standard sportwagon, 4 dr custom sportwagon?

      What percentage of the total mass has already rusted off?

      --
      Serious? Seriousness is well above my pay grade.
    32. Re:This is why I like analog gauges... by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 1

      Right you are. I missed that. The jets were mostly used for takeoff and for added speed over target. Interesting that the radials have throttle control at both the pilot's and engineer's stations, while the jet throttles are only up front, at least as far as I can tell.

      --
      Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
  2. Russians by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It's the russians!

    1. Re:Russians by TWX · · Score: 1

      Yes, because I'm sure that the three Russians on board wanted to cram the two Americans and the Italian into their very small space without easy access to toilet facilities or bathing facilities...

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    2. Re:Russians by BarbaraHudson · · Score: 0

      Well, since they're on the Russian side, they can now borrow the "Universal Repair Tool" - duct tape - from the Russians.

      --
      "Transparent" is a shit show that trades on every stereotype going. A man in drag is NOT a transsexual.
    3. Re:Russians by war4peace · · Score: 2

      American components, Russian components... all made in Taiwan!

      --
      ...gis sdrawkcab (usually not responding to ACs; don't bother posting as AC)
    4. Re: Russians by dunkelfalke · · Score: 2

      On the russian side they use blue electrical tape, not duct tape.

      --
      "It's such a fine line between stupid and clever" -- David St. Hubbins, Spinal Tap
    5. Re:Russians by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      This is how you fix Russian space station! *CLANK*

  3. Caution: Putin at Work by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Putin trying to save the day. FSB did it on orders of Putin. Gets fixed eventually. Makes it seem like Putin did it. Yay! Forgot about our problems!

  4. Cold War calling... by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 2

    When did the Iron Curtain between Russia and U.S. went up on the International Space Station?

    1. Re:Cold War calling... by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 1


      When did the Iron Curtain between Russia and U.S. went up on the International Space Station?

      Don't worry, they had to show their papers at the border. We're still safe from external threats - support your local Congressman.

      --
      My God, it's Full of Source!
      OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
    2. Re:Cold War calling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      The ISS started life as Mir 2 and Space Station Freedom. When the cold war ended and NASA's and Roscosmos's budgets where slashed, they decided to put their heads (and stations) together and make one station with some of the modules they had been planning for their respective next-generation space stations. Thus, there's the US truss and the Russian truss, with (partly?) independent life-support systems.

      There's a sprinkling of modules from various other countries, but the backbone was all made by the big two.

    3. Re:Cold War calling... by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I think the truss is purely US-built. Here's a reasonably recent color-coded schematics.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    4. Re:Cold War calling... by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      Well, there's the West ISS and East ISS and all the food has to be airlifted (spacelifted?) there.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    5. Re: Cold War calling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You're right - I sbould have used the term "segment".

    6. Re:Cold War calling... by Bo'Bob'O · · Score: 1

      Also, Zarya is actually owned by the US. It was built, launched and I presume operated by the Russians, but it's still owned by NASA.

    7. Re:Cold War calling... by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      Yeah, I wanted to add that, but that's just a minor expansion of the US Orbital Segment. :-)

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
  5. That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by NotDrWho · · Score: 3, Funny

    Roger, Houston, we have another "ammonia leak."

    Requesting that you please stop sending up the freeze-dried chili in the supply missions, at least while Jim is on station.

    --
    SJW's don't eliminate discrimination. They just expropriate it for themselves.
    1. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, that would be a methane leak, you insensitive clod!

    2. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      With Jim, it's both.

    3. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 2

      That's why sending a Vulcan on the ISS was a bad idea. And why do you call T'Poot "Jim"? You know he doesn't like it.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    4. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Virtucon · · Score: 1

      wouldn't that be Methane? Besides it is a segwayinto the new EPA rules for Oil and Gas producers so Chili will have to be included in the category.

      --
      Harrison's Postulate - "For every action there is an equal and opposite criticism"
    5. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Fun fact:

      You can't fart in microgravity because the gas bubbles don't get brought together by buoyancy. Don't try or it'll be wet. :(

    6. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      FYI it's segue and it's normally a verb. I expect they called those contraptions segways so as not to make their owners appear even more foolish than they already are.

    7. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You mean "Wolowitz farted".

    8. Re:That's just NASA-speak for "Jim farted" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
  6. Anyone who knows refrigeration? by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 2

    I'm a trifle surprised that the ISS would be using ammonia in its refrigeration system. I understand that it is a common terrestrial choice(though mostly in industrial systems, not home use equipment, even if well sealed) because it's pretty good at being a refrigerant and dirt cheap; but it's not a terribly pleasant chemical. Not death on a stick or anything; but an gas that readily dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution potentially strong enough to be a tissue damage risk(good thing that only unimportant stuff like our eyes and lungs are naturally moist, right?).

    Given that anything lofted into orbit automatically costs some thousands of dollars a kilogram, I would have expected a slightly more price-insensitive choice, probably one of the fancier halogenated hydrocarbons, or a mixture of them.

    Does anyone know why ammonia was used instead? Is it that a leak would be dangerous even if the refrigerant were 'the warm fragrance of a spring day'; because of the life-critical nature of the refrigeration system and the relatively tiny volume of breathable atmosphere aboard the station, making using a less noxious refrigerant little more than a way of avoiding alkali burns and asphyxiating or overheating instead? Is ammonia sufficiently superior(per unit mass, volume, or both) that it would be heroically more expensive to ship a different refrigerant into orbit? Some other factor I'm not considering?

    1. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Russ1642 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If anybody knows about refrigeration it's probably the people that designed the cooling system on the ISS.

    2. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by jfp51 · · Score: 1

      Probably because they have been working with it for decades and it is a known quantity, instead of having to recertify, retest, remanaufacture cooling systems based on something else. I am not a rocket scientist so this is an educated hunch.

    3. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by ColdWetDog · · Score: 3, Informative

      Because ammonia works. It handles wide temperature swings. It is very efficient weight wise. The tech is well known. The instrumentation is well known. The only downside is that it's impressively corrosive. That said, the Russians don't use it.

      Which, in the end, is likely why we do.

      --
      Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
    4. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by spiritplumber · · Score: 1

      If it was me designing this (and I have no idea what I'm doing) I would try to use nitrogen, mostly on grounds of it's not very reactive and you have a lot of it around anyway (the ISS mimics earth atmosphere).

      --
      Liberty - Security - Laziness - Pick any two.
    5. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Ammonia is used in absorption refrigeration systems. No mechanical compressor; just boiling gases to create the refrigeration effect. They may be heavier and more expensive than compressed-gas refrigeration systems, but they only require a heat source to operate. There are likely multiple ways to get heat piped to the refrigeration units in a space station that don't require much (or any) additional electrical power -- which is probably where the trade-off is.

    6. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Refrigeration is all about absorbing heat using the latent heat of vaporization. Ammonia was chosen because is has 1369 J/Kg vs 200 for nitrogen. Nitrogen would also have much higher working pressures requiring heavier pipes.

    7. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      Wouldn't it be possible to make this one circuit short and cover the rest with some kind of passive (and isothermal) heat pipes? Those can presumably operate under lower pressure.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    8. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by dunkelfalke · · Score: 1

      Only on the US side. The russian modules use CO2, if I remember correctly.

      --
      "It's such a fine line between stupid and clever" -- David St. Hubbins, Spinal Tap
    9. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by DerekLyons · · Score: 1

      Is it that a leak would be dangerous even if the refrigerant were 'the warm fragrance of a spring day'; because of the life-critical nature of the refrigeration system and the relatively tiny volume of breathable atmosphere aboard the station

      I can't speak to the ISS, but one of the downsides of the fancy(ier) refrigerant we used (and still use AFAIK) onboard USN submarines was that it breaks down into carbon monoxide and (IIRC) phosgene gas under rather moderate heat. So, you had a tasteless, odorless gas that broke down into two different tasteless, odorless, substances which were very dangerous in low concentrations - inside a vehicle with a relatively small breathable volume. Or to put it another way, something that's relatively innocuous in your house can be very dangerous indeed in an enclosed environment.

      That being said, no doubt NASA compared all the properties of the candidate refrigerants (not just the danger of leak, but how well if performs in the Station's environment) before choosing ammonia.

    10. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by iggymanz · · Score: 1

      also, it (R717) is the most efficient refrigerant. There is renewed interest for that reason in using it in more traditional applications

    11. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Firethorn · · Score: 2

      That said, the Russians don't use it [space.com].

      Checking out their link, their exterior coolant loop isn't anything hazardous. Interior is 'triol fluid' which is 70% water, 30% glycerin, which is also non-toxic.

      --
      I don't read AC A human right
    12. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Indeed:

      "Compared to other cooling agents such as heptane, toluol or freon, anhydrous ammonia requires a pumping power that is lower by a factor of 6 to 16, at the same time that the specific heat is four to seven times higher."
      Messerschmid & Bertrand, "Space Stations" p. 201. (ISBN 3-540-65464-X)

    13. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by caseih · · Score: 1

      Except that your diagram shows the US side doesn't use ammonia either for interior cooling; just water. Or am I reading that wrong? Obviously there must be a heat transfer point where the water cooling loop transmits heat into the ammonia cooling loop for external radiation. If that point is inside somewhere, that could be a point of potential leak I suppose.

    14. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Coren22 · · Score: 1

      Looking at that link, it looks like the ammonia loop is used for cooling the solar panels, I am surprised it even enters the modules at all, as it could be a closed loop between the solar panels and the radiators (with a pump, which might be the part inside the modules).

      --
      APK likes to ask for responses to the same things over and over. Maybe he just likes the responses?
    15. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by Trogre · · Score: 1

      Why's that? Are the lowest bidders always the best experts?

      (remove tongue from cheek)

      --
      "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
    16. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 1

      If anybody knows about refrigeration it's probably the people that designed the cooling system on the ISS.

      Oh, I didn't mean to imply that I thought they'd screwed up; but my own(quite limited) knowledge of the subject had led me to assume that something other than ammonia would have been used, so I was curious about what it was that I didn't know that made ammonia the choice.

    17. Re:Anyone who knows refrigeration? by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 1

      Christ. Partying like it's 1915 in a tiny, sealed, underwater tube. That's overtly horrifying. I imagine that motivating whoever was responsible for checking for leaks was not that difficult?

  7. Obilg HAL 9000: by seven+of+five · · Score: 2

    "I would recommend that we put the unit back in operation and let it fail."

  8. Ammonia by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Did the Russians pee on the control panel again? Them and their antics! Anything to shutdown the ISS

  9. Ammonia is a coolant? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    and all this time I thought it was a liquid in household cleaning products.

    1. Re:Ammonia is a coolant? by Lunix+Nutcase · · Score: 1
    2. Re:Ammonia is a coolant? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Did you know that propane is often used as a propellant in spray cans?

  10. They get safer as you read by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Title:

    Ammonia leak

    First sentence:

    Possible ammonia leak

    Second sentence:

    Could be indicative of an ammonia leak in the worst case scenario.

  11. It was the janitor by Virtucon · · Score: 0

    Sorry, Hector spilled the floor cleaner again. He won't let it happen again.

    --
    Harrison's Postulate - "For every action there is an equal and opposite criticism"
    1. Re:It was the janitor by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Sorry, Hector spilled the floor cleaner again. He won't let it happen again.

      Who is Hector? Consuela has been complaining about ammonia cleaning products for a while now, something or other about it leaving streaks.

  12. well by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ISIS did threaten more attacks...

  13. In Russian Space Module... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...Ammonia leak isolates YOU.

  14. On Russian Side by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    On Russian side, the problem was mitigated by hitting the snooze button.

  15. Tap Tap Tap... by DarthVain · · Score: 2

    Also, it will allow dramatically hopeful crew to tap the gauges as they edge towards criticality...

  16. From one who should know. by DerekLyons · · Score: 4, Informative

    Does anyone know why ammonia was used instead?

    I emailed a friend who worked on Station's ECLSS back in the 90's, and this was his reply:

    "Ammonia has a great specific heat (ability to carry the thermal load), plus its boiling and freezing points work really well in space applications. It's also (aside from toxicity) a very well-known, simple, cheap and fairly easy material to work with. The way the TCS loops work on ISS, the ammonia loop is external; it never mixes with the internal (water) loops. There are external heat exchangers to pass the thermal loads from inside to outside; the water loops out of the pressure vessels through the end cones to the heat exchangers and back inside. The only way for ammonia to get into the water loop (it seems to me) would be a debris strike or something like that in a heat exchanger (and they're protected by MMOD shielding, as well as being rather out of the way)."

    1. Re:From one who should know. by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 1

      Excellent, thank you.

  17. Change of diet needed by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Quit serving sauerkraut!

  18. Re:Booo by riverat1 · · Score: 1

    At first I though you wrote "We could use a few less merkins in the world."

  19. Re:Booo by TehZorroness · · Score: 1

    Hey dude, even though some of us Americans are scumbags, it isn't right to wish death upon anyone... Especially a bunch of civilian scientists.