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"Father of the Space Shuttle" George Mueller Dies At 97 (washingtonpost.com)

The Washington Post reports that long-time NASA engineer and administrator George Mueller died on October 12 of congestive heart failure, at 97. Mueller had a hand in NASA programs as Associate Administrator of the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight going back to the Apollo program, but not only as an administrator: he played a large role in the design of Skylab, and in lobbying for the Space Shuttle; this last earned him the (sometimes disputed) nickname of "Father of the Space Shuttle." During his Apollo days, Mueller became well known for his insistence on "all-up" testing, rather than incremental, per-component tests. From the Washington Post's story: As applied to the space program, [all-up testing] implied specifically such techniques as the testing of all three stages of the giant Saturn V booster rocket while they were coupled together and with a payload attached to boot. It was reported that the scheme had its doubters, among them such leading lights of rocketry as Wernher von Braun. But in time, the forceful Dr. Mueller proved persuasive enough to overcome all such reservations, and it was “all up” for the mammoth Saturn V, the launch vehicle upon which NASA pinned its hopes of sending Americans to the moon.

75 comments

  1. he's now all-up by turkeydance · · Score: 1

    and tested.

    1. Re: he's now all-up by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      turkeydance is a cow.Mooooo.....

  2. Cult of personality by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Do we really need to put people on a pedestal? I wish it would just go away and people recognized it was all team effort. Finally recognize that two people can have two ideas and both be right and that everyone can be replaced - even Steve Jobs ( not that anyone really wishes to fork for an egocentric megalomaniac.

    1. Re:Cult of personality by davester666 · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      Are you kidding? We totally have to.

      If you sign up for the military, you automatically are a hero, regardless of what you actually do.
      "First Responders", which I believe covers police, firefighters, tow truck drivers, ambulance drivers all hero's.
      Stopping at an accident and helping someone out of a car "hero".

      And all this bullshit is rapidly ramping up here in Canada.

      --
      Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
    2. Re:Cult of personality by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      >>and that everyone can be replaced -
      Uhhh no. There are some who cannot be replaced without everything going to hell. Granted, there aren't as many places as there used to be with megacorps and all, but some people are more important than others. All has been that way. Get used to it.

    3. Re:Cult of personality by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You know who would be my hero? Someone who knows the plural of hero is heroes.

    4. Re:Cult of personality by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 1

      I don't think the future as we know it today would be the same if Zefram Cochrane didn't know about the tall statue in his honor that would marked the first test of a warp drive engine and First Contact with the Vulcans.

      http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Zefram_Cochrane

  3. All Up Testing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Surely you want to do both unit testing as well as integration systems testing in a realistic production environment.

    Then again I've worked for places where that was considered not worth the time or effort.

    1. Re:All Up Testing? by 0123456 · · Score: 4, Informative

      The problem comes when you want to test the first stage of your rocket in flight. It needs to be tested in an environment as close as possible to a real launch. You either spend a lot of money building a fake second and third stage, or you put a real second stage on top. That also has to be tested in an environment as close as possible to a real launch. So you spend a lot of money building a fake third stage, or you put a real third stage on top. Then you need a realistic payload. So you might as well put a real spacecraft on top.

      So long as there's a good chance of the first stage working, you probably save money and time in the long run by just launching the whole thing. You can test whichever stages work, and you don't have to spend money building fake stages.

    2. Re:All Up Testing? by trout007 · · Score: 3, Informative

      I work at KSC and here is the issue. Sometime just creating the relevant environment is more expensive then just having a test flight. For example to simulate the aerodynamic and vibration loads on a rocket stage are near impossible. We will shake the avionics or even whole spacecraft. But nobody has a shaker big enough for a whole stage so you need to test it in flight. And for example on the Saturn V are you just going to test the first stage? Then you need to simulate the rest of the vehicle weight, cg, and aerodynamic loads. At that point its just easier to use the second and third stage.

      --
      I love Jesus, except for his foreign policy.
    3. Re:All Up Testing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      uh, no. the spacecraft is usually the most expensive part of the launch, especially if it's a man-rated craft.

    4. Re:All Up Testing? by 0123456 · · Score: 2

      uh, no. the spacecraft is usually the most expensive part of the launch, especially if it's a man-rated craft.

      A Saturn V launch cost about $2,000,000,000 in today's money. So adding another test flight to test the spacecraft after you've already tested the Saturn V would add $2,000,0000,000 to the development cost.

    5. Re:All Up Testing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually, the most expensive part of a space program is people. The longer a test program drags on, everyone still has to get paid, so sometimes it pays to spend a little more money up front to get the results we need quicker.

      (Source: one of my colleagues studied the cost sources of spacecraft and satellite development programs during graduate school.)

    6. Re: All Up Testing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      From my understanding, it all came down to JFK'S deadline. They simply could not keep the schedule "...by the end of this decade...", with all the sub assemblies being serially tested in order. "All up" cut years off the schedule.

      Fail early, fail often, go fast!

    7. Re:All Up Testing? by khallow · · Score: 1

      A bunch of that money was fixed cost - though a good part of it was fixed cost per year. If you do the flights frequently enough, you'll see lower cost per flight.

    8. Re:All Up Testing? by Burdell · · Score: 2

      MSFC has a "shaker" big enough. A whole Saturn V rocket, and then later a Space Shuttle, were tested in the dynamic test stand here.

    9. Re:All Up Testing? by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 1

      I read an early computer history book about a couple of scientists who went down to Cape Canaveral to coordinate the radar system with a computer system to track data as the rocket flew down range from the launch pad. The rocket test went haywire with the top and middle stages igniting to fly off in separate directions, leaving the bottom stage sitting on the launch pad. Since the self-destruct was located only in the bottom stage, the launch pad got blown to pieces and the remaining two stages came crashing down on their own.

    10. Re:All Up Testing? by camperdave · · Score: 1

      Right. Catering costs more than fuel.

      --
      When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
    11. Re:All Up Testing? by trout007 · · Score: 1

      From what I remember that was a pretty low frequency shaker looking for modes that would have an impact on the control system. It couldn't simulate the launch environment. But this is a good example of the mentality. You test what you can at a reasonable cost but eventually the tests get more expensive and time consuming than a few test flights.

      --
      I love Jesus, except for his foreign policy.
    12. Re:All Up Testing? by khallow · · Score: 1

      Catering costs more than fuel.

      True in this case. Propellant is a minor cost in such rocketry programs.

    13. Re:All Up Testing? by khallow · · Score: 1

      Surely you want to do both unit testing as well as integration systems testing in a realistic production environment.

      In a software environment those tend to be cheap, especially when compared to the cost of not doing them.

    14. Re:All Up Testing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      As I recall, the second test flight almost failed because of the difference between ground testing and full-up flight testing. It had to do with vibrations, but I don't know if the "shaking" test stand was specifically involved.

      During ground testing, the fuel (or maybe it was the O2 lines) were encased in a layer of ice, because of the warm, humid air at ground level. That ice protected the lines from the vibrations associated with firing the engines.

      However, when they actually flew, there was no ice, and the "naked" lines fractured from the vibration, shutting down one of the engines.

    15. Re:All Up Testing? by nitehawk214 · · Score: 1

      Catering was most of the difference between a fake and real moon landing anyhow.

      --
      I'm a good cook. I'm a fantastic eater. - Steven Brust
  4. Should've listened to von Braun by Opportunist · · Score: 3, Interesting

    At least when it came to solid boosters.

    --
    We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    1. Re:Should've listened to von Braun by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You mean solid fuel boosters? Because we do need solid boosters - the once that turn to jello are quite useless!

    2. Re:Should've listened to von Braun by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      But ... but they have that creamy filling... and are tasty...

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    3. Re:Should've listened to von Braun by hackertourist · · Score: 1

      There were plenty of tests of individual boosters before STS-1.

  5. Mueller not Muller by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    His name was Mueller.

    1. Re:Mueller not Muller by davester666 · · Score: 1

      Or course he was German...

      probably should really be Müeller

      --
      Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
    2. Re:Mueller not Muller by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If he were german, it would be Müller, not Müeller. The official way to write umlauts äöü is by using the non-umlaut version and to append e. That's where the e comes from, it doesn't come from "normal" writing rules.

      So his name even was compliant with the current rules for ascii representation of umlauts. But you always know, there are different ways to write things, and especially before common writing rules were estabalished, everabodie wrot as they thoght so you got multiple versions of the same pronunciation. And its much easier to pronounce "Miller" than "Mueller" where you don't know what to do with the "ue".

  6. ...salute to the great ones... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...i don't care what anyone else says, skylab was fucking awesome!..

  7. Medical examiner by Tablizer · · Score: 1

    "He lost too many tiles"

    1. Re:Medical examiner by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      "He lost too many tiles"

      At least he didn't blow his O-Ring out

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
  8. "Father of the Space Shuttle"? a title of shame! by sittingnut · · Score: 0, Flamebait

    "Father of the Space Shuttle" should be a title of shame, because of shuttles' wasteful irresponsible uselessness, and total failure to achieve almost all of intended goals. everything they did do could have been done more efficiently in other ways. they were good for empty boasts, even that only among the ignorant, but nothing else.

    i would be voted down for stating facts.

  9. And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Want him to die for that b

    1. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They have a good reason inthwuavsaae.

    2. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The data is done for his kind.

    3. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They want us to die.

    4. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Truth brother.

    5. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They her testssbgorbatrrngth every so often so if the claim they don't then they lie.

    6. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They do want us to die.

    7. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Death is the way of their kind

    8. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They rapeddddd and killed my fighter but

    9. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Do you mean daughter? They raped mine then kept her in a cave for Nebraska years.

    10. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They asked me to kill myself. I don't want to de and leave my family, but the Rrpublicana revdenndbf i.e. B

    11. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Their hate makes me want to die.

    12. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If you think abt them that way the you'll be surprised when most Americans believe the truth. Believe the truth.

    13. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They rape our daughters. Rape or daughters.

    14. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Republicans ate anti education. Anti education. You should never vote for a Republican n

    15. Re: And the Tepublicans... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They want us
      Yo
      Die.

  10. Space shuttles are for apk sheep's. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Baaaaa..

  11. Re:"Father of the Space Shuttle"? a title of shame by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    no not for stating facts but for being OT

  12. sad by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The Space Shuttle probably held back space explorations by decades, consuming huge amounts of money for very little return.

    1. Re:sad by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "consuming huge amounts of money for very little return"

      Wait, so Apollo had all kinds of benefits and spinoffs, but the Shuttle didn't?

  13. Mixture of approaches works best by hughperkins · · Score: 2

    Usually, you need a mixture of approaches to get things to work. Idealism in software engineering, or in engineering, works about as well as idealism in politics, ie it doesnt really, it misses key points. But, in both areas, it's much easier to create a platform on idealism, and so people who propose one single idealistic viewpoint often do quite well.

    In practice, in software engineering, saying 'all tests must be automated, 100%', misses that some things are really hard to test automatically, but can be tested by hand quite simply. Similarly for creating test harnesses, mocking, which this article is the hardware-engineering equivalent for. Sometimes it's easier to mock, and do real 'unit-testing', and sometimes it isnt, and insisting that every project, and every part of every project, uses the exact uniform standard, might not always work as well as it looks like it will in the Powerpoint presentation :-P

    1. Re:Mixture of approaches works best by aberglas · · Score: 1

      Comments like that will make you unemployable. Today software is all about continuous integration, automated testing and 100% code coverage. If you test every line of code in your system what could possibly go wrong? No longer the drudgery of major and minor releases, today every nightly build is a releasable product. Even Microsoft has taken this on, Windows 10 will be the "last" version. Customers upgrade continuously secure in the knowledge that bugs are a thing of the past....

  14. Re:Full-up testing... by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 1

    Only God knows how many Russian cosmonauts were killed in their space program. Far more than U.S. space program.

  15. Re:Full-up testing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So you think you're god?

  16. Re:"Father of the Space Shuttle"? a title of shame by camperdave · · Score: 1, Insightful

    ...shuttles' wasteful irresponsible uselessness, and total failure to achieve almost all of intended goals. everything they did do could have been done more efficiently in other ways.

    It was still the most amazing and capable spacecraft ever developed.

    --
    When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
  17. KSC? by Ecuador · · Score: 1

    Huh, very rare to have someone from the Kennedy Space Center here. We usually get input from posters who "work" on KSP instead.

    --
    Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent. Polar Scope Align for iOS
    1. Re:KSC? by trout007 · · Score: 1

      Why not both? KSP is awesome!

      --
      I love Jesus, except for his foreign policy.
    2. Re:KSC? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      You would be surprised who reads select click-bait here.

      I clicked to see if I remember the guy. I only visited KSC a few times, but worked at JSC.

      Even for the space shuttle flight software, we switched from "unit testing" to systems testing and watched our error rate drop over 50%. We were already causing less than 1 SW error per year and that dropped to 1 error every 2 years. It was a difficult transition, but required that we learn the systems from a macro-level, not the micro-level they had been using the prior 15+ yrs.

      Unit tests are important, but real-world user scenarios are absolutely critical, we learned.

  18. Sad to see by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I am sad Mr. Muller lived to see the horrendous mismanagement of NASA and the manned spaceflight program by the muslim socialist, Barack Obama.

  19. no, they shouldn't have by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The SRBs on the space shuttle were successful for every flight, except when run outside of the parameters stated by the manufacturer. Making a rocket, which can not fly in freezing weather is a valid design decision, when the launch pad is in Florida. The SRBs provide lots of thrust, and reliability, at a fair price.

  20. Re:Full-up testing... by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 1

    To paraphrase Captain Kirk: "Why would God hang out on Slashdot?"

  21. Re:"Father of the Space Shuttle"? a title of shame by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It was still the most amazing and capable spacecraft ever developed.

    It was totally awesome when the Shuttle landed on the Moon.

    Too bad they closed the program early, we would have been on Mars right now - in stead of being jealous of the Russian's Buran which landed on Jupiter.

  22. Re:"Father of the Space Shuttle"? a title of shame by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It was the most complex, useless, inappropriate boondoggle in the history of mankind.

  23. Taxi by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I would do it for 10hr me and 10hr vehicle consumables.
    Now a 20 min with traffic ride cost 100.00 PHX to Queen Creek.
    About 10 times more than it should cost anyone who wants should be taxi.
    Go purchase a taxi sticker 10.00 with ID and plate number new one every month sold like fishing license so the state makes money.

    And anyone big or small is in business I bet that would knock a hole in prices and cut pollution 50 percent.

  24. true - by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    true -
    The moon walk was a hoax, and there were no people on the shuttle. They made sure to put the shuttle explosion on tv to traumatize people including children because macauliffe was supposedly a teacher. This page has more on shuttle lying and fake astronots is also example of propaganda.
    http://aplanetruth.info/2015/04/23/breaking-news-theyre-alive-challenger-space-shuttle-crew-safe-and-employed/

    Most internet sites are made up by people in the cabal tribe. Others expose it bit by bit then some put it all in one and put propganda in it. See how they write- 'still alive!!' exclamation points, as if positive type excitement instead of just plain expose it without exclamation. If it was not cabal people writing it would be plain and angry because they are lying fakes, also see they add 'safe' and 'employed', as if we should give a shit if the liars are 'safe'. All the lying and is not for fun it's so the cabal got and still gets even more power. They did the moon fake so people would ignore the attacks on vietnam killing people and dummies from here killing them and also got killed themselves. Because the fake moon walk worked on stupid Americans they keep faking space travel for even more ripoff money and weaponry.
    There is a lot of information and links in the - shuttle fraud propaganda comment above, add this to those

  25. Better to have strangled it at birth by aberglas · · Score: 1

    The space shuttle had a clear goal, namely to launch stuff into low orbit cheaply. There are various ways to measure the cost per Kg launched, but even if one ignores the huge research cost, the shuttle fails big time. The Russians can launch stuff using relatively simple rockets for a fraction of the cost. And a Saturn V can launch bigger payloads into *low orbit*, I would think.

    Worse, having built the wretched thing an excuse had to be found to use it, and that lead to the ISS. A huge white elephant.

    Imagine the real science that could have been done if those funds had been spent correctly. Certainly the Web telescope would have been launched years ago. Many more probes to Mars, including digging some holes. Europa. ...

  26. Re:"Father of the Space Shuttle"? a title of shame by camperdave · · Score: 1

    Well, if the most amazing and capable spacecraft ever developed was the most complex, useless, inappropriate boondoggle in the history of mankind, it doesn't speak very well to our ever having a practical, working space program, does it?

    --
    When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
  27. Sad... another great passes by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It's a sad day, that such a great of NASA history has to pass on. You know you are getting old when all your heroes start dying.